(Redirected from Nakhichevan)
The 'Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic' (
Azerbaijani: ''Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası'';
Turkish: ''Nahçıvan Özerk Cumhuriyeti'' or ''Nahçıvan Muhtar Cumhuriyeti'';
Armenian: Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն;
Russian: Нахичеванская Автономная Республика;
Persian:
جمهوری خودمختار نخجوان), known simply as 'Nakhchivan', is a
landlocked exclave of
Azerbaijan. The
5,500 km² region borders
Armenia (221
km),
Turkey (9 km) and
Iran (179 km). Its capital is
Nakhchivan City, home to the
Nakhchivan State University.
Etymology
Since it has been under the rule of many different kingdoms, empires, sultanates, and khanates, the name of Nakhchivan was altered many times. Variations of the name include 'Nakhichevan'
[1], 'Nachidsheuan'
[2], 'Nakhijevan'
[3], 'Nakhchawan'
[4], 'Nakhitchevan'
[5], 'Nakhjavan'
[6] and 'Nakhdjevan'
[7]. According to the nineteenth-century language scholar,
Heinrich Hubschmann, the name "Nakhichavan" in Armenian literally means "the place of descent", a
Biblical reference to the descent of
Noah's Ark on the adjacent
Mount Ararat. Hubschmann notes, however, that it was not known by that name in antiquity. Instead, he states the present-day name evolved to "Nakhchivan" from "Naxcavan". The prefix "Naxc" was a name and "avan" is Armenian for "town".
[8] Nakhchivan was also mentioned in
Ptolemy's ''Geography'' and by other classical writers as Naxuana.
[9][10] According to other versions, the name Nakhchivan derived from the Persian ''Nagsh-e-Jahan'' ("Image of the World"), a reference to the beauty of the area.
[11][12] The medieval Arab chronicles referred to the area as "Nashava".
[13]
History
Early history
According to Armenian tradition, Nakhchivan was founded by
Noah, of the
Abrahamic religions.
[14] The oldest material culture artifacts found in the region date back to the
Neolithic Age. The region was part of the states of
Mannae,
Urartu and
Media.
[15] It became part of the
Satrapy of Armenia under
Achaemenid Persia circa
521 BC. After
Alexander the Great's death (
323 BC) various
Macedonian generals such as
Neoptolemus tried to take control of the region but ultimately failed and a native dynasty of Orontids flourished until Armenia was conquered by
Antiochus III the Great.
[16]
In
189 BC, Nakhchivan was part of the new
Kingdom of Armenia established by
Artaxias I.
[17] Within the kingdom, the region of present-day Nakhchivan was part of the
Ayrarat,
Vaspurakan and
Syunik provinces.
[18] The area's status as a major trade center allowed it to prosper, though because of this, it was coveted by many foreign powers.
4 According to historian
Faustus of Byzantium (4th century), when the
Sassanid Persians invaded Armenia, Sassanid King
Shapur II (310-380) removed 2,000 Armenian and 16,000 Jewish families in 360-370.
[19] In
428, the Armenian
Arshakuni monarchy was abolished and Nakhchivan was annexed by Sassanid Persia. In 623, possession of the region passed to the
Byzantine Empire.
15 From 640 on,
Arabs invaded Nakhchivan and undertook many campaigns in the area crushing all resistance and attacking Armenian nobles who remained in contact with the Byzantines or who refused to pay tribute. In 705, Armenian nobles and their families were locked into a church at Nakhchivan and by order of the governor, the church was burnt with them inside.
5 Eventually, Arab rule was firmly establish and Nakhchivan became part of the autonomous Principality of Armenia under Arab control.
[20] In the 8th century, Nakhchivan was one of the scenes of an uprising against the Arabs led by freedom fighter
Babak Khorramdin.
15 Nakhchivan was finally released from Arab rule in the 10th century by
Bagratid King
Smbat I and handed over to the princes of Syunik.
17
A miniature depicting Ottoman Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent marching into Nakhchivan during the continuous border wars between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia in the 14th to 18th centuries.
By the 11th century, however, it was conquered by the
Seljuq Turks.
15 In 12th century, the city of Nakhchivan became the capital of the state of
Atabegs of Azerbaijan, also known as Ildegizid state, which included most of
Iranian Azerbaijan and significant part of South Caucasus.
[21] The magnificent 12th century
mausoleum of Momine khatun, the wife of Ildegizid ruler, Great
Atabeg Jahan Pehlevan, is the main attraction of modern Nakhchivan.
