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EspañolINSTRUCTIONS PER SECOND
(Redirected from Million instructions per second)
'Instructions per second (IPS)' is a measure of a computer's processor speed. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realistic workloads consist of a mix of instructions and even applications, some of which take longer to execute than others. The performance of the memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance, an issue barely considered in MIPS calculations. Because of these problems, researchers created standardized tests such as SPECint to (maybe) measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications, and raw IPS has fallen into disuse.
The term is commonly used in association with a numeric value such as 'thousand instructions per second (kIPS)', 'million instructions per second (MIPS)', or 'Million Operations per Second (MOPS)'.
A thousand instructions per second (kIPS) is rarely used, as most current microprocessors can execute several million instructions per second. The ''thousand'' means 1000 not 1024.
'kIPS' is also a common joke name for 16 bit microprocessor designs developed in undergraduate computer engineering courses that use the text ''Computer Organization and Design'' by Patterson and Hennessy (ISBN 1-55860-428-6), which explains computer architecture concepts in terms of the MIPS architecture. Such architectures tend to be scaled down versions of the MIPS R2000 architecture.
Critics of the term refer to it by backronyms such as "'M'eaningless 'I'ndication of 'P'rocessor 'S'peed" or "'M'eaningless 'I'nformation on 'P'erformance for 'S'alespeople" or "'M'eaningless 'I'nteger 'P'erformance 'S'pec". In Linux and UNIX circles MIPS are often referred to as ''bogoMIPS''. MIPS are not comparable between CPU architectures.
The floating-point arithmetic equivalent of MIPS Million Instructions per second, is ''FLOPS'', to which the same cautions apply.
In the 1970s, minicomputer performance was compared using ''VAX MIPS'', where computers were measured on a task and their performance rated against the VAX 11/780 that was marketed as a "1 MIPS" machine. (The measure was also known as the "VAX Unit of Performance" or ''VUP''. Though orthographically incorrect, the "S" in "VUPs" is sometimes written in upper case.) This was chosen because the 11/780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System/370 model 158-3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS.
Most 8-bit and early 16-bit microprocessors have a performance measured in ''kIPS'' (thousand instructions per second), which equals 0.001 MIPS.
The first general purpose microprocessor, the Intel i8080, ran at 640 kIPS.
The Intel i8086 microprocessor, the first 16-bit microprocessor in the line of processors made by Intel and used in IBM PCs, ran at 800 kIPS. Early 32-bit PCs (386) ran at about 3 MIPS.
''zMIPS'' refers to the MIPS measure used internally by IBM to rate its mainframe servers (zSeries and System z9).
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★ FLOPS
★ benchmark (computing)
★ million service units (MSU)
★ Peak MIPS
★ Relative MIPS
★ ''Dhrystone MIPS'' (DMIPS)
'Instructions per second (IPS)' is a measure of a computer's processor speed. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realistic workloads consist of a mix of instructions and even applications, some of which take longer to execute than others. The performance of the memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance, an issue barely considered in MIPS calculations. Because of these problems, researchers created standardized tests such as SPECint to (maybe) measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications, and raw IPS has fallen into disuse.
The term is commonly used in association with a numeric value such as 'thousand instructions per second (kIPS)', 'million instructions per second (MIPS)', or 'Million Operations per Second (MOPS)'.
| Contents |
| Thousand instructions per second |
| Million instructions per second |
| Timeline of instructions per second |
| See also |
Thousand instructions per second
A thousand instructions per second (kIPS) is rarely used, as most current microprocessors can execute several million instructions per second. The ''thousand'' means 1000 not 1024.
'kIPS' is also a common joke name for 16 bit microprocessor designs developed in undergraduate computer engineering courses that use the text ''Computer Organization and Design'' by Patterson and Hennessy (ISBN 1-55860-428-6), which explains computer architecture concepts in terms of the MIPS architecture. Such architectures tend to be scaled down versions of the MIPS R2000 architecture.
Million instructions per second
Critics of the term refer to it by backronyms such as "'M'eaningless 'I'ndication of 'P'rocessor 'S'peed" or "'M'eaningless 'I'nformation on 'P'erformance for 'S'alespeople" or "'M'eaningless 'I'nteger 'P'erformance 'S'pec". In Linux and UNIX circles MIPS are often referred to as ''bogoMIPS''. MIPS are not comparable between CPU architectures.
The floating-point arithmetic equivalent of MIPS Million Instructions per second, is ''FLOPS'', to which the same cautions apply.
In the 1970s, minicomputer performance was compared using ''VAX MIPS'', where computers were measured on a task and their performance rated against the VAX 11/780 that was marketed as a "1 MIPS" machine. (The measure was also known as the "VAX Unit of Performance" or ''VUP''. Though orthographically incorrect, the "S" in "VUPs" is sometimes written in upper case.) This was chosen because the 11/780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System/370 model 158-3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS.
Most 8-bit and early 16-bit microprocessors have a performance measured in ''kIPS'' (thousand instructions per second), which equals 0.001 MIPS.
The first general purpose microprocessor, the Intel i8080, ran at 640 kIPS.
The Intel i8086 microprocessor, the first 16-bit microprocessor in the line of processors made by Intel and used in IBM PCs, ran at 800 kIPS. Early 32-bit PCs (386) ran at about 3 MIPS.
''zMIPS'' refers to the MIPS measure used internally by IBM to rate its mainframe servers (zSeries and System z9).
Timeline of instructions per second
| Processor | IPS | IPS/MHz | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pencil and paper (for comparison) | 1892 | [1] | ||
| IBM System/370 model 158-3 | 1972 | |||
| Intel 8080 | 1974 | |||
| VAX 11/780 | 1977 | |||
| Motorola 68000 | 1979 | |||
| Intel 386DX | 1988 | |||
| Intel 486DX | 1992 | |||
| PowerPC 600s (G2) | 1994 | |||
| Intel Pentium Pro | 1996 | [2] | ||
| ARM 7500FE | 1996 | |||
| PowerPC G3 | 1997 | |||
| Zilog eZ80 | 1999 | [3] | ||
| Intel Pentium III | 1999 | |||
| AMD Athlon | 2000 | |||
| AMD Athlon XP 2400+ | 2002 | |||
| Pentium 4 Extreme Edition | 2003 | |||
| ARM Cortex A8 | 2005 | [4] | ||
| Xbox360 IBM "Xenon" Triple Core | 2005 | |||
| P.A. Semi PA6T-1682M | 2007 | [5] | ||
| AMD Athlon FX-57 | 2005 | |||
| AMD Athlon 64 3800+ X2 (Dual Core) | 2005 | [6] | ||
| AMD Athlon FX-60 (Dual Core) | 2006 | [7] | ||
| Intel Core 2 X6800 | 2006 | [8] | ||
| IBM Cell one SPE | 2006 | |||
| IBM Cell one PPE | 2006 | |||
| IBM Cell BE (1PPE + 8SPEs) | 2006 | |||
| SONY PS3 (1PPE + 7SPEs) | 2006 | |||
| Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6700 | 2006 | [9] | ||
| Intel Polaris Prototype ★ | 2007 |
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See also
★ FLOPS
★ benchmark (computing)
★ million service units (MSU)
★ Peak MIPS
★ Relative MIPS
★ ''Dhrystone MIPS'' (DMIPS)
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