MODERATE PARTY
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:''This article refers to the Swedish political party; for the group that dominated the Church of Scotland in the 18th century, see Moderate Party (Scotland)''
The 'Moderate Party' (: "the Moderate Coalition Party", commonly referred to in Swedish as ''Moderaterna'': "the Moderates") is a liberal conservative political party in Sweden. The party was founded in 1904 as the 'General Electoral League' () by a group of conservatives in the Swedish parliament. The party has had two other names during its history: the 'National Organization of the Right' () (1938–1952) and the 'Right Party' () (1952–1969).
Following the 2006 general election, where the party gained 26,23% of the votes, the party forms the major part of the government together with the other parties in the centre-right Alliance for Sweden: the Centre Party, the Liberal People's Party and the Christian Democrats. The current chairman of the party is Fredrik Reinfeldt, who is also Prime Minister of Sweden.
The party was founded on 17 October 1904 in a restaurant called ''Runan'' in Stockholm. The intention was to start a campaign organisation in support of the group of Conservatives which had emerged in the Riksdag. During the 19th century conservatives had organised themselves in the Riksdag but there was no party to support them. The Swedish right-wing were also threatened by the rise of the Social Democrats (founded in 1889) and the Liberals (1902). The party was called the 'General Electoral League' ().
At first the party was clearly nationalist and staunchly Conservative. The importance of a strong defence was underlined. In the defence policy crisis in 1914, the party sided with the King.
Arvid Lindman (often called "The Admiral") became influential in the party and was Prime Minister of Sweden twice. In 1907 he proposed universal male suffrage to the Riksdag. He was formally elected leader in 1912.
In 1928 the party achieved its best election result to date - 28%.
The 1930s saw the party in conflict over how to relate to Nazism. Its youth organisation, the National Youth League of Sweden () was openly pro-Nazi[1] and set up uniformed "fighting groups" to combat political enemies on the streets. The mother party did not like this development and in 1933 the National Youth League was separated from the party. While the party set up a new youth league, which came to be called the The Young Swedes, the old one formed its own party which fought elections as a pro-Nazi wrestler-party.
In 1934 the Social Democrats formed a new government. They came to stay in power until 1976, thus the party became a leading opposition party. In 1938 the party was renamed the 'National Organization of the Right' (). The Right helped govern with the Social Democrats during the Second World War, when Sweden was neutral.
In 1952 the party was renamed the 'Right Party' (). During the leadership of Jarl Hjalmarson the party started to emerge as the leading opposition to the government. The turbulent year of 1968, with student revolts and an absolute majority for the Social Democrats, made the party rename itself the 'Moderate Coalition Party' (, generally just referred to as ''Moderaterna'') in 1969.
In 1970 Gösta Bohman was elected leader. During the leadership of the relatively young Bohman the party started to move from traditionalist conservatism towards liberalism, which continues to this day.
In 1976 the opposition won an election and the Moderates joined the government under Thorbjörn Fälldin, with Gösta Bohman as Minister of Economy. The non-socialist parties managed to remain in power until 1982 in different constellations. The election of 1979, however, made the Moderate Party the largest non-socialist party. Gösta Bohman was replaced by Ulf Adelsohn.
In 1986, Carl Bildt was elected leader of the party. A son-in-law of Bohman, he managed to lead the party to an election victory in 1991. The Moderate Party led a non-socialist coalition between 1991 and 1994 with Carl Bildt as Prime Minister. The government did much to reform the Swedish government, cut public spending and reduce taxes. The negotiations for membership with the EU was also finalised.
The party gained votes in 1994, but the governing coalition lost its majority. Bildt stayed on as the Moderate party leader, but the non-socialist parties lost the election in 1998 as well. Bo Lundgren replaced him and led the party in the disastrous election of 2002. Fredrik Reinfeldt was elected as the new party leader in 2003.
Under the leadership of Fredrik Reinfeldt the party has reduced the scope of its tax-cutting policies and started to emphasise issues such as education, health-care and the importance of blue-collar workers. Together with three other centre-right opposition parties Alliance for Sweden was formed during the autumn of 2004 presenting a non-socialist alternative to the current Social Democratic government, which was supported by the Left Party and the Swedish Green Party. The Alliance rapidly gained public support. In May 2005 the Alliance, supported by more than half of the Swedish voters according to the polls, had already gained a lead. The Alliance won the general election on September 17, 2006 with Moderates achieving their best result since 1928[2]. The Moderate Party received 26.1% of the votes, making it the second largest party after the Social Democrats and the largest in the Alliance.