[22] At its heydays, the Ildegizid authority in Nakhchivan and some other areas of South Caucasus was contested by the
Kingdom of Georgia. The Armeno-Georgian princely house of Zacharids frequently raided the region when the Atabeg state was in decline in the early years of the 13th century. It was then plundered by invading Mongols in 1220 and Khwarezmians in 1225 and became part of
Mongol Empire in 1236 when the Caucasus was invaded by
Chormaqan.
15 The 14th century saw the rise of
Armenian Catholicism in Nakhchivan,
4 though by the 15th century the territory became part of the states of
Kara Koyunlu and
Ak Koyunlu.
15
Safavid Persian rule
In the 16th century, control of Nakhchivan passed to the
Safavid dynasty of
Persia. Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the wars between Persia and the
Ottoman Empire in the 14th to 18th centuries. In 1604,
Shah Abbas I Safavi, concerned that the lands of Nakhchivan and the surrounding areas would pass into Ottoman hands, decided to institute a
scorched earth policy. He forced the entire local population, Armenians, Jews and Muslims alike, to leave their homes and move to the Persian provinces south of Aras.
[23] Many of the deportees were settled in the neighborhood of
Isfahan that was named New Julfa since most of the residents were from the original
Julfa (a predominantly Armenian town which was looted and burned). The Turkic Kangerli tribe was later permitted to move back under
Shah Abbas II (1642–1666) in order to repopulate the frontier region of his realm.
[24] In the 17th century, Nakhchivan was the scene of a peasant movement led by
Köroğlu against foreign invaders and "native exploiters".
15 In 1747, the
Nakhchivan khanate emerged in the region after the death of
Nadir Shah Afshar.
15
Imperial Russian rule
After the last
Russo-Persian War and the
Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Nakhchivan khanate passed into Russian possession in 1828. With the onset of Russian rule, the
Tsarist authorities encouraged resettlement of Armenians to Nakhchivan and other areas of the
Caucasus from the
Persian and
Ottoman Empires. Special clauses of the Turkmenchay and
Adrianople treaties allowed for this.
[25] Alexandr Griboyedov, the Russian envoy to Persia, stated that by the time Nakhchivan came under Russian rule, only 17% of its residents were Armenians, while the remainder of the population (83%) were Muslims. After the resettlement initiative, the number of Armenians had increased to 45% while Muslims remained the majority at 55%. With such a dramatic increase in population, Griboyedov noted friction arising between the Armenian and Muslim populations. He requested Russian army commander Count
Ivan Paskevich to give orders on resettlement of some of the arriving people further to the region of Daralayaz to quiet the tensions.
[26]
The Nakhchivan khanate was dissolved in 1828, its territory was merged with the territory of the Erivan khanate and the area became the Nakhchivan
uyezd of the new
Armenian oblast, which later became the
Erivan Governorate in 1849. According to official statistics of the Russian Empire, by the turn of the 20th century Azerbaijanis made up 57% of the uyezd's population, while Armenians constituted 42%.
At the same time in the Sharur-Daralagyoz uyezd, the territory of which would form the northern part of modern-day Nakhchivan, Azeris constituted 70.5% of the population, while Armenians made up 27.5%.
[27] During the
Russian Revolution of 1905, conflict erupted between the Armenians and the Azeris, culminating in the
Armenian-Tatar massacres which saw violence in Nakhchivan in May of that year.
[28]
War and revolution
Around the time of
World War I, Nakhchivan was the scene of more bloodshed between Armenians and Azerbaijanis who both laid claim to the area. At the time the war broke out in 1914, the Armenian population had decreased slightly to 40% while the Azeri population increased to roughly 60%.
[29] After the
February Revolution, the region was under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the
Russian Provisional Government and subsequently of the short-lived
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhchivan,
Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur (today the Armenian province of
Syunik), and
Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the
Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) and the
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation.
15 Under the terms of the
Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for the forthcoming British military presence.
[30]
Under British occupation,
Sir John Oliver Wardrop, British Chief Commissioner in the South Caucasus, made a border proposal to solve the conflict. According to Wardrop, Armenian claims against Azerbaijan should not go beyond the administrative borders of the former Erivan Governorate (which under prior Imperial Russian rule encompassed Nakhchivan), while Azerbaijan was to be limited to the governorates of
Baku and
Elisabethpol. This proposal was rejected by both Armenians (who did not wish to give up their claims to Qazakh, Zangezur and Karabakh) and Azeris (who found it unacceptable to give up their claims to Nakhchivan). As disputes between both countries continued, it soon became apparent that the fragile peace under British occupation would not last.
