NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY
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(Redirected from NSA)
The 'National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS)' is the United States government's cryptologic organization that was officially established on November 4, 1952. Responsible for the collection and analysis of foreign communications, it coordinates, directs, and performs highly specialized activities to produce foreign signals intelligence information, which involves a significant amount of cryptanalysis. It is also responsible for protecting U.S. government communications and information systems from similar agencies elsewhere, which involves a significant amount of cryptography.
As a component of the Department of Defense, by law the NSA must be directed by a lieutenant general or vice admiral. The NSA is a key component of the U.S. Intelligence Community, which is headed by the Director of National Intelligence.
The NSA's eavesdropping mission includes radio broadcasting, both from various organizations and individuals, the Internet, telephone calls, and other intercepted forms of communication. Its secure communications mission includes military, diplomatic, and all other sensitive, confidential or secret government communications. Despite having been described as the world's largest single employer of mathematicians,[2] and the owner of the single largest group of supercomputers, it has tried to keep a low profile. For many years its existence was not even acknowledged by the U.S. government. It was often said, half-jokingly, that "NSA" stood for "No Such Agency", and also, as "Never Say Anything", primarily for its employees.
Because of its listening task, the NSA/CSS has been heavily involved in cryptanalytic research, continuing the work of its predecessor agencies which had been responsible for breaking many World War II codes and ciphers (see, for instance, Purple code, Venona, and JN-25).
Headquarters for the National Security Agency are at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, approximately ten miles (16 km) northeast of Washington, D.C. NSA has its own exit off the Baltimore-Washington Parkway labeled "NSA Employees Only". The scale of the operations at the NSA is hard to determine from unclassified data, but one clue is the electricity usage of NSA's headquarters. NSA's budget for electricity exceeds US$31 million per year , making it the second largest electricity consumer in the entire state of Maryland. Photos have shown there to be 18,000 parking spaces at the site, although most guesses have put the NSA's worldwide workforce at around double that number. In 2006, the ''Baltimore Sun'' reported that the NSA was at risk of electrical overload because of insufficient internal electrical infrastructure at Fort Meade to support the amount of equipment being installed. This problem was apparently recognized in the 1990s but not made a priority, and "now the agency's ability to keep its operations going is threatened".[3]
Its secure government communications work has involved NSA in numerous technology areas, including the design of specialized communications hardware and software, production of dedicated semiconductors (at the Ft. Meade chip fabrication plant), and advanced cryptography research. The agency contracts with the private sector in the fields of research and equipment.
In addition to its Ft. Meade headquarters, the NSA has other facilities such as the Texas Cryptology Center in San Antonio, Texas.
The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced to the May 20, 1949 creation of the Armed Forces Security Agency ('AFSA'). This organization was originally established within the US Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The AFSA was to be responsible for directing the communications and electronic intelligence activities of the US military intelligence units—the Army Security Agency, the Naval Security Group, and the Air Force Security Service; however, the agency had little power and lacked a centralized coordination mechanism. The creation of the NSA resulted from a December 10, 1951, memo sent by CIA Director Walter Bedell Smith to James S. Lay, Executive Secretary of the National Security Council. The memo observed that "control over, and coordination of, the collection and processing of Communications Intelligence had proved ineffective" and recommended a survey of communications intelligence activities. The proposal was approved on December 13, 1951, and the study authorized on December 28, 1951. The report was completed by June 13, 1952. Generally known as the "Brownell Committee Report," after committee chairman Herbert Brownell, it surveyed the history of U.S. communications intelligence activities and suggested the need for a much greater degree of coordination and direction at the national level. As the change in the security agency's name indicated, the role of the NSA was extended beyond the armed forces.
The creation of the NSA was authorized in a letter written by President Harry S. Truman in June of 1952. The agency was formally established through a revision of National Security Council Intelligence Directive (NSCID) 9 on October 24, 1952, and officially came into existence on November 4, 1952. President Truman's letter was itself classified and remained unknown to the public for more than a generation.
The heraldic insignia of NSA consists of a bald eagle facing its right, grasping a key in its talons, representing NSA's clutch on security as well as the mission to protect and gain access to secrets. The eagle is set on a background of blue and its breast features a blue shield supported by thirteen bands of red and white. The surrounding white circular border features "National Security Agency" around the top and "United States of America" underneath, with two five-pointed silver stars between the two phrases. The current NSA insignia has been in use since 1965, when then-DIRNSA, LTG Marshall S. Carter directed for the creation of a device to represent NSA.[4]
NSA has been involved in debates about public policy, both as a behind-the-scenes adviser to other departments, and directly during and after Vice Admiral Bobby Ray Inman's directorship.
The NSA was embroiled in controversy concerning its involvement in the creation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES), a standard and public block cipher used by the US government. During development by IBM in the 1970s, the NSA recommended changes to the algorithm. There was suspicion the agency had deliberately weakened the algorithm sufficiently to enable it to eavesdrop if required. The suspicions were that a critical component — the so-called S-boxes — had been altered to insert a "backdoor"; and that the key length had been reduced, making it easier for the NSA to discover the key using massive computing power, although it has since been discovered that the changes in fact ''strengthened'' the algorithm against differential cryptanalysis.
