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EspañolM (JAMES BOND)
(Redirected from Miles Messervy)
'M' is a fictional character in Ian Fleming's James Bond series, as well as the films in the Bond franchise.
"M" is a code letter and name for the head of the British Secret Intelligence Service, or MI6. The title "M" is believed to have been derived by creator Ian Fleming from the first real-life head of His Majesty's Secret Service, Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who used his initial "C" to indicate when he had seen a paper and so became referred to as "C," a practice that carried on with his successors. Other influences on the character include Admiral John Godfrey, Fleming's superior in British Naval Intelligence during World War II, and "R," the secret service employer of W. Somerset Maugham's ''Ashenden.'' The "M" may be an abbreviation for Minister, referring to his title as head of MI6. In Fleming's novel ''The Man with the Golden Gun'' M's true identity is revealed as Admiral 'Sir Miles Messervy'; this may be where the M comes from, but does not explain the films because there has been more than one M. In the 2006 film version of ''Casino Royale'', it is suggested the letter may likewise refer to the actual name of the later, female M.
In the novels and almost all films, all characters holding the title of M have been aided by Miss Moneypenny (personal secretary) and Bill Tanner (Chief of Staff).
In Ian Fleming's novels, M's real name is Vice Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG; the name, hinted at throughout the series, was finally revealed in ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', Fleming's final novel.
In the novels, M displays a liking for Bond, when he bends the rules for Bond on several occasions. For instance in the short story ''For Your Eyes Only'', Bond agrees to carry out a private assassination for M, while in ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', Bond attempts to assassinate M himself; this is as a result of extreme Soviet brainwashing and M insists that Bond be rehabilitated rather than punished. In the first post-Fleming book, ''Colonel Sun'', M is kidnapped from Quarterdeck, his home, and Bond goes to great lengths to rescue him. In the later books, written by John Gardner, Messervy protects Bond from the new, less aggressive climate in the Secret Service, saying that "sometime this country will need a blunt instrument." In the films, their relationship is similar.
In ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' it is revealed that M's pay as head of the Secret Service was 6500 pounds a year, 1500 pounds of which coming from retired naval pay (by comparison, Bond makes 1500 pounds). Although his pay is good for the 1950s and 1960s, it is never explained how M received or can afford his membership at Blades, an upscale private club for gentlemen he frequents in London to gamble and dine. Blades has a restricted membership of only 200 gentlemen and all must be able to show 100,000 pounds in cash or gilt-edged securities.
In the films, only his first name, Miles, was revealed (in ''The Spy Who Loved Me''), and he also holds the rank of Rear Admiral which his insignia suggests in ''You Only Live Twice''. M was played by Bernard Lee from the first Bond movie, ''Dr. No'', until ''Moonraker'' (1979). Lee died in 1981 and, out of respect, the character was removed from that year's ''For Your Eyes Only'' (1981), with his lines given to either his Chief of Staff or the Minister of Defence, Sir Fredrick Gray. The film version of ''Dr. No'' suggests that Messervy is a relatively recent appointee to the position of M (he boasts about his ability to reduce the number of operative casualties since taking the job), suggesting someone else held the job before him. Gardner makes references to M's predecessors in ''Scorpius'', again suggesting that Messervy is not the first. Also, in the film version of ''Dr. No'', M is heard to call himself head of MI7 which actually was the department in charge of propaganda and censorship (the actor originally said MI6, but for reasons unknown was overdubbed with the now-fictional MI7 prior to the film's release, the DVD subtitles also state that M is head of MI6); this contradicts later films that state he is in charge of MI6. This M refers to Bond by his first name, James, in both ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' and ''Moonraker''.
★ ''Dr. No (1962)
★ ''From Russia with Love'' (1963)
★ ''Goldfinger'' (1964)
★ ''Thunderball'' (1965)
★ ''You Only Live Twice'' (1967)
★ ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' (1969)
★ ''Diamonds Are Forever'' (1971)
★ ''Live and Let Die'' (1973)
★ ''The Man with the Golden Gun'' (1974)
★ ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' (1977)
★ ''Moonraker'' (1979)
Following the death of actor Bernard Lee, M is said to be "on leave" in ''For Your Eyes Only'' (1981) but otherwise does not appear in that film.