[31]
In December 1918, with the support of Azerbaijan's
Musavat Party,
Jafar Kuli Khan Nakhchivanski declared the
Republic of Aras in the Nakhchivan uyezd of the former Erivan Governorate assigned to Armenia by Wardrop.
15 The Armenian government did not recognize the new state and sent its troops into the region to take control of it. The conflict soon erupted into the violent
Aras War.
31 British journalist
C.E. Bechhofer described the situation in April 1920:
By mid-June 1919, however, Armenia succeeded in establishing control over Nakhchivan and the whole territory of the self-proclaimed republic. The fall of the Aras republic triggered an invasion by the regular Azerbaijani army and by the end of July, Armenian troops were forced to leave Nakhchivan City to the Azeris.
31 Again, more mutual violence erupted between Armenians and Azeris, ultimately leaving some ten thousand Armenians dead and forty-five Armenian villages destroyed.
4 Meanwhile, feeling the situation to be hopeless and unable to maintain any control over the area, the British decided to withdraw from the region in mid-1919.
[32] Still, fighting between Armenians and Azeris continued and after a series of skirmishes that took place throughout the Nakhchivan district, a cease-fire agreement was concluded. However, the cease-fire lasted only briefly, and by early March 1920, more fighting broke out, primarily in Karabakh between Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijan's regular army. This triggered conflicts in other areas with mixed populations, including Nakhchivan. In mid-March 1920, Armenian forces launched an offensive on all of the disputed territories, and by the end of the month both the Nakhchivan and Zangezur regions came under stable but temporary Armenian control.
31
Sovietization
In July 1920, the
11th Soviet Red Army invaded and occupied the region and on
July 28, declared the
Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with "close ties" to the
Azerbaijan SSR. In November, on the verge of taking over Armenia, the Bolsheviks, in order to attract public support, promised they would allot Nakhchivan to Armenia, along with Karabakh and Zangezur. This was fulfilled when
Nariman Narimanov, leader of Bolshevik Azerbaijan issued a declaration celebrating the "victory of Soviet power in Armenia," proclaimed that both Nakhchivan and Zangezur should be awarded to the Armenian people as a sign of the Azerbaijani people's support for Armenia's fight against the former Dashnak government
[33]:
Vladimir Lenin, although welcoming this act of "great Soviet fraternalism" where "boundaries had no meaning among the family of Soviet peoples," did not agree with the motion and instead called for the people of Nakhchivan to be consulted in a referendum. According to the formal figures of this referendum, held at the beginning of 1921, 90% of Nakhchivan's population wanted to be included in the Azerbaijan SSR "with the rights of an autonomous republic."
The decision to make Nakhchivan a part of modern-day Azerbaijan was cemented
March 16,
1921 in the
Treaty of Moscow between the
Soviet Union and the newly-founded
Republic of Turkey.
[34] The agreement between the USSR and Turkey also called for attachment of the former Sharur-Daralagez uyezd (which had a solid Azeri majority) to Nakhchivan, thus allowing Turkey to share a border with the Azerbaijan SSR. This deal was reaffirmed on
October 23, in the
Treaty of Kars. Article V of the treaty stated the following:
So, on
February 9,
1924, the Soviet Union officially established the Nakhchivan ASSR. Its consititution was adopted on
April 18,
1926.
15
Nakhchivan in the Soviet Union
As a constituent part of the Soviet Union, tensions lessened over the ethnic composition of Nakhchivan or any territorial claims regarding it. Instead, it became an important point of industrial production with particular emphasis on the mining of minerals such as salt. Under Soviet rule, it was once a major junction on the
Moscow-
Tehran railway line
[35] as well as the
Baku-
Yerevan railway.
15 It also served as an important strategic area during the
Cold War, sharing borders with both Turkey (a
NATO member) and Iran (a close ally of the west until the
1979 Iranian Revolution).
Map of the Nakhchivan ASSR within the Soviet Union.
Facilities improved during Soviet times. Education and public health especially began to see some major changes. In
1913, Nakhchivan only had two hospitals with a total of 20 beds. The region was plagued by widespread diseases including
trachoma and
typhus.
Malaria, which mostly came from the adjoining
Aras River, brought serious harm to the region. At any one time, between 70% and 85% of Nakhchivan's population was infected with malaria, and in the region of Norashen (present-day Sharur) almost 100% were struck with the disease. This situation improved dramatically under Soviet rule. Malaria was sharply reduced and trachoma, typhus, and relapsing fever were completely eliminated.