Because of concerns that widespread use of strong cryptography would hamper government use of wiretaps, the NSA proposed the concept of key escrow in 1993 and introduced the Clipper chip that would offer stronger protection than DES but would allow access to encrypted data by authorized law enforcement officials. The proposal was strongly opposed and key escrow requirements ultimately went nowhere. However, NSA's Fortezza hardware-based encryption cards, created for the Clipper project, are still used within government, and the NSA ultimately revealed the design of the SKIPJACK cipher (but not the key exchange protocol) used on the cards.
Possibly because of previous controversy, the involvement of NSA in the selection of a successor to DES, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), was limited to hardware performance testing (see AES competition).
NSA was a major player in the debates of the 1990s regarding the export of cryptography. Cryptographic software and hardware had long been classed with fighter planes, tanks, cannons, and atomic bombs as controllable munitions. Restrictions on export were reduced but not eliminated in 1996.
The NSA/CSS has, at times, attempted to restrict the publication of academic research into cryptography; for example, the Khufu and Khafre block ciphers were voluntarily withheld in response to an NSA request to do so.
The NSA has the ability to file for a patent from the US Patent and Trademark Office under gag order. Unlike normal patents, the NSA's are not revealed to the public and do not expire. However, if the Patent Office receives an application for an identical patent from a third party, they will reveal the NSA's patent and officially grant it to the NSA for the full term on that date.[5]
Main articles: ECHELON
NSA/CSS, in combination with the equivalent agencies in the United Kingdom ''(Government Communications Headquarters)'', Canada ''(Communications Security Establishment),'' Australia ''(Defence Signals Directorate)'', and New Zealand ''(Government Communications Security Bureau)'', and otherwise known as the UKUSA group, is believed to be in command of the operation of the so-called ECHELON system. Its capabilities are suspected to include the ability to monitor a large proportion of the world's transmitted civilian telephone, fax and data traffic, according to a December 16, 2005 article in the ''New York Times''.[6]
Technically, almost all modern telephone, internet, fax and satellite communications are exploitable due to recent advances in technology and the 'open air' nature of much of the radio communications around the world.
The NSA's presumed collection operations have generated much criticism, possibly stemming from the assumption that the NSA/CSS represents an infringement of Americans' privacy. However, the NSA's United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18 (USSID 18) strictly prohibits the interception or collection of information about "...US persons, entities, corporations or organizations..." without explicit written legal permission from the Attorney General of the United States [7] The US Supreme Court has ruled that intelligence agencies cannot conduct surveillance against American citizens. There are a few extreme circumstances where collecting on a US entity is allowed without a USSID 18 waiver, such as with civilian distress signals, or sudden emergencies such as 9/11; however, the USA PATRIOT Act has significantly changed privacy legality.
There have been alleged violations of USSID 18 that occurred in violation of the NSA's strict charter prohibiting such acts. In addition, ECHELON is considered with indignation by citizens of countries outside the UKUSA alliance, with widespread suspicion that the United States government uses it for motives other than its national security, including political and industrial espionage.[1] The chartered purpose of the NSA/CSS is solely to acquire significant foreign intelligence information pertaining to National Security or ongoing military intelligence operations.
In his book Firewall, Andy McNab speculates that the UKUSA agreement is designed to enable the NSA, GCHQ, and other equivalent organizations to gather intelligence on each other's citizens. For example, the NSA cannot legally conduct surveillance on American citizens, but GCHQ might do it for them.
The NSA's mission, as set forth in Executive Order 12333, is to collect information that constitutes "foreign intelligence or counterintelligence" while ''not'' "acquiring information concerning the domestic activities of United States persons". The NSA has declared that it relies on the FBI to collect information on foreign intelligence activities within the borders of the USA, while confining its own activities within the USA to the embassies and missions of foreign nations.
The NSA's domestic surveillance activities are limited by the requirements imposed by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; however, these protections do not apply to non-U.S. persons located outside of U.S. borders, so the NSA's foreign surveillance efforts are subject to far fewer limitations under U.S. law.[8] The specific requirements for domestic surveillance operations are contained in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), which does not extend protection to non-U.S. citizens located outside of U.S. territory.8
The activities described below, especially the publicly acknowledged 'Domestic Phone' tapping and Domestic Call Database programs, have prompted questions about the extent of the NSA's activities and concerns about threats to privacy and the rule of law.