It should also be noted that the likeness of Sir Miles Messervy is used in the 2005 James Bond video game adaptation of From Russia With Love by EA Games. From Russia With Love is the last James Bond video game that EA marketed before they lost the rights to Activision in 2006.
The character of M is apocryphally based on Rear Admiral John H. Godfrey, Director of the British Department of Naval Intelligence during World War II. During this time, Fleming was his assistant. Godfrey and Fleming were close friends and on first name terms, unlike M and Bond in the novels. Other names that have from time to time been referenced as a possible resemblance include Maxwell Knight, former head of counter-subversion in MI5, and Maurice Buckmaster, head of Section F of the SOE.
Fleming biographer John Pearson states in his 1966 book ''The Life of Ian Fleming'' that M may in fact be based on Fleming's own mother:
After Lee's death in 1981, the producers hired actor Robert Brown to continue the role in the Bond films. Brown picks up the role in ''Octopussy'', however it is never explicitly stated on screen whether Robert Brown's character is intended to be the same person played by Lee, if he was intended to be Admiral Hargreaves, the role played by Brown in 1977's ''The Spy Who Loved Me'', or if he is supposed to be another character altogether.
Later Bond novels by John Gardner retain Sir Miles Messervy as M. Raymond Benson's 1998 novel, ''The Facts of Death'' is more clear by having Hargreaves present at a party hosted by Sir Miles Messervy. Other films hint that they are not the same character. ''The World Is Not Enough'' (1999), for instance, features an oil-painting portrait of Bernard Lee as the original M, prominent on a wall behind Judi Dench, as the current M, in the Scottish MI6 headquarters. One further thing to note is that in the pre-title credits to ''The Living Daylights'', M's insignia suggests he is a Rear Admiral, which would mean if he is Hargreaves then he has been demoted; since Hargreaves' insignia in ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' suggests he is a Vice Admiral, though in ''A View to a Kill'' he is referred to as Admiral which creates a continuity problem either way.
As played by Brown, M lacks a sense of humor and has absolutely no tolerance whatsoever for Bond's antics, which supports the theory that this M is Hargreaves or someone else and not Messervy. Brown's M came off tougher than his predecessor, wasting no time to revoke Bond's licence to kill in the film ''Licence to Kill'' when Bond went off on a personal vendetta.
★ ''Octopussy'' (1983)
★ ''A View to a Kill'' (1985)
★ ''The Living Daylights'' (1987)
★ ''Licence to Kill'' (1989)
After the long period between ''Licence to Kill'' and ''GoldenEye'', the producers brought in Dame Judi Dench to take over as the new M. The character is said to have possibly been based on Stella Rimington, the head of MI5 between 1992 and 1996. M's real name has yet to be revealed in the films, but recent Bond novelist Raymond Benson gives her the name Barbara Mawdsley.
Unlike the ambivalence of Brown's M, Dench clearly plays a new person appointed to the position of M (putting to rest a long time debate over the nature of the character). Although in Casino Royale she states that she may have been working in the MI6 for a long time. In ''GoldenEye'', she is clearly established as different from her predecessors; Bond clearly states that she had a predecessor; she is cold, blunt, and unabashedly dislikes Bond, whom she calls a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur, a relic of the Cold War." Tanner, her Chief of Staff refers to her during the film as "the evil queen of numbers." In later films she begins to care more about 007. Whatever affection she may have for 007, her interest in Bond never interferes with her unerring professional detachment, however; in ''Die Another Day'', she orders her subordinates to disavow Bond after he is taken prisoner in North Korea, and abandons him to be tortured for 14 months. Although it would appear that Dench's M and Bond don't get along too well, M still has the same high professional respect for Bond that her predecessors had (from ''The World Is Not Enough'': "He's the best we have, although I'd never tell him").
In the same movie, she mentions having studied law at the University of Oxford. There have also been brief references to M's family: one in ''GoldenEye'' (where she responds to Tanner's "Evil Queen of Numbers" jab by telling him that when she wants to hear sarcasm she'll listen to her children) and two in ''The World is Not Enough'' (early on when Sir Robert King wishes M the best to her family and later when she remembers how she had advised King not to pay the ransom for his daughter even though it went against "every instinct [she] had as a mother").