15
Although the Armenians and the Azeris managed to put aside their differences and get along during the Soviet years, their numbers changed dramatically. Nakhchivan's Armenian population gradually decreased as many emigrated to the
Armenian SSR. In 1926, 15% of region's population was Armenian, but by 1979 this number had shrunk to 1.4%.
[36] The Azeri population, meanwhile increased substantially with both a higher birth rate and immigration (going from 85% in 1926 to 96% by 1979
36).
Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh noted similar though slower demographic trends and feared an eventual "de-Armenianization" of the area.
34 Thus, tensions between Armenians and Azeris were reignited in the late-1980s by the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. In the summer of 1989, Azerbaijan's Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a partial railway and air blockade against Armenia, while another reason for disruption of rail service to Armenia were attacks of Armenian forces on the trains entering the Armenian territory from Azerbaijan, which resulted in railroad personnel refusing to enter Armenia.
[37][38] This effectively crippled Armenia's economy, as 85% of the cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In response, Armenia closed the railway to Nakhchivan, thereby strangling the exclave's only link to the rest of the Soviet Union.
December 1989 saw unrest in Nakhchivan as its Azeri inhabitants moved to physically dismantle the Soviet border with Iran to flee the area and meet their ethnic Azeri cousins in northern Iran. This action was angrily denounced by the Soviet leadership and the Soviet media accused the Azeris of "embracing Islamic fundamentalism".
[39] In January 1990, the
Supreme Soviet of the Nakhchivan ASSR issued a declaration stating the intention for Nakhchivan to secede from the USSR to protest the Soviet Union's actions during
Black January. It was the first part of the Soviet Union to declare independence, preceding
Lithuania's declaration by only a few weeks.
Nakhchivan in the post-Soviet era
Heydar Aliyev, the future president of Azerbaijan returned to his birth place of Nakhchivan in 1990, after being ousted from his position in the
Politburo by
Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987. Soon after returning to Nakhchivan, Aliyev was elected to the Supreme Soviet by an overwhelming majority. Aliyev subsequently resigned from the
CPSU and after the failed August 1991 coup against Gorbachev, he called for complete independence for Azerbaijan and denounced
Ayaz Mütallibov for supporting the coup. In late 1991, Aliyev consolidated his power base as chairman of the Nakhchivan Supreme Soviet and asserted Nachichevan's near-total independence from
Baku.
[40]
Nakhchivan became a scene of conflict during the
Nagorno-Karabakh War. On
May 4,
1992, Armenian forces shelled the area's
Sadarak rayon.
[41][42][43] The Armenians claimed that the attack was in response to cross-border shellings of Armenian villages by Azeri forces from Nakhchivan.
[44] [45] David Zadoyan, a 42-year-old Armenian physicist and mayor of the region said that the Armenians lost patience after months of firing by the Azeris. "If they were sitting on our hilltops and harassing us with gunfire, what do you think our response should be?" he asked.
[46] The government of Nakhchivan denied these charges and instead asserted that the Armenian assault was unprovoked and specifically targeted the site of a bridge between Turkey and Nakhchivan.
45 "The Armenians do not react to diplomatic pressure," Nakhchivan foreign minister Rza Ibadov told the ITAR-Tass news agency, "It's vital to speak to them in a language they understand." Speaking to the agency from the Turkish capital
Ankara, Ibadov said that Armenia's aim in the region was to seize control of Nakhchivan.
[47] According to
Human Rights Watch, hostilities broke out after three people were killed when Armenian forces began shelling the region.
[48]
The heaviest fighting took place on
May 18, when the Armenians captured Nakhchivan's exclave of
Karki, a tiny territory through which Armenia's main North-South highway passes. The exclave presently remains under Armenian control.
[49] After the fall of
Shusha, the Mütallibov government of Azerbaijan accused Armenia of moving to take the whole of Nakhchivan (a claim that was denied by Armenian government officials). However, Heydar Aliyev declared a unilateral ceasefire on
May 23 and sought to conclude a separate peace with Armenia. Armenian President
Levon Ter-Petrossian expressed his willingness to sign a cooperation treaty with Nakhchivan to end the fighting and subsequently a cease-fire was agreed upon.