Main articles: ThinThread
A wiretapping program named ThinThread was tested in the late 1990s, according to information obtained by the ''Baltimore Sun'' in 2006. This program may have contributed to the underlying technology used in later systems, but its safeguards on privacy were abandoned after the 9/11 attacks.[9]
Main articles: NSA warrantless surveillance controversy
On December 16, 2005, the ''New York Times'' reported that, under White House pressure and with an executive order from President George W. Bush, the National Security Agency, in an attempt to thwart terrorism, had been conducting phone-taps on individuals in the U.S. calling persons outside the country, without obtaining warrants from a secret court as required by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).[10]
Proponents of the warrantless surveillance claim that the President has the authority to order such action, arguing that the President has powers under the Constitution that trump laws such as FISA. In addition, some argued that FISA was implicitly overridden by a subsequent statute, the Authorization for Use of Military Force, although most concede this argument is untenable after the Supreme Court's ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. On August 2006 in the case ACLU v. NSA, U.S. District Court Judge Anna Diggs Taylor concluded that the NSA's warantless surveillance program was illegal and unconstitutional. However, on July 6, 2007 the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned Judge Taylor's ruling.[11] See NSA warrantless surveillance controversy for details.
In the years after President Nixon resigned, there were several investigations of suspected misuse of CIA and NSA facilities. Senator Frank Church headed a Senate investigating committee called the Church Committee which uncovered previously unknown activity, such as a plot to assassinate Fidel Castro by the CIA, which had been ordered by President John F. Kennedy and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. During the investigation, it was also found that the NSA was actively tapping the phones of targeted American citizens. After the Church Committee hearings, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 became law, limiting circumstances under which domestic surveillance was allowed.
Main articles: NSA in fiction
Since the existence of the NSA has become more widely known in the last few decades, and particularly since the 1990s, the agency has regularly been portrayed in spy fiction. Most such portrayals probably grossly exaggerate the organization's involvement in the more sensational activities of intelligence agencies. An indication of the agency's increased "fame" is its named appearance in the Bond franchise in 2002's ''Die Another Day''; a Bond girl portrayed by Halle Berry worked for them. The NSA has been featured in many other films, television shows, books, roleplaying games and video games (See Splinter Cell).
'Directors'
Main articles: Director of the National Security Agency
★ 1952–1956 Lt. Gen. Ralph J. Canine, USA
★ 1956–1960 Lt. Gen. John A. Samford, USAF
★ 1960–1962 V. Adm. Laurence H. Frost, USN
★ 1962–1965 Lt. Gen. Gordon A. Blake, USAF
★ 1965–1969 Lt. Gen. Marshall S. Carter, USA
★ 1969–1972 V. Adm. Noel A. M. Gaylor, USN
★ 1972–1973 Lt. Gen. Samuel C. Phillips, USAF
★ 1973–1977 Lt. Gen. Lew Allen, Jr., USAF
★ 1977–1981 V. Adm. Bobby Ray Inman, USN
★ 1981–1985 Lt. Gen. Lincoln D. Faurer, USAF
★ 1985–1988 Lt. Gen. William E. Odom, USA
★ 1988–1992 V. Adm. William O. Studeman, USN
★ 1992–1996 V. Adm. John M. McConnell, USN
★ 1996–1999 Lt. Gen. Kenneth A. Minihan, USAF
★ 1999–2005 Lt. Gen. Michael V. Hayden, USAF
★ 2005–Present Lt. Gen. Keith B. Alexander, USA
''USA'', ''USAF'', and ''USN'' are the United States Army, United States Air Force, and United States Navy, respectively.
'Deputy Directors'
★ Dec. 1952 – Nov. 1953 R. Adm. Joseph Wenger, USN
★ Nov. 1953 – June 1956 Brig. Gen. John Ackerman, USAF
★ Jun. 1956 – Aug. 1956 Maj. Gen. John A. Samford, USAF
★ Aug. 1956 – Sep. 1957 Mr. Joseph H. Ream
★ Oct. 1957 – Jul. 1958 Dr. H. T. Engstrom
★ Aug. 1958 – Apr. 1974 Dr. Louis W. Tordella, USN
★ Apr. 1974 – May 1978 Mr. Benson K. Buffham
★ May 1978 – Apr. 1980 Mr. Robert E. Drake
★ Apr. 1980 – Jul. 1982 Ms. Ann Z. Caracristi
★ Jul. 1982 – Jun. 1985 Mr. Robert E. Rich
★ Jun. 1985 – Mar. 1988 Mr. Charles R. Lord
★ Mar. 1988 – Jul. 1990 Mr. Gerald R. Young
★ Jul. 1990 – Feb. 1994 Mr. Robert L. Prestel
★ Feb. 1994 – Oct. 1997 Mr. William P. Crowell
★ Oct. 1997 – June 2000 Ms. Barbara A. McNamara
★ Jun. 2000 – Aug. 2006 Mr. William B. Black, Jr.