Dench again plays M for the 2006 film ''Casino Royale''. In this film M has no history with Bond, unlike her first appearance in ''GoldenEye'' where her relationship with Bond concentrated on the fact that she is a successor to another M. She promotes Daniel Craig's Bond to double-0 status and sends him on his first mission. The new M is shown as more of an eager spymaster than an administrative official, and there is no trace of her predisposed animosity toward Bond. She is patient and tolerant of the new agent's excesses. Also, her home appears for the first time when Bond breaks in to use her home computer's security clearance, and in a later scene she is shown sleeping in bed next to an unidentified man, suggesting a husband.
Bond reveals that in finding her home address he also found out her real name. Bond almost reveals M's name onscreen, which dialogue suggests begins with the letter M (possibly a confirmation that her name is Barbara Mawdsley). She stops him before he does and warns that should he utter one more syllable she will have him killed, suggesting her real name is considered a secret. Although it is possibly an additional retcon of the James Bond universe, it could also be a coincidence, as in the case of Sir Miles Messervy, or simply a joke on Bond's part. The answer has yet to be established onscreen.
★ ''GoldenEye'' (1995)
★ ''Tomorrow Never Dies'' (1997)
★ ''The World Is Not Enough'' (1999)
★ ''Die Another Day'' (2002)
★ ''Casino Royale'' (2006)
★ ''Bond 22'' (2008)
She also appeared in four James Bond video games, and Judi Dench voiced two of those
★ '' (2001) (likeness to Judi Dench)
★ '' (2002) (likeness to Judi Dench)
★ '' (2004) (voiced by Judi Dench)
★ '' (2005) (voiced by Judi Dench)
In 1983's unofficial ''Never Say Never Again'', it is clearly stated that a new M is in post, played by Edward Fox. This M is concerned primarily with making the books balance and constantly testing agents. He is quite open about his low regard for Bond. Film dialogue establishes that since he took over MI6 from a previous M, he has rarely used the 00-section, and at one point another official requests he "reactivate the 00s".
★ ''Never Say Never Again'' (1983)
The 1967 film spoof ''Casino Royale'' featured not one but two Ms. The first is played by John Huston. In this film (which is considered non-canon), M's real name is McTarry and he is accidentally killed when (for some reason) he orders the military to fire mortars at Bond's mansion when the retired spy refuses to return to duty. The first quarter of the film features Bond's subsequent visit to McTarry Castle in Scotland, on a quest to return the only piece of M's remains recovered after the attack – his toupee, referred to as a "hair-loom". McTarry is said to be married with a large number of daughters, although the exact details are muddled since his family are replaced by agents of Dr. Noah (the fate of McTarry's real wife and offspring is not revealed).
Subsequently, Bond (David Niven) becomes the new M and proceeds to order that all MI6 agents, male and female, be renamed 'James Bond 007' in order to confuse the enemy.
The novel ''Son of Holmes'' by John T. Lescroart establishes that the very first M was Sherlock Holmes' elder brother, Mycroft Holmes.
The graphic novels in Alan Moore's ''The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen'' series establish that the 1898-era League (led by Mina Murray) was directed by Campion Bond, who served under a master called M. This M was later revealed to be none other than James Moriarty in disguise, using the League to win a gang war against Fu Manchu. After the death of Moriarty, Mycroft Holmes assumed the role of M. In the 2003 film adaptation of the series, M is played by Richard Roxburgh, and the character's nemesis is played by former Bond actor Sean Connery (the script includes an in-joke reference).
★ List of James Bond allies
★ SIS Building
★ William Melville, who according to his biographer Andrew Cook used the codename "M" when serving as head of counter-espionage in the years before the First World War
1. The Life of Ian Fleming, Pearson, John, , , Vintage/Ebury, 1966, ISBN 0-224-61136-4
★ The Man Who Was M: the life of Maxwell Knight, , Anthony, Masters, Basil Blackwell, , ISBN 0-631-13392-5
★ The 'Bond Informant' on M
★ Archivo 007: James Bond - M
'M' is a fictional character in Ian Fleming's James Bond series, as well as the films in the Bond franchise.