48
The conflict in the area caused a harsh reaction from Turkey, which together with Russia is a guarantor of Nakhchivan's status in accordance with the
Treaty of Kars. Turkish Prime Minister
Tansu Çiller announced that any Armenian advance on the main territory of Nakhchivan would result in a declaration of war against Armenia. Russian military leaders declared that "third party intervention into the dispute could trigger a
Third World War." Thousands of Turkish troops were sent to the border between Turkey and Armenia in early September. Russian military forces in Armenia countered their movements by increasing troop levels along Armenia's Turkish frontier and bolstering defenses in a tense period where war between the two seemed inevitable.
[50] Iran also reacted to Armenia's attacks by conducting military manueuvers along its border with Nakhchivan in a move widely interpreted as a warning to Armenia.
[51] However, Armenia did not launch any further attacks on Nakhchivan and the presence of Russia's military warded off any possibility that Turkey might play a military role in the conflict.
50 After a period of political instability, the parliament of Azerbaijan turned to Heydar Aliyev and invited him to return from exile in Nakhchivan to lead the country in 1993.
Today, Nakhchivan retains its autonomy as the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and is internationally recognized as a constituent part of Azerbaijan governed by its own elected parliament.
14 A new constitution for Nakhchivan was approved in a referendum on
November 12,
1995. The constitution was adopted by the republic's assembly on
April 28,
1998 and has been in force since
January 8,
1999.
[52] However, the republic remains isolated, not only from the rest of Azerbaijan, but practically from the entire
South Caucasus region.
Vasif Talibov, who is related by marriage to Azerbaijan's ruling family, the Aliyevs, serves as the current parliamentary chairman of the republic.
[53] He is known for his authoritarian
53 and largely corrupt
[54] rule of the region. Most residents prefer to watch Turkish television as opposed to Nakhchivan television, which one Azerbaijani journalist criticised as "a propaganda vehicle for Talibov and the Aliyevs."
53
Economic hardships and energy shortages (due to Armenia's continued blockade of the region in response to the Azeri and Turkish blockade of Armenia) plague the area. There have been many cases of
migrant workers seeking jobs in neighboring Turkey. "Emigration rates to Turkey," one analyst said, "are so high that most of the residents of the Besler district in
Istanbul are Nakhchivanis."
53 When speaking to British writer
Thomas de Waal, the mayor of
Nakhchivan City,
Veli Shakhverdiev, spoke warmly of a peaceful solution to the Karabakh conflict and of Armenian-Azeri relations during Soviet times. "I can tell you that our relations with the Armenians were very close, they were excellent," he said. "I went to university in
Moscow and I didn't travel to Moscow once via
Baku. I took a bus, it was one hour to
Yerevan, then went by plane to Moscow and the same thing on the way back."
35 Despite recent deals to obtain more gas exports from Iran,
[55] the future of Nakhchivan looks bleak.
53
Administrative subdivisions
Subdivisions of Nakhchivan.
Nakhchivan is subdivided into eight
administrative divisions. Seven of these are ''
rayons''. Its capital, the city (şəhər) of
Nakhchivan City is treated separately.
| Map ref. | Administrative division | Capital | Type | Area (km²) | Population (2005 estimate) | Notes |
|---|
| '1' | Babek (Babək) | Babek | Rayon | 1,170 | 66,000 | Formerly known as Nakhchivan; renamed after Babak Khorramdin in 1991. |
| '2' | Julfa (Culfa) | Julfa | Rayon | 1,000 | 38,300 | Also spelled Jugha or Dzhulfa. |
| '3' | Kangarli (Kəngərli) | Givraq | Rayon | 682 | 25,500 | Split from Babek in March 2004. |
| '4' | Nakhchivan City (Naxçıvan Şəhər) | | Municipality | 130 | 70,000 | Split from Nakhchivan (Babek) in 1991. |
| '5' | Ordubad | Ordubad | Rayon | 970 | 42,700 | Split from Julfa during Sovietization. 4 |
| '6' | Sadarak (Sədərək) | Heydarabad | Rayon | 150 | 12,900 | Split from Sharur in 1990; includes the Karki exclave in Armenia. |
| '7' | Shakhbuz (Şahbuz) | Shahbuz | Rayon | 920 | 21,500 | Split from Nakhchivan (Babek) during Sovietization. 4 |
| '8' | Sharur (Şərur) | Sharur | Rayon | 478 | 96,000 | Formerly known as Bash-Norashen during its incorporation into the Soviet Union and Ilyich (after Vladimir ''Ilyich'' Lenin) from the post-Sovietization period to 1990. 4 |
| 'Total' | | | 5,500 | 372,900 | |
Demographics
As of
2005, Nakhchivan's population was estimated to be 372,900.