★ Aug. 2006 – present Mr. John C. (Chris) Inglis
'Notable cryptanalysts'
★ Lambros D. Callimahos
★ Agnes Meyer Driscoll
★ William F. Friedman
★ Solomon Kullback
★ Frank Rowlett
★ Abraham Sinkov
★ Louis W. Tordella
★ Herbert Yardley
Main articles: NSA encryption systems
NSA is responsible for the encryption-related components in these systems:
★ EKMS Electronic Key Management System
★ FNBDT Future Narrow Band Digital Terminal
★ Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format
★ KL-7 ADONIS off-line rotor encryption machine (post-WW II to 1980s)
★ KW-26 ROMULUS electronic in-line teletype encryptor (1960s–1980s)
★ KW-37 JASON fleet broadcast encryptor (1960s–1990s)
★ KY-57 VINSON tactical radio voice encryptor
★ KG-84 Dedicated Data Encryption/Decryption
★ SINCGARS tactical radio with cryptographically controlled frequency hopping
★ STE secure telephone equipment
★ STU-III secure telephone unit, currently being phased out by the STE
★ TACLANE product line by General Dynamics
★ VENONA project
★ Gulf of Tonkin Incident
★ USS Liberty incident
★ USS Pueblo (AGER-2)
★ KAL 007 Shootdown incident. Here are the combined U.S. Electronic Intercept and Russian Federation supplied transcripts of the shootdown in progress - [2]
1. NSA Frequently Asked Questions
2. Introduction to NSA/CSS, NSA. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
3. NSA risking electrical overload Gorman, Siobhan
4. The National Security Agency Insignia
5. Applied Cryptography, Second Edition, , Bruce, Schneier, John Wiley & Sons, , ISBN 0-471-11709-9
6. Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts James Risen and Eric Lichtblau
7. National Security Agency. United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18. National Security Agency July 27, 1993. Last access date March 23, 2007
8. David Alan Jordan. Decrypting the Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol. Boston College Law Review. May, 2006. Last access date January 23, 2007
9. NSA killed system that sifted phone data legally
10. James Risen & Eric Lichtblau (December 16, 2005), Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts, ''New York Times''
11. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals Decision
★ Biometric Consortium
★ Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR)
★ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
★ Central Security Service (CSS)
★ Counterintelligence Field Activity (DoD - CIFA)
★ Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) of Australia
★ Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
★ Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
★ Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)
★ Espionage
★ Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
★ Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) of the UK
★ Narus ST-6400 and NarusInsight by Narus Ltd.
★ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
★ National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
★ National Security Whistleblowers Coalition
★ Project SHAMROCK
★ SELinux
★ SIGINT (and COMINT)
★ Skipjack (cipher)
★ TEMPEST prevention of compromising emanations
★ Type 1 encryption
★ FROSTBURG
★ HARVEST
★ Bamford, James, '', Doubleday, 2001, ISBN 0-385-49907-8.
★ Bamford, James, ''The Puzzle Palace'', Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-006748-5.
★ Levy, Steven, '' — discussion of the development of non-government cryptography, including many accounts of tussles with the NSA.
★ Radden Keefe, Patrick, '', Random House, ISBN 1-4000-6034-6.
★ Liston, Robert A., '', ISBN 0-87131-554-8.
★ Kahn, David, ''The Codebreakers'', 1181 pp., ISBN 0-684-83130-9. Look for the 1967 rather than the 1996 edition.
★ Tully, Andrew, '', 1969, LC 71080912.
★ Bamford, James, New York Times, December 25, 2005; The Agency That Could Be Big Brother.
★ Sam Adams, War of numbers Steerforth; New Ed edition (June 1, 1998)
★ John Prados, ''The Soviet estimate: U.S. intelligence analysis & Russian military strength'', hardcover, 367 pages, ISBN 0-385-27211-1, Dial Press (1982).
★ Walter Laquer, ''A World of secrets''
★ Sherman Kent, ''Strategic Intelligence for American Public Policy''
★ NSA official site
★ Records of the National Security Agency/Central Security Service
★ Overview of the NSA and their Major Programs
★ History of NSA
★ The NSA charter
★ "The Origins of the National Security Agency, 1940-1952" —newly declassified book-length report provided by ''The Memory Hole''.
★ "Outsourcing Intelligence"
★ The National Security Archive at George Washington University
★ Cryptome
★ CRYPTOME.org - USSID 18 DECLASSIFIED
★ Federation of American Scientist
★ David Alan Jordan, Decrypting the Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol - Boston College Law Review, Vol. 47, 2006
★ NSA Headquarters
★ "FAILURE IS NOT AN OPTION: It comes bundled with the software."|by Al Massey
★ NSA: Bibliography|Compilation and research by Jean-Pierre H. Coumont
★ New York Times NSA Phone Taps Article alternate link
★ Wiretaps said to sift all overseas contacts (Boston Globe)
★ Kurt Nimmo. NSA snoop story: Tell me something I don’t already know, ''Another Day in the Empire'', December 24, 2005.
★ Kevin Zeese. NSA mounted massive spy op on peace group, documents show, ''Raw Story'', January 10, 2006.
★ First person account of NSA interview and clearance
★ Joanne Leyland, "American Intelligence Service Denies Eavesdropping On Princess Diana", The Royalist, 13 December, 2006. ''URL retrieved on January 6, 2007''.
★ Big Brother Is Listening
 NSA seal—there are legal restrictions to the use of the seal | |
| 'Established:' | 4 November 1952 |
| 'Director:' | Lieutenant General Keith B. Alexander, USA |
| 'Deputy Director:' | John C. (Chris) Inglis |
| 'Budget:' | Classified[1] |
| 'Employees:' | approx. 30,0001 |
Lieutenant General Keith B. Alexander, 16th and current director of the NSA (2005–).