"M" is a code letter and name for the head of the British Secret Intelligence Service, or MI6. The title "M" is believed to have been derived by creator Ian Fleming from the first real-life head of His Majesty's Secret Service, Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who used his initial "C" to indicate when he had seen a paper and so became referred to as "C," a practice that carried on with his successors. Other influences on the character include Admiral John Godfrey, Fleming's superior in British Naval Intelligence during World War II, and "R," the secret service employer of W. Somerset Maugham's ''Ashenden.'' The "M" may be an abbreviation for Minister, referring to his title as head of MI6. In Fleming's novel ''The Man with the Golden Gun'' M's true identity is revealed as Admiral 'Sir Miles Messervy'; this may be where the M comes from, but does not explain the films because there has been more than one M. In the 2006 film version of ''Casino Royale'', it is suggested the letter may likewise refer to the actual name of the later, female M.
In the novels and almost all films, all characters holding the title of M have been aided by Miss Moneypenny (personal secretary) and Bill Tanner (Chief of Staff).
Admiral Sir Miles Messervy
In Ian Fleming's novels, M's real name is Vice Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG; the name, hinted at throughout the series, was finally revealed in ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', Fleming's final novel.
In the novels, M displays a liking for Bond, when he bends the rules for Bond on several occasions. For instance in the short story ''For Your Eyes Only'', Bond agrees to carry out a private assassination for M, while in ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', Bond attempts to assassinate M himself; this is as a result of extreme Soviet brainwashing and M insists that Bond be rehabilitated rather than punished. In the first post-Fleming book, ''Colonel Sun'', M is kidnapped from Quarterdeck, his home, and Bond goes to great lengths to rescue him. In the later books, written by John Gardner, Messervy protects Bond from the new, less aggressive climate in the Secret Service, saying that "sometime this country will need a blunt instrument." In the films, their relationship is similar.
In ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' it is revealed that M's pay as head of the Secret Service was 6500 pounds a year, 1500 pounds of which coming from retired naval pay (by comparison, Bond makes 1500 pounds). Although his pay is good for the 1950s and 1960s, it is never explained how M received or can afford his membership at Blades, an upscale private club for gentlemen he frequents in London to gamble and dine. Blades has a restricted membership of only 200 gentlemen and all must be able to show 100,000 pounds in cash or gilt-edged securities.
Films
In the films, only his first name, Miles, was revealed (in ''The Spy Who Loved Me''), and he also holds the rank of Rear Admiral which his insignia suggests in ''You Only Live Twice''. M was played by Bernard Lee from the first Bond movie, ''Dr. No'', until ''Moonraker'' (1979). Lee died in 1981 and, out of respect, the character was removed from that year's ''For Your Eyes Only'' (1981), with his lines given to either his Chief of Staff or the Minister of Defence, Sir Fredrick Gray. The film version of ''Dr. No'' suggests that Messervy is a relatively recent appointee to the position of M (he boasts about his ability to reduce the number of operative casualties since taking the job), suggesting someone else held the job before him. Gardner makes references to M's predecessors in ''Scorpius'', again suggesting that Messervy is not the first. Also, in the film version of ''Dr. No'', M is heard to call himself head of MI7 which actually was the department in charge of propaganda and censorship (the actor originally said MI6, but for reasons unknown was overdubbed with the now-fictional MI7 prior to the film's release, the DVD subtitles also state that M is head of MI6); this contradicts later films that state he is in charge of MI6. This M refers to Bond by his first name, James, in both ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' and ''Moonraker''.
Featured in:
★ ''Dr. No (1962)
★ ''From Russia with Love'' (1963)
★ ''Goldfinger'' (1964)
★ ''Thunderball'' (1965)
★ ''You Only Live Twice'' (1967)
★ ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' (1969)
★ ''Diamonds Are Forever'' (1971)
★ ''Live and Let Die'' (1973)
★ ''The Man with the Golden Gun'' (1974)
★ ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' (1977)
★ ''Moonraker'' (1979)
Following the death of actor Bernard Lee, M is said to be "on leave" in ''For Your Eyes Only'' (1981) but otherwise does not appear in that film.
It should also be noted that the likeness of Sir Miles Messervy is used in the 2005 James Bond video game adaptation of From Russia With Love by EA Games. From Russia With Love is the last James Bond video game that EA marketed before they lost the rights to Activision in 2006.