[56] 98% of the population are
Azerbaijanis. Ethnic
Russians and a minority of
Kurds constitute the remainder of the population. The remaining
Armenians were expelled by Azerbaijani forces during the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the forceful exchange of population between Armenia and Azerbaijan. According to a 1932 Soviet estimate, 85% of the area's was rural while only 15% was urban. This percentage increased to 18% by 1939 and 27% by 1959.
Geography
Main articles: Geography of Azerbaijan
Nakhchivan is an atmospheric, semi-desert region that is separated from the main portion of Azerbaijan by Armenia. The
Zangezur Mountains make up its border with Armenia while the
Aras River defines its border with Iran. It is extremely arid and mountainous. Nakhchivan's highest peak is
Mount Kapydzhik (3904
m) and its most distinctive is
Ilandag (Snake Mountain) (2415 m) which is visible from Nakhchivan City. According to legend, the cleft in its summit was formed by the keel of Noah's Ark as the floodwaters abated.
[57]
Industry
Nakhchivan's major industries include the mining of minerals such as salt, molybdenum, and lead. Although dry, irrigation, developed during the Soviet years has allowed the region to expand into the growing of wheat (mostly grown on the plains of the Aras River), barley, cotton, tobacco, orchard fruits, mulberries, and grapes for producing wine. Other industries include cotton ginning/cleaning, silk spinning, fruit canning, meat packing, and, in the dryer regions, sheep farming. In terms of services, Nakhchivan offers very basic facilities and lacks heating fuel during the winter.
15
International issues
Examples of Armenian khachkars from Julfa.
Status of Armenian cultural monuments
Main articles: Khachkar destruction in Nakhchivan
Armenia has accused the government of Azerbaijan of destroying historic Armenian headstones (
khachkars) at a medieval cemetery in
Julfa, presenting photos and video in support of these charges.
[58][59][60] Azerbaijan denies these accusations. According to Azerbaijani ambassador to the US
Khafiz Pashayev, the videos and photographs that have surfaced show some unknown people destroying some mid-size stones and is not clear of what ethnicity those people are. Instead, the ambassador asserts that the Armenian side started a propaganda campaign against Azerbaijan to divert attention from the destruction of Azerbaijani monuments in Armenia.
[61] The
Institute for War and Peace Reporting, meanwhile, reported on
April 19,
2006 that "there is nothing left of the celebrated stone crosses of Jugha."
[62]
The
European Parliament has formally called on Azerbaijan to stop the demolition as a breach of the
UNESCO World Heritage Convention.
[63] According to its resolution regarding cultural monuments in the South Caucasus, the European Parliament "condemns strongly the destruction of the Julfa cemetery as well as the destruction of all sites of historical importance that has taken place on Armenian or Azerbaijani territory, and condemns any such action that seeks to destroy cultural heritage."
[64] In 2006, Azerbaijan barred the European Parliament from inspecting and examining the ancient burial site, stating that it would only accept a delegation if it visited Armenian-controlled territory as well. "We think that if a comprehensive approach is taken to the problems that have been raised," said Azerbaijani foreign ministry spokesman
Tahir Tagizade, "it will be possible to study Christian monuments on the territory of Azerbaijan, including in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic."
[65]
Recognition of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Nakhchivan's parliament issued a non-binding declaration in the late 1990s recognizing the sovereignty of the
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) and calling upon Azerbaijan to do so. While sympathetic to the TRNC, Azerbaijan has not followed suit because doing so would prompt Greek Cypriot recognition of the self-proclaimed
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.
[66][67]
Claims by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation
The
Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) claims that Nakhchivan belongs to Armenia. The programme of the party states: ''The borders of
United Armenia shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the
Treaty of Sèvres as well as the regions of
Artsakh (
Nagorno-Karabakh),
Javakhk, and Nakhchivan.''
[68] However, it should be noted that Nakhchivan is not claimed by the government of Armenia. Armenian Foreign Minister
Vartan Oskanian reaffirmed this on
December 13,
2006 by openly stating that Armenia, as a legal successor to the
Armenian SSR, is loyal to the
Treaty of Kars and all agreements inherited by the former Soviet Armenian government.