The 'National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS)' is the United States government's cryptologic organization that was officially established on November 4, 1952. Responsible for the collection and analysis of foreign communications, it coordinates, directs, and performs highly specialized activities to produce foreign signals intelligence information, which involves a significant amount of cryptanalysis. It is also responsible for protecting U.S. government communications and information systems from similar agencies elsewhere, which involves a significant amount of cryptography.
As a component of the Department of Defense, by law the NSA must be directed by a lieutenant general or vice admiral. The NSA is a key component of the U.S. Intelligence Community, which is headed by the Director of National Intelligence.
Organization
Role
NSA headquarters in Fort Meade, Maryland
The NSA's eavesdropping mission includes radio broadcasting, both from various organizations and individuals, the Internet, telephone calls, and other intercepted forms of communication. Its secure communications mission includes military, diplomatic, and all other sensitive, confidential or secret government communications. Despite having been described as the world's largest single employer of mathematicians,[2] and the owner of the single largest group of supercomputers, it has tried to keep a low profile. For many years its existence was not even acknowledged by the U.S. government. It was often said, half-jokingly, that "NSA" stood for "No Such Agency", and also, as "Never Say Anything", primarily for its employees.
Because of its listening task, the NSA/CSS has been heavily involved in cryptanalytic research, continuing the work of its predecessor agencies which had been responsible for breaking many World War II codes and ciphers (see, for instance, Purple code, Venona, and JN-25).
Headquarters for the National Security Agency are at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, approximately ten miles (16 km) northeast of Washington, D.C. NSA has its own exit off the Baltimore-Washington Parkway labeled "NSA Employees Only". The scale of the operations at the NSA is hard to determine from unclassified data, but one clue is the electricity usage of NSA's headquarters. NSA's budget for electricity exceeds US$31 million per year , making it the second largest electricity consumer in the entire state of Maryland. Photos have shown there to be 18,000 parking spaces at the site, although most guesses have put the NSA's worldwide workforce at around double that number. In 2006, the ''Baltimore Sun'' reported that the NSA was at risk of electrical overload because of insufficient internal electrical infrastructure at Fort Meade to support the amount of equipment being installed. This problem was apparently recognized in the 1990s but not made a priority, and "now the agency's ability to keep its operations going is threatened".[3]
Its secure government communications work has involved NSA in numerous technology areas, including the design of specialized communications hardware and software, production of dedicated semiconductors (at the Ft. Meade chip fabrication plant), and advanced cryptography research. The agency contracts with the private sector in the fields of research and equipment.
In addition to its Ft. Meade headquarters, the NSA has other facilities such as the Texas Cryptology Center in San Antonio, Texas.
Strategy
History
The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced to the May 20, 1949 creation of the Armed Forces Security Agency ('AFSA'). This organization was originally established within the US Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The AFSA was to be responsible for directing the communications and electronic intelligence activities of the US military intelligence units—the Army Security Agency, the Naval Security Group, and the Air Force Security Service; however, the agency had little power and lacked a centralized coordination mechanism. The creation of the NSA resulted from a December 10, 1951, memo sent by CIA Director Walter Bedell Smith to James S. Lay, Executive Secretary of the National Security Council. The memo observed that "control over, and coordination of, the collection and processing of Communications Intelligence had proved ineffective" and recommended a survey of communications intelligence activities. The proposal was approved on December 13, 1951, and the study authorized on December 28, 1951. The report was completed by June 13, 1952. Generally known as the "Brownell Committee Report," after committee chairman Herbert Brownell, it surveyed the history of U.S. communications intelligence activities and suggested the need for a much greater degree of coordination and direction at the national level. As the change in the security agency's name indicated, the role of the NSA was extended beyond the armed forces.
The creation of the NSA was authorized in a letter written by President Harry S. Truman in June of 1952. The agency was formally established through a revision of National Security Council Intelligence Directive (NSCID) 9 on October 24, 1952, and officially came into existence on November 4, 1952. President Truman's letter was itself classified and remained unknown to the public for more than a generation.
Insignia
The heraldic insignia of NSA consists of a bald eagle facing its right, grasping a key in its talons, representing NSA's clutch on security as well as the mission to protect and gain access to secrets. The eagle is set on a background of blue and its breast features a blue shield supported by thirteen bands of red and white. The surrounding white circular border features "National Security Agency" around the top and "United States of America" underneath, with two five-pointed silver stars between the two phrases. The current NSA insignia has been in use since 1965, when then-DIRNSA, LTG Marshall S. Carter directed for the creation of a device to represent NSA.[4]
Involvement with non-government cryptography
NSA has been involved in debates about public policy, both as a behind-the-scenes adviser to other departments, and directly during and after Vice Admiral Bobby Ray Inman's directorship.
The NSA was embroiled in controversy concerning its involvement in the creation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES), a standard and public block cipher used by the US government. During development by IBM in the 1970s, the NSA recommended changes to the algorithm. There was suspicion the agency had deliberately weakened the algorithm sufficiently to enable it to eavesdrop if required. The suspicions were that a critical component — the so-called S-boxes — had been altered to insert a "backdoor"; and that the key length had been reduced, making it easier for the NSA to discover the key using massive computing power, although it has since been discovered that the changes in fact ''strengthened'' the algorithm against differential cryptanalysis.