The party states that its ideology is a mix of liberalism and conservatism. (The term liberalism is not used here in the way it is used in the United States to denote left-wingers, but is closer to free-market libertarianism or classical liberalism. Many outside of Sweden may consider the party to have more of a Libertarian viewpoint.)
The party emphasizes personal freedom, free markets, privatisation and reduction of the public-sector growth rate, while still supporting most of the social benefits introduced since the 1930s. The party emphasises issues such as actions against crime, lower taxes, a strong defence and quality in the education system. The party also supports Sweden's membership of the European Union. They campaigned for the euro in 2003 referendum. Since Fredrik Reinfeldt became party leader, the party has moved to the center.
The Party has postponed a decision on Swedish membership of NATO, and also seeks to decrease spending on foreign aid, and it has said that it will keep the status quo and not push for NATO membership the next years.
It is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and the International Democrat Union (IDU).
The party is lead by the party chairman who is also leader of the party. He or she is assisted by the board of the party.
The party is organised on national, county and municipal level. Each county sends delegates to the Party Congress, which is held every second year.
Young members are organised in the Moderate Youth League. There is no official student organisation although the views of the party are closest to those of the Confederation of Swedish Conservative and Liberal Students, which used to be tied to the party. Senior citizens can join ''Moderate Seniors'' ().
According to studies of Swedish electoral behaviour made at Göteborg University, the party has its strongest base around Stockholm and in Skåne. It is generally weak in the north of Sweden. Typical Moderate voters are white-collar workers and other private sector workers, usually with a higher-than-average income. The party has a stronger electoral support amongst men than amongst women.[2]
★ Fredrik Östberg (1904-1905)
★ Axel Svedelius (1905-1906)
★ Hugo Tamm (1907+)
★ Fredrik Östberg (1908-1912)
★ Arvid Lindman (1912-1917)
★ Olof Jonsson i Nov (1917)
★ Arvid Lindman (1917-1935)
★ Gösta Bagge (1935-1944)
★ Fritiof Domö (1944-1950)
★ Jarl Hjalmarson (1950-1961)
★ Gunnar Heckscher (1961-1965)
★ Yngve Holmberg (1965-1970)
★ Gösta Bohman (1970-1981)
★ Ulf Adelsohn (1981-1986)
★ Carl Bildt (1986-1999)
★ Bo Lundgren (1999-2003)
★ Fredrik Reinfeldt (2003-present)
★ Gunnar Svärd 1947-1961
★ Yngve Holmberg 1961-1965
★ Sam Nilsson 1965-1969
★ Bertil af Ugglas 1969-1974
★ Lars Tobisson 1974-1981
★ Georg Danell 1981-1986
★ Per Unckel 1986-1991
★ Gunnar Hökmark 1991-1999
★ Johnny Magnusson 1999-2003
★ Sven Otto Littorin 2003-2006
★ Per Schlingmann 2006 - Present
★ Bernhard Johansson i Fredrikslund 1935
★ Martin Skoglund i Doverstorp 1935-1956
★ Leif Cassel 1956-1965
★ Gösta Bohman 1965-1970
★ Staffan Burenstam Linder 1970-1981
★ Lars Tobisson 1981-1999
★ Chris Heister 1999-2003
★ Gunilla Carlsson 2003-
★ Karl Magnusson i Skövde 1935
★ Fritiof Domö 1935-1944
★ Jarl Hjalmarson 1944-1950
★ Knut Ewerlöf 1950-1958
★ Gunnar Heckscher 1958-1961
★ Rolf Eliasson 1961-1965
★ Yngve Nilsson i Trobro 1965-1970
★ Eric Krönmark 1970-1981
★ Ella Tengbom-Velander 1981-1986
★ Ingegerd Troedsson 1986-1993
★ Gun Hellsvik 1993-1999
★ Gunilla Carlsson 1999-2003
★ Kristina Axén Olin 2003-
★ Alliance for Sweden
★ Politics of Sweden
★ Prime Minister of Sweden
★ Government of Sweden
★ Parliament of Sweden
★ Elections in Sweden
★ Moderate Womens League of Sweden
★ United States Department of State - Sweden
1. [1]
2. [3]
★ Moderata samlingspartiet
★ The Swedish Parliament: The Moderate Party
The 'Moderate Party' (: "the Moderate Coalition Party", commonly referred to in Swedish as ''Moderaterna'': "the Moderates") is a liberal conservative political party in Sweden. The party was founded in 1904 as the 'General Electoral League' () by a group of conservatives in the Swedish parliament. The party has had two other names during its history: the 'National Organization of the Right' () (1938–1952) and the 'Right Party' () (1952–1969).