[69]
Culture
Main articles: Culture of Azerbaijan
Music and the arts are abound in Nakhchivan. In 1923, a musical subgroup was organized at the
State Drama Theater (renamed the
Mammadguluzadeh Music and Drama Theatre in 1962). The
Aras Song and Dance Ensemble (established in 1959) is another famous group. Dramatic performances staged by an amateur dance troupe were held in Nakhichiven in the late 19th century. Theatrical art also greatly contributed to Nakhchivan's culture. The creative work of
Jalil Mammadguluzadeh,
M.S. Gulubekov, and
Huseyn Arablinski (the first Azerbaijani theatre director) are just a few of the names that have enriched Nakhchivan's cultural heritage.
15 The region has also produced noteworthy Armenian artists too such as Soviet actress
Hasmik Agopyan. Nakhchivan has also at times been mentioned in works of literature.
Nezami, considered a master of
Persian literature once wrote:
::که تا جایگه یافتی نخچوان
::''Oh Nakhchivan, respect you've attained,''
::بدین شاه شد بخت پیرت جوان
::''With this King in luck you'll remain.''
Famous people from Nakhchivan
Former Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev was born in Nakhchivan.
Political leaders
★
Heydar Aliyev,
President of Azerbaijan (1993–2003)
★
Abülfaz Elçibay,
President of Azerbaijan (1992–1993)
★
Rasul Guliyev, speaker of the
National Assembly of Azerbaijan (1993–1996) and opposition leader
★
Christapor Mikaelian, founding member of the
Armenian Revolutionary Federation
★
Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski, the founder of the short-lived
Republic of Aras
★
Ibrahim Abilov, first and only
ambassador of
Azerbaijan SSR to
Turkey
★
Garegin Ter-Harutiunian (Garegin Njdeh), Armenian revolutionary
Religious leaders
★
Alexander Jughaetsi (Alexander I of Jugha),
Armenian Catholicos (1706–1714)
★
Hakob Jughaetsi (Jacob IV of Jugha), Armenian Catholicos (1655–1680)
★
Azaria I Jughaetsi, Armenian Catholicos of the
Holy See of Cilicia (1584–1601)
Military leaders
★
Abdurahman Fatalibeyli, Soviet army major who defected to the German forces during World War II
★
Ehsan Khan Nakhchivanski, Russian military general
★
Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski, Russian
cavalry general and the only
Muslim to serve as
General-Adjutant of the
Russian Tsar
★
Ismail Khan Nakhchivanski, Russian military general
★
Kelbali Khan Nakhchivanski, Russian military general
★
Jamshid Khan Nakhchivanski, Soviet military general
Writers and poets
★
M.S. Gulubekov, writer
★
Huseyn Javid, poet
★
Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, writer and satirist
★
Ekmouladdin Nakhchivani, medieval literary figure
★
Hindushah Nakhchivani, medieval literary figure
★
Abdurrakhman en-Neshevi, medieval literary figure
★
Mammed Said Ordubadi, writer
Others
★
Hasmik Agopyan, Soviet Armenian actress
★
Simeon Jughaetsi, philosopher
★
Vladimir Makogonov, chess
International Master and
Grandmaster
★
Aram Merangulyan, director and composer
★
Ajami Nakhchivani, architect and founder of the Nakhchivan school of architecture
★
Gaik Ovakimian, Soviet Armenian spy
★
Ibrahim Safi, Turkish artist
★
Rza Tahmasib, Azerbaijani film director
Photographs of Nakhchivan
Footnotes
1. Encyclopedia Britannica: Nakhichevan
2. Flavius Josephus and the Flood of Noah
3. Plant Genetic Resources in Central Asia and Caucasus: History of Armenia
4. Robert H. Hewsen, ''Armenia: A Historical Atlas'', p.266 (ISBN 0-226-33228-4).
5. Elisabeth Bauer, ''Armenia: Past and Present'', p.99 (ISBN B0006EXQ9C).
6. Firuz Kazemzadeh PhD, ''The Struggle For Transcaucasia: 1917-1921'', p.255 (ISBN 0830500766).
7. ''Ibid.'' p.267.
8. ''Noah's Ark: Its Final Berth'' by Bill Crouse
9. "Nakhchivan" in the ''Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary'', St. Petersburg, Russia: 1890-1907.
10. "Nakhichevan" in the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, vol.19, p.156.