Because of concerns that widespread use of strong cryptography would hamper government use of wiretaps, the NSA proposed the concept of key escrow in 1993 and introduced the Clipper chip that would offer stronger protection than DES but would allow access to encrypted data by authorized law enforcement officials. The proposal was strongly opposed and key escrow requirements ultimately went nowhere. However, NSA's Fortezza hardware-based encryption cards, created for the Clipper project, are still used within government, and the NSA ultimately revealed the design of the SKIPJACK cipher (but not the key exchange protocol) used on the cards.
Possibly because of previous controversy, the involvement of NSA in the selection of a successor to DES, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), was limited to hardware performance testing (see AES competition).
NSA was a major player in the debates of the 1990s regarding the export of cryptography. Cryptographic software and hardware had long been classed with fighter planes, tanks, cannons, and atomic bombs as controllable munitions. Restrictions on export were reduced but not eliminated in 1996.
The NSA/CSS has, at times, attempted to restrict the publication of academic research into cryptography; for example, the Khufu and Khafre block ciphers were voluntarily withheld in response to an NSA request to do so.
Patents
The NSA has the ability to file for a patent from the US Patent and Trademark Office under gag order. Unlike normal patents, the NSA's are not revealed to the public and do not expire. However, if the Patent Office receives an application for an identical patent from a third party, they will reveal the NSA's patent and officially grant it to the NSA for the full term on that date.[5]
ECHELON
Main articles: ECHELON
NSA/CSS, in combination with the equivalent agencies in the United Kingdom ''(Government Communications Headquarters)'', Canada ''(Communications Security Establishment),'' Australia ''(Defence Signals Directorate)'', and New Zealand ''(Government Communications Security Bureau)'', and otherwise known as the UKUSA group, is believed to be in command of the operation of the so-called ECHELON system. Its capabilities are suspected to include the ability to monitor a large proportion of the world's transmitted civilian telephone, fax and data traffic, according to a December 16, 2005 article in the ''New York Times''.[6]
Technically, almost all modern telephone, internet, fax and satellite communications are exploitable due to recent advances in technology and the 'open air' nature of much of the radio communications around the world.
The NSA's presumed collection operations have generated much criticism, possibly stemming from the assumption that the NSA/CSS represents an infringement of Americans' privacy. However, the NSA's United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18 (USSID 18) strictly prohibits the interception or collection of information about "...US persons, entities, corporations or organizations..." without explicit written legal permission from the Attorney General of the United States [7] The US Supreme Court has ruled that intelligence agencies cannot conduct surveillance against American citizens. There are a few extreme circumstances where collecting on a US entity is allowed without a USSID 18 waiver, such as with civilian distress signals, or sudden emergencies such as 9/11; however, the USA PATRIOT Act has significantly changed privacy legality.
There have been alleged violations of USSID 18 that occurred in violation of the NSA's strict charter prohibiting such acts. In addition, ECHELON is considered with indignation by citizens of countries outside the UKUSA alliance, with widespread suspicion that the United States government uses it for motives other than its national security, including political and industrial espionage.[1] The chartered purpose of the NSA/CSS is solely to acquire significant foreign intelligence information pertaining to National Security or ongoing military intelligence operations.
In his book Firewall, Andy McNab speculates that the UKUSA agreement is designed to enable the NSA, GCHQ, and other equivalent organizations to gather intelligence on each other's citizens. For example, the NSA cannot legally conduct surveillance on American citizens, but GCHQ might do it for them.
Domestic Activity
The NSA's mission, as set forth in Executive Order 12333, is to collect information that constitutes "foreign intelligence or counterintelligence" while ''not'' "acquiring information concerning the domestic activities of United States persons". The NSA has declared that it relies on the FBI to collect information on foreign intelligence activities within the borders of the USA, while confining its own activities within the USA to the embassies and missions of foreign nations.
The NSA's domestic surveillance activities are limited by the requirements imposed by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; however, these protections do not apply to non-U.S. persons located outside of U.S. borders, so the NSA's foreign surveillance efforts are subject to far fewer limitations under U.S. law.[8] The specific requirements for domestic surveillance operations are contained in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), which does not extend protection to non-U.S. citizens located outside of U.S. territory.8
The activities described below, especially the publicly acknowledged 'Domestic Phone' tapping and Domestic Call Database programs, have prompted questions about the extent of the NSA's activities and concerns about threats to privacy and the rule of law.