Following the 2006 general election, where the party gained 26,23% of the votes, the party forms the major part of the government together with the other parties in the centre-right Alliance for Sweden: the Centre Party, the Liberal People's Party and the Christian Democrats. The current chairman of the party is Fredrik Reinfeldt, who is also Prime Minister of Sweden.
Early history
The party was founded on 17 October 1904 in a restaurant called ''Runan'' in Stockholm. The intention was to start a campaign organisation in support of the group of Conservatives which had emerged in the Riksdag. During the 19th century conservatives had organised themselves in the Riksdag but there was no party to support them. The Swedish right-wing were also threatened by the rise of the Social Democrats (founded in 1889) and the Liberals (1902). The party was called the 'General Electoral League' ().
At first the party was clearly nationalist and staunchly Conservative. The importance of a strong defence was underlined. In the defence policy crisis in 1914, the party sided with the King.
Arvid Lindman (often called "The Admiral") became influential in the party and was Prime Minister of Sweden twice. In 1907 he proposed universal male suffrage to the Riksdag. He was formally elected leader in 1912.
In 1928 the party achieved its best election result to date - 28%.
The 1930s saw the party in conflict over how to relate to Nazism. Its youth organisation, the National Youth League of Sweden () was openly pro-Nazi[1] and set up uniformed "fighting groups" to combat political enemies on the streets. The mother party did not like this development and in 1933 the National Youth League was separated from the party. While the party set up a new youth league, which came to be called the The Young Swedes, the old one formed its own party which fought elections as a pro-Nazi wrestler-party.
The Right Party
In 1934 the Social Democrats formed a new government. They came to stay in power until 1976, thus the party became a leading opposition party. In 1938 the party was renamed the 'National Organization of the Right' (). The Right helped govern with the Social Democrats during the Second World War, when Sweden was neutral.
In 1952 the party was renamed the 'Right Party' (). During the leadership of Jarl Hjalmarson the party started to emerge as the leading opposition to the government. The turbulent year of 1968, with student revolts and an absolute majority for the Social Democrats, made the party rename itself the 'Moderate Coalition Party' (, generally just referred to as ''Moderaterna'') in 1969.
Recent Decades
In 1970 Gösta Bohman was elected leader. During the leadership of the relatively young Bohman the party started to move from traditionalist conservatism towards liberalism, which continues to this day.
In 1976 the opposition won an election and the Moderates joined the government under Thorbjörn Fälldin, with Gösta Bohman as Minister of Economy. The non-socialist parties managed to remain in power until 1982 in different constellations. The election of 1979, however, made the Moderate Party the largest non-socialist party. Gösta Bohman was replaced by Ulf Adelsohn.
In 1986, Carl Bildt was elected leader of the party. A son-in-law of Bohman, he managed to lead the party to an election victory in 1991. The Moderate Party led a non-socialist coalition between 1991 and 1994 with Carl Bildt as Prime Minister. The government did much to reform the Swedish government, cut public spending and reduce taxes. The negotiations for membership with the EU was also finalised.
The party gained votes in 1994, but the governing coalition lost its majority. Bildt stayed on as the Moderate party leader, but the non-socialist parties lost the election in 1998 as well. Bo Lundgren replaced him and led the party in the disastrous election of 2002. Fredrik Reinfeldt was elected as the new party leader in 2003.
Today
Under the leadership of Fredrik Reinfeldt the party has reduced the scope of its tax-cutting policies and started to emphasise issues such as education, health-care and the importance of blue-collar workers. Together with three other centre-right opposition parties Alliance for Sweden was formed during the autumn of 2004 presenting a non-socialist alternative to the current Social Democratic government, which was supported by the Left Party and the Swedish Green Party. The Alliance rapidly gained public support. In May 2005 the Alliance, supported by more than half of the Swedish voters according to the polls, had already gained a lead. The Alliance won the general election on September 17, 2006 with Moderates achieving their best result since 1928[2]. The Moderate Party received 26.1% of the votes, making it the second largest party after the Social Democrats and the largest in the Alliance.