11. Hamdollah Mostowfi. Nozhat al-Gholub
12. Evliya Chelebi. Seyahatname
13. Ibn Khordadbeh, ''Book of Roads and Kingdoms'' (''al-Kitab al-Masalik w’al-Mamalik'').
14. Richard Plunkett and Tom Masters. ''Lonely Planet: Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan'', p. 243. ISBN 1-74059-138-0
15. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
16. Armenia: The Yervanduni Dynasty
17. Argam Ayvazian. ''The Historical Monuments Of Nakhichevan'', p. 10. ISBN 0-8143-1896-7
18. Hewsen. ''Armenia: A Historical Atlas'', p. 100.
19. ARMENIA, by Richard Gottheil, Herman Rosenthal, Louis Ginzberg
20. Mark Whittow. ''The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025'', p. 210. ISBN 0-520-20497-2
21. Encyclopedia Iranica, "Atabakan-e Adarbayjan", Saljuq rulers of Azerbaijan, 12th–13th, Luther, K. pp. 890-894.
22. UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Tentative Lists: Azerbaijan: The Mausoleum of Nakhchivan
23. The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran 1617-61, Vera B. Moreen, Journal of Near Eastern Studies Vol. 40, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp.128-129
24. Encyclopedia Iranica. Kangarlu.
25. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Treaty of Turkmanchai.
26. A.S. Griboyedov. Letter to Count I.F.Paskevich.
27. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Sharur-Daralagyoz uyezd". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907
28. Michael P. Croissant. ''The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications'', p. 9. ISBN 0-275-96241-5
29. Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras. ''New States, New Politics: Building Post-Soviet Nations'', p. 484. ISBN 0-521-57799-3
30. Croissant. ''Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict'', p. 15.
31. Dr. Andrew Andersen, Ph. D. Atlas of Conflicts: Armenia: Nation Building and Territorial Disputes: 1918-1920
32. Croissant. ''Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict'', p. 16.
33. De Waal. ''Black Garden'', p. 129.
34. Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras. ''New States, New Politics: Building Post-Soviet Nations'', p. 444. ISBN 0-521-57799-3
35. De Waal. ''Black Garden'', p. 271.
36. Armenia: A Country Study: The New Nationalism, The Library of Congress
37. Thomas Ambrosio. Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics. ISBN-10: 0275972607
38. Stuart J. Kaufman. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. ISBN 0801487366
39. De Waal, ''Black Garden'', p. 88-89.
40. Azerbaijan: A Country Study: Aliyev and the Presidential Election of October 1993, The Library of Congress
41. Contested Borders in the Caucasus: Chapter VII: Iran's Role as Mediator in the Nagorno-Karabakh Crisis by Abdollah Ramezanzadeh
42. Russia Plans Leaner, More Open Military. The Washington Post. May 23 1992
43. Background Paper on the Nagorno-Karabak Conflict. Council of Europe.
44. The Toronto Star. May 20 1992
45. US Department of State Daily Briefing #78: Tuesday, 5/19/92
46. Armenian Siege of Azeri Town Threatens Turkey, Russia, Iran. The Baltimore Sun. June 3 1992
47. Reuters News Agency, wire carried by the Globe and Mail (Canada) on May 20, 1992. pg. A.10
48. Overview of Areas of Armed Conflict in the former Soviet Union, Human Rights Watch, Helsinki Report
49. Azerbaijan: Seven Years Of Conflict In Nagorno-Karabakh, Human Rights Watch, Helsinki Report
50. Turkey Orders Armenians to Leave Azerbaijan, Moves Troops to the Border. The Salt Lake Tribune. September 4 1993. pg. A1.
51. Azerbaijan: A Country Study: Efforts to Resolve the Nagorno-Karabakh Crisis, 1993, The Library of Congress
52. State Structure of Nakhchivan
53. Nakhchivan: Disappointment and Secrecy
54. Nakhchivan: From Despair to Where?
55. Iran To Boost Gas Export To Nakhchivan
56. GeoHive: Country Data: Azerbaijan
57. Plunkett and Masters. ''Lonely Planet'', p. 246.
58. World Watches In Silence As Azerbaijan Wipes Out Armenian Culture
59. Tragedy on the Araxes
60. Armenica.org: Destruction of Armenian Khatchkars in Old Jougha (Nakhchivan)
61. Will the arrested minister become new leader of opposition? Azerbaijani press digest
62. Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes
63. European Parliament Resolution on the European Neighbourhood Policy - January 2006
64. European Parliament On Destruction of Cultural Heritage
65. Azerbaijan 'Flattened' Sacred Armenian Site
66. iExplore.com - Cyprus Overview
67. Europe, the US, Turkey and Azerbaijan recognize the "unrecognized" Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
68. Programme of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation
69. In Vartan Oskanian's Words, Turkey Casts Doubt On The Treaty Of Kars With Its Actions
External links
★
Official website of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
★
Armenian History and Presence in Nakhchivan
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