ThinThread
Main articles: ThinThread
A wiretapping program named ThinThread was tested in the late 1990s, according to information obtained by the ''Baltimore Sun'' in 2006. This program may have contributed to the underlying technology used in later systems, but its safeguards on privacy were abandoned after the 9/11 attacks.[9]
Phone taps
Main articles: NSA warrantless surveillance controversy
On December 16, 2005, the ''New York Times'' reported that, under White House pressure and with an executive order from President George W. Bush, the National Security Agency, in an attempt to thwart terrorism, had been conducting phone-taps on individuals in the U.S. calling persons outside the country, without obtaining warrants from a secret court as required by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).[10]
Proponents of the warrantless surveillance claim that the President has the authority to order such action, arguing that the President has powers under the Constitution that trump laws such as FISA. In addition, some argued that FISA was implicitly overridden by a subsequent statute, the Authorization for Use of Military Force, although most concede this argument is untenable after the Supreme Court's ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. On August 2006 in the case ACLU v. NSA, U.S. District Court Judge Anna Diggs Taylor concluded that the NSA's warantless surveillance program was illegal and unconstitutional. However, on July 6, 2007 the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned Judge Taylor's ruling.[11] See NSA warrantless surveillance controversy for details.
Previous NSA tapping of US citizens
In the years after President Nixon resigned, there were several investigations of suspected misuse of CIA and NSA facilities. Senator Frank Church headed a Senate investigating committee called the Church Committee which uncovered previously unknown activity, such as a plot to assassinate Fidel Castro by the CIA, which had been ordered by President John F. Kennedy and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. During the investigation, it was also found that the NSA was actively tapping the phones of targeted American citizens. After the Church Committee hearings, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 became law, limiting circumstances under which domestic surveillance was allowed.
In fiction
Main articles: NSA in fiction
Since the existence of the NSA has become more widely known in the last few decades, and particularly since the 1990s, the agency has regularly been portrayed in spy fiction. Most such portrayals probably grossly exaggerate the organization's involvement in the more sensational activities of intelligence agencies. An indication of the agency's increased "fame" is its named appearance in the Bond franchise in 2002's ''Die Another Day''; a Bond girl portrayed by Halle Berry worked for them. The NSA has been featured in many other films, television shows, books, roleplaying games and video games (See Splinter Cell).
Staff
'Directors'
Main articles: Director of the National Security Agency
★ 1952–1956 Lt. Gen. Ralph J. Canine, USA
★ 1956–1960 Lt. Gen. John A. Samford, USAF
★ 1960–1962 V. Adm. Laurence H. Frost, USN
★ 1962–1965 Lt. Gen. Gordon A. Blake, USAF
★ 1965–1969 Lt. Gen. Marshall S. Carter, USA
★ 1969–1972 V. Adm. Noel A. M. Gaylor, USN
★ 1972–1973 Lt. Gen. Samuel C. Phillips, USAF
★ 1973–1977 Lt. Gen. Lew Allen, Jr., USAF
★ 1977–1981 V. Adm. Bobby Ray Inman, USN
★ 1981–1985 Lt. Gen. Lincoln D. Faurer, USAF
★ 1985–1988 Lt. Gen. William E. Odom, USA
★ 1988–1992 V. Adm. William O. Studeman, USN
★ 1992–1996 V. Adm. John M. McConnell, USN
★ 1996–1999 Lt. Gen. Kenneth A. Minihan, USAF
★ 1999–2005 Lt. Gen. Michael V. Hayden, USAF
★ 2005–Present Lt. Gen. Keith B. Alexander, USA
''USA'', ''USAF'', and ''USN'' are the United States Army, United States Air Force, and United States Navy, respectively.
'Deputy Directors'
★ Dec. 1952 – Nov. 1953 R. Adm. Joseph Wenger, USN
★ Nov. 1953 – June 1956 Brig. Gen. John Ackerman, USAF
★ Jun. 1956 – Aug. 1956 Maj. Gen. John A. Samford, USAF
★ Aug. 1956 – Sep. 1957 Mr. Joseph H. Ream
★ Oct. 1957 – Jul. 1958 Dr. H. T. Engstrom
★ Aug. 1958 – Apr. 1974 Dr. Louis W. Tordella, USN
★ Apr. 1974 – May 1978 Mr. Benson K. Buffham
★ May 1978 – Apr. 1980 Mr. Robert E. Drake
★ Apr. 1980 – Jul. 1982 Ms. Ann Z. Caracristi
★ Jul. 1982 – Jun. 1985 Mr. Robert E. Rich
★ Jun. 1985 – Mar. 1988 Mr. Charles R. Lord
★ Mar. 1988 – Jul. 1990 Mr. Gerald R. Young
★ Jul. 1990 – Feb. 1994 Mr. Robert L. Prestel
★ Feb. 1994 – Oct. 1997 Mr. William P. Crowell
★ Oct. 1997 – June 2000 Ms. Barbara A. McNamara
★ Jun. 2000 – Aug. 2006 Mr. William B. Black, Jr.