Ideology
The party states that its ideology is a mix of liberalism and conservatism. (The term liberalism is not used here in the way it is used in the United States to denote left-wingers, but is closer to free-market libertarianism or classical liberalism. Many outside of Sweden may consider the party to have more of a Libertarian viewpoint.)
The party emphasizes personal freedom, free markets, privatisation and reduction of the public-sector growth rate, while still supporting most of the social benefits introduced since the 1930s. The party emphasises issues such as actions against crime, lower taxes, a strong defence and quality in the education system. The party also supports Sweden's membership of the European Union. They campaigned for the euro in 2003 referendum. Since Fredrik Reinfeldt became party leader, the party has moved to the center.
The Party has postponed a decision on Swedish membership of NATO, and also seeks to decrease spending on foreign aid, and it has said that it will keep the status quo and not push for NATO membership the next years.
It is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and the International Democrat Union (IDU).
Organisation
The party is lead by the party chairman who is also leader of the party. He or she is assisted by the board of the party.
The party is organised on national, county and municipal level. Each county sends delegates to the Party Congress, which is held every second year.
Young members are organised in the Moderate Youth League. There is no official student organisation although the views of the party are closest to those of the Confederation of Swedish Conservative and Liberal Students, which used to be tied to the party. Senior citizens can join ''Moderate Seniors'' ().
Voter base
According to studies of Swedish electoral behaviour made at Göteborg University, the party has its strongest base around Stockholm and in Skåne. It is generally weak in the north of Sweden. Typical Moderate voters are white-collar workers and other private sector workers, usually with a higher-than-average income. The party has a stronger electoral support amongst men than amongst women.[2]
Party leaders
★ Fredrik Östberg (1904-1905)
★ Axel Svedelius (1905-1906)
★ Hugo Tamm (1907+)
★ Fredrik Östberg (1908-1912)
★ Arvid Lindman (1912-1917)
★ Olof Jonsson i Nov (1917)
★ Arvid Lindman (1917-1935)
★ Gösta Bagge (1935-1944)
★ Fritiof Domö (1944-1950)
★ Jarl Hjalmarson (1950-1961)
★ Gunnar Heckscher (1961-1965)
★ Yngve Holmberg (1965-1970)
★ Gösta Bohman (1970-1981)
★ Ulf Adelsohn (1981-1986)
★ Carl Bildt (1986-1999)
★ Bo Lundgren (1999-2003)
★ Fredrik Reinfeldt (2003-present)
Party Secretaries since 1947
★ Gunnar Svärd 1947-1961
★ Yngve Holmberg 1961-1965
★ Sam Nilsson 1965-1969
★ Bertil af Ugglas 1969-1974
★ Lars Tobisson 1974-1981
★ Georg Danell 1981-1986
★ Per Unckel 1986-1991
★ Gunnar Hökmark 1991-1999
★ Johnny Magnusson 1999-2003
★ Sven Otto Littorin 2003-2006
★ Per Schlingmann 2006 - Present
First deputy party chairmen since 1935
★ Bernhard Johansson i Fredrikslund 1935
★ Martin Skoglund i Doverstorp 1935-1956
★ Leif Cassel 1956-1965
★ Gösta Bohman 1965-1970
★ Staffan Burenstam Linder 1970-1981
★ Lars Tobisson 1981-1999
★ Chris Heister 1999-2003
★ Gunilla Carlsson 2003-
Second deputy party chairmen since 1935
★ Karl Magnusson i Skövde 1935
★ Fritiof Domö 1935-1944
★ Jarl Hjalmarson 1944-1950
★ Knut Ewerlöf 1950-1958
★ Gunnar Heckscher 1958-1961
★ Rolf Eliasson 1961-1965
★ Yngve Nilsson i Trobro 1965-1970
★ Eric Krönmark 1970-1981
★ Ella Tengbom-Velander 1981-1986
★ Ingegerd Troedsson 1986-1993
★ Gun Hellsvik 1993-1999
★ Gunilla Carlsson 1999-2003
★ Kristina Axén Olin 2003-
See also
★ Alliance for Sweden
★ Politics of Sweden
★ Prime Minister of Sweden
★ Government of Sweden
★ Parliament of Sweden
★ Elections in Sweden
★ Moderate Womens League of Sweden
References
★ United States Department of State - Sweden
Notes
1. [1]
2. [3]
External links
★ Moderata samlingspartiet
★ The Swedish Parliament: The Moderate Party
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