Messervy in real life
The character of M is apocryphally based on Rear Admiral John H. Godfrey, Director of the British Department of Naval Intelligence during World War II. During this time, Fleming was his assistant. Godfrey and Fleming were close friends and on first name terms, unlike M and Bond in the novels. Other names that have from time to time been referenced as a possible resemblance include Maxwell Knight, former head of counter-subversion in MI5, and Maurice Buckmaster, head of Section F of the SOE.
Fleming biographer John Pearson states in his 1966 book ''The Life of Ian Fleming'' that M may in fact be based on Fleming's own mother:
"There is reason for thinking that a more telling lead to the real identity of M lies in the fact that as a boy Fleming often called his mother M. [...] While Fleming was young, his mother was certainly one of the few people he was frightened of, and her sternness toward him, her unexplained demands, and her remorseless insistence on success find a curious and constant echo in the way M handles that hard-ridden, hard-killing agent, 007."[1]
Robert Brown as M
After Lee's death in 1981, the producers hired actor Robert Brown to continue the role in the Bond films. Brown picks up the role in ''Octopussy'', however it is never explicitly stated on screen whether Robert Brown's character is intended to be the same person played by Lee, if he was intended to be Admiral Hargreaves, the role played by Brown in 1977's ''The Spy Who Loved Me'', or if he is supposed to be another character altogether.
Later Bond novels by John Gardner retain Sir Miles Messervy as M. Raymond Benson's 1998 novel, ''The Facts of Death'' is more clear by having Hargreaves present at a party hosted by Sir Miles Messervy. Other films hint that they are not the same character. ''The World Is Not Enough'' (1999), for instance, features an oil-painting portrait of Bernard Lee as the original M, prominent on a wall behind Judi Dench, as the current M, in the Scottish MI6 headquarters. One further thing to note is that in the pre-title credits to ''The Living Daylights'', M's insignia suggests he is a Rear Admiral, which would mean if he is Hargreaves then he has been demoted; since Hargreaves' insignia in ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' suggests he is a Vice Admiral, though in ''A View to a Kill'' he is referred to as Admiral which creates a continuity problem either way.
As played by Brown, M lacks a sense of humor and has absolutely no tolerance whatsoever for Bond's antics, which supports the theory that this M is Hargreaves or someone else and not Messervy. Brown's M came off tougher than his predecessor, wasting no time to revoke Bond's licence to kill in the film ''Licence to Kill'' when Bond went off on a personal vendetta.
Featured In:
★ ''Octopussy'' (1983)
★ ''A View to a Kill'' (1985)
★ ''The Living Daylights'' (1987)
★ ''Licence to Kill'' (1989)
Judi Dench as M
After the long period between ''Licence to Kill'' and ''GoldenEye'', the producers brought in Dame Judi Dench to take over as the new M. The character is said to have possibly been based on Stella Rimington, the head of MI5 between 1992 and 1996. M's real name has yet to be revealed in the films, but recent Bond novelist Raymond Benson gives her the name Barbara Mawdsley.
Unlike the ambivalence of Brown's M, Dench clearly plays a new person appointed to the position of M (putting to rest a long time debate over the nature of the character). Although in Casino Royale she states that she may have been working in the MI6 for a long time. In ''GoldenEye'', she is clearly established as different from her predecessors; Bond clearly states that she had a predecessor; she is cold, blunt, and unabashedly dislikes Bond, whom she calls a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur, a relic of the Cold War." Tanner, her Chief of Staff refers to her during the film as "the evil queen of numbers." In later films she begins to care more about 007. Whatever affection she may have for 007, her interest in Bond never interferes with her unerring professional detachment, however; in ''Die Another Day'', she orders her subordinates to disavow Bond after he is taken prisoner in North Korea, and abandons him to be tortured for 14 months. Although it would appear that Dench's M and Bond don't get along too well, M still has the same high professional respect for Bond that her predecessors had (from ''The World Is Not Enough'': "He's the best we have, although I'd never tell him").
In the same movie, she mentions having studied law at the University of Oxford. There have also been brief references to M's family: one in ''GoldenEye'' (where she responds to Tanner's "Evil Queen of Numbers" jab by telling him that when she wants to hear sarcasm she'll listen to her children) and two in ''The World is Not Enough'' (early on when Sir Robert King wishes M the best to her family and later when she remembers how she had advised King not to pay the ransom for his daughter even though it went against "every instinct [she] had as a mother").