★ Aug. 2006 – present Mr. John C. (Chris) Inglis
'Notable cryptanalysts'
★ Lambros D. Callimahos
★ Agnes Meyer Driscoll
★ William F. Friedman
★ Solomon Kullback
★ Frank Rowlett
★ Abraham Sinkov
★ Louis W. Tordella
★ Herbert Yardley
NSA encryption systems
Main articles: NSA encryption systems
STU-III secure telephones on display at the National Cryptologic Museum
NSA is responsible for the encryption-related components in these systems:
★ EKMS Electronic Key Management System
★ FNBDT Future Narrow Band Digital Terminal
★ Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format
★ KL-7 ADONIS off-line rotor encryption machine (post-WW II to 1980s)
★ KW-26 ROMULUS electronic in-line teletype encryptor (1960s–1980s)
★ KW-37 JASON fleet broadcast encryptor (1960s–1990s)
★ KY-57 VINSON tactical radio voice encryptor
★ KG-84 Dedicated Data Encryption/Decryption
★ SINCGARS tactical radio with cryptographically controlled frequency hopping
★ STE secure telephone equipment
★ STU-III secure telephone unit, currently being phased out by the STE
★ TACLANE product line by General Dynamics
Some past NSA SIGINT activities
★ VENONA project
★ Gulf of Tonkin Incident
★ USS Liberty incident
★ USS Pueblo (AGER-2)
★ KAL 007 Shootdown incident. Here are the combined U.S. Electronic Intercept and Russian Federation supplied transcripts of the shootdown in progress - [2]
References
1. NSA Frequently Asked Questions
2. Introduction to NSA/CSS, NSA. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
3. NSA risking electrical overload Gorman, Siobhan
4. The National Security Agency Insignia
5. Applied Cryptography, Second Edition, , Bruce, Schneier, John Wiley & Sons, , ISBN 0-471-11709-9
6. Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts James Risen and Eric Lichtblau
7. National Security Agency. United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18. National Security Agency July 27, 1993. Last access date March 23, 2007
8. David Alan Jordan. Decrypting the Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol. Boston College Law Review. May, 2006. Last access date January 23, 2007
9. NSA killed system that sifted phone data legally
10. James Risen & Eric Lichtblau (December 16, 2005), Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts, ''New York Times''
11. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals Decision
See also
★ Biometric Consortium
★ Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR)
★ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
★ Central Security Service (CSS)
★ Counterintelligence Field Activity (DoD - CIFA)
★ Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) of Australia
★ Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
★ Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
★ Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)
★ Espionage
★ Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
★ Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) of the UK
★ Narus ST-6400 and NarusInsight by Narus Ltd.
★ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
★ National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
★ National Security Whistleblowers Coalition
★ Project SHAMROCK
★ SELinux
★ SIGINT (and COMINT)
★ Skipjack (cipher)
★ TEMPEST prevention of compromising emanations
★ Type 1 encryption
NSA computers
★ FROSTBURG
★ HARVEST
Further reading
★ Bamford, James, '', Doubleday, 2001, ISBN 0-385-49907-8.
★ Bamford, James, ''The Puzzle Palace'', Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-006748-5.
★ Levy, Steven, '' — discussion of the development of non-government cryptography, including many accounts of tussles with the NSA.
★ Radden Keefe, Patrick, '', Random House, ISBN 1-4000-6034-6.
★ Liston, Robert A., '', ISBN 0-87131-554-8.
★ Kahn, David, ''The Codebreakers'', 1181 pp., ISBN 0-684-83130-9. Look for the 1967 rather than the 1996 edition.
★ Tully, Andrew, '', 1969, LC 71080912.
★ Bamford, James, New York Times, December 25, 2005; The Agency That Could Be Big Brother.
★ Sam Adams, War of numbers Steerforth; New Ed edition (June 1, 1998)
★ John Prados, ''The Soviet estimate: U.S. intelligence analysis & Russian military strength'', hardcover, 367 pages, ISBN 0-385-27211-1, Dial Press (1982).
★ Walter Laquer, ''A World of secrets''
★ Sherman Kent, ''Strategic Intelligence for American Public Policy''
External links
★ NSA official site
★ Records of the National Security Agency/Central Security Service
★ Overview of the NSA and their Major Programs
★ History of NSA
★ The NSA charter
★ "The Origins of the National Security Agency, 1940-1952" —newly declassified book-length report provided by ''The Memory Hole''.
★ "Outsourcing Intelligence"
★ The National Security Archive at George Washington University
★ Cryptome
★ CRYPTOME.org - USSID 18 DECLASSIFIED
★ Federation of American Scientist
★ David Alan Jordan, Decrypting the Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol - Boston College Law Review, Vol. 47, 2006
★ NSA Headquarters
★ "FAILURE IS NOT AN OPTION: It comes bundled with the software."|by Al Massey
★ NSA: Bibliography|Compilation and research by Jean-Pierre H. Coumont
★ New York Times NSA Phone Taps Article alternate link
★ Wiretaps said to sift all overseas contacts (Boston Globe)
★ Kurt Nimmo. NSA snoop story: Tell me something I don’t already know, ''Another Day in the Empire'', December 24, 2005.
★ Kevin Zeese. NSA mounted massive spy op on peace group, documents show, ''Raw Story'', January 10, 2006.
★ First person account of NSA interview and clearance
★ Joanne Leyland, "American Intelligence Service Denies Eavesdropping On Princess Diana", The Royalist, 13 December, 2006. ''URL retrieved on January 6, 2007''.
★ Big Brother Is Listening
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