''Casino Royale''
Dench again plays M for the 2006 film ''Casino Royale''. In this film M has no history with Bond, unlike her first appearance in ''GoldenEye'' where her relationship with Bond concentrated on the fact that she is a successor to another M. She promotes Daniel Craig's Bond to double-0 status and sends him on his first mission. The new M is shown as more of an eager spymaster than an administrative official, and there is no trace of her predisposed animosity toward Bond. She is patient and tolerant of the new agent's excesses. Also, her home appears for the first time when Bond breaks in to use her home computer's security clearance, and in a later scene she is shown sleeping in bed next to an unidentified man, suggesting a husband.
Bond reveals that in finding her home address he also found out her real name. Bond almost reveals M's name onscreen, which dialogue suggests begins with the letter M (possibly a confirmation that her name is Barbara Mawdsley). She stops him before he does and warns that should he utter one more syllable she will have him killed, suggesting her real name is considered a secret. Although it is possibly an additional retcon of the James Bond universe, it could also be a coincidence, as in the case of Sir Miles Messervy, or simply a joke on Bond's part. The answer has yet to be established onscreen.
Featured in:
★ ''GoldenEye'' (1995)
★ ''Tomorrow Never Dies'' (1997)
★ ''The World Is Not Enough'' (1999)
★ ''Die Another Day'' (2002)
★ ''Casino Royale'' (2006)
★ ''Bond 22'' (2008)
She also appeared in four James Bond video games, and Judi Dench voiced two of those
★ '' (2001) (likeness to Judi Dench)
★ '' (2002) (likeness to Judi Dench)
★ '' (2004) (voiced by Judi Dench)
★ '' (2005) (voiced by Judi Dench)
Edward Fox as M
In 1983's unofficial ''Never Say Never Again'', it is clearly stated that a new M is in post, played by Edward Fox. This M is concerned primarily with making the books balance and constantly testing agents. He is quite open about his low regard for Bond. Film dialogue establishes that since he took over MI6 from a previous M, he has rarely used the 00-section, and at one point another official requests he "reactivate the 00s".
Featured in:
★ ''Never Say Never Again'' (1983)
Casino Royale 1967 spoof
The 1967 film spoof ''Casino Royale'' featured not one but two Ms. The first is played by John Huston. In this film (which is considered non-canon), M's real name is McTarry and he is accidentally killed when (for some reason) he orders the military to fire mortars at Bond's mansion when the retired spy refuses to return to duty. The first quarter of the film features Bond's subsequent visit to McTarry Castle in Scotland, on a quest to return the only piece of M's remains recovered after the attack – his toupee, referred to as a "hair-loom". McTarry is said to be married with a large number of daughters, although the exact details are muddled since his family are replaced by agents of Dr. Noah (the fate of McTarry's real wife and offspring is not revealed).
Subsequently, Bond (David Niven) becomes the new M and proceeds to order that all MI6 agents, male and female, be renamed 'James Bond 007' in order to confuse the enemy.
M outside regular Bond-continuity
The novel ''Son of Holmes'' by John T. Lescroart establishes that the very first M was Sherlock Holmes' elder brother, Mycroft Holmes.
The graphic novels in Alan Moore's ''The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen'' series establish that the 1898-era League (led by Mina Murray) was directed by Campion Bond, who served under a master called M. This M was later revealed to be none other than James Moriarty in disguise, using the League to win a gang war against Fu Manchu. After the death of Moriarty, Mycroft Holmes assumed the role of M. In the 2003 film adaptation of the series, M is played by Richard Roxburgh, and the character's nemesis is played by former Bond actor Sean Connery (the script includes an in-joke reference).
See also
★ List of James Bond allies
★ SIS Building
★ William Melville, who according to his biographer Andrew Cook used the codename "M" when serving as head of counter-espionage in the years before the First World War
References
1. The Life of Ian Fleming, Pearson, John, , , Vintage/Ebury, 1966, ISBN 0-224-61136-4
★ The Man Who Was M: the life of Maxwell Knight, , Anthony, Masters, Basil Blackwell, , ISBN 0-631-13392-5
External links
★ The 'Bond Informant' on M
★ Archivo 007: James Bond - M
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