NAMING OF NATURAL SATELLITES

The 'naming of natural satellites' has been the responsibility of the IAU's committee for Planetary System Nomenclature since 1973. That committee is known today as the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN).
Prior to its formation, the names of satellites have had varying histories. The choice of names is often determined by a satellite's discoverer; however, historically some satellites were not given names for many years after their discovery; for instance, Titan was discovered by Huygens in 1655, but was not named until 1847, almost two centuries later.
Before the IAU became official nomenclator for the astronomical community, only twenty-five satellites had been given names that were in wide use and are still used. These were the Moon; Phobos and Deimos; Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and Amalthea; Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus, Phoebe and Janus; Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon and Miranda; Triton and Nereid.
Since then, names have been given to 120 additional satellites: 44 satellites of Jupiter, 39 of Saturn, 22 of Uranus, 11 of Neptune, 3 of Pluto, and 1 of Eris. The number will continue to rise as current satellite discoveries are documented and new satellites are discovered.

Naming of satellites by planet

Earth

Main articles: Moon

Every human language has its own word for the Earth's Moon, and these words are the ones normally used in astronomical contexts. However, a number of fanciful or mythological names for the Moon have been used in the context of astronomy (an even larger number of lunar epithets have been used in non-astronomical contexts). In the 17th century, the Moon was sometimes referred to as ''Proserpina''. More recently, especially in science-fictional contexts, the Moon has been called by the Latin name ''Luna'', presumably on the analogy of the Latin names of the planets, or by association with the adjectival form ''lunar''. In technical terminology, the word-stem ''seleno-'' (from Greek ''selēnē'' "moon") is sometimes used to refer to the Moon, as in ''selenography'' and ''selenology''.

Mars

Main articles: Mars' natural satellites

The moons of Mars (Phobos and Deimos) were named by Asaph Hall in 1878, soon after he discovered them. They are named after the sons of the the god Mars (the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Ares).

Jupiter

Main articles: Jupiter's natural satellites

The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610. However, by the late 19th century these names had fallen out of favor, and for a long time it was most common to refer to them in the astronomical literature simply as "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or as "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", etc.
By the 1950s, the names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto had once again recovered popularity, but the later-discovered moons, numbered, usually in Roman numerals V (5) through XII (12), remained unnamed. By a popular though unofficial convention, Jupiter V, discovered in 1892, was given the name ''Amalthea''^[1], first used by the French astronomer Camille Flammarion^[2].
The other moons (discovered 1904 to 1951) were, in the overwhelming majority of astronomical literature, simply left nameless. No names were proposed until Brian G. Marsden suggested a nomenclature for these satellites in 1955.^[3] Although the 1955 names met with immediate acceptance in some quarters (e.g. in science fiction^[4] and popular science articles^[5]), they were still rarely if ever met in astronomical literature until the 1970s.^[6]
Two other proposals for naming the satellites were made between 1955 and 1975, both by Soviet astronomers, E. I. Nesterovich (in 1962) and Yu. A. Karpenko (in 1973).^[7] These met with no very enthusiastic reception.
In 1975, following Charles Kowal's discovery of the satellite Jupiter XIII in 1974 the IAU Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V-XIII, and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites to be discovered. Under the new process, Jupiter V continued as Amalthea, Jupiter XIII was named Leda in accordance with a suggestion of Kowal's, and all previous proposals for the seven satellites VI-XII were abandoned in favor of new names, in accordance with a scheme suggested by the German philologist Jürgen Blunck.^[8]
The new names met considerable protest from some quarters. Kowal, despite suggesting a name for Jupiter XIII, was of the opinion that Jupiter's irregular satellites should not be named at all^[9]. Carl Sagan noted that the names chosen were extraordinarily obscure (a fact that Tobias Owen, chair of the Task Group, admitted was intentional in a response to Sagan^[10]) and suggested his own names in 1976^[11]; these preserved some of the names from the 1955 proposal.
The proposals are summarized in the table below (data from ''Icarus''^[10]^[13])

Number	1955 Proposal Brian Marsden^[14]	1962 Proposal E. I. Nesterovich^[15]	1973 Proposal Yu. A. Karpenko^[16]	1975 Proposal IAU Committee^[10]	1976 Proposal Carl Sagan^[13]
Jupiter VI	Hestia	Atlas	Adrastea	Himalia	Maia
Jupiter VII	Hera	Hercules	Ida	Elara	Hera
Jupiter VIII	Poseidon	Persephone	Helen	Pasiphaë	Alcmene
Jupiter IX	Hades	Cerberus	Leda	Sinope	Leto
Jupiter X	Demeter	Prometheus	Latona	Lysithea	Demeter
Jupiter XI	Pan	Dedalus	Danae	Carme	Semele
Jupiter XII	Adrastea	Hephaestus	Semele	Ananke	Danae

Current practice is that newly discovered moons of Jupiter must be named after lovers of the mythological Jupiter (Zeus). A convention has also emerged among the outer moons, whereby prograde moons are given names ending in 'a' or 'o', and retrograde moons receive names ending in 'e'. In 2004, with new Jovian moons continuing to be discovered, these rules were found to be excessively restrictive, and so the IAU agreed to permit moons to be named after Zeus's descendants as well.

Saturn

Main articles: Saturn's natural satellites

The seven known moons (at the time) of Saturn were named in 1847 by John Herschel. Herschel named Saturn's two innermost moons (Mimas and Enceladus) after the mythological Greek Giants, and the outer five after the Titans (Titan, Iapetus) and Titanesses (Tethys, Dione, Rhea) of the same mythology. Until then, Titan was known as the "Huygenian (or Huyghenian) satellite of Saturn" and the other moons had Roman numeral designations in order of their distance from Saturn. Subsequent discoverers of Saturnian moons followed Herschel's scheme: Hyperion was discovered soon after in 1848, and the ninth moon, Phoebe was named by its discoverer in 1899 soon after its discovery; they were named for a Titan and a Titaness respectively. The name of Janus was suggested by its discoverer, Audouin Dollfus.
Current IAU practice for newly discovered inner moons is to continue with Herschel's system, naming them after Titans or their descendants. However, the increasing number of moons that were being discovered in the 21st century caused the IAU to draw up a new scheme for the outer moons, which are named after giants in the mythologies of other cultures. Since the outer moons fall naturally into three groups, one group is named after Norse giants, one after Gallic giants, and one after Inuit giants. The only moon that fails to fit this scheme is the Greek-named Phoebe, which is in the Norse group.

Uranus

Main articles: Uranus' natural satellites

The Roman numbering scheme of Uranus' moons was in a state of flux for a considerable time. Sir William Herschel thought he had discovered up to six moons and maybe even a ring. For nearly fifty years, Herschel's instrument was the only one the moons had been seen with.^[19] In the 1840s, better instruments and a more favourable position of Uranus in the sky led to sporadic indications of satellites additional to Titania and Oberon. Publications hesitated between William Herschel's designations (where Titania and Oberon are Uranus II and IV) and William Lassell's (where they are sometimes I and II).^[20] With the confirmation of Ariel and Umbriel, Lassell numbered the moons I through IV from Uranus outward, and this finally stuck.^[21]
The first two Uranian moons, discovered in 1787, did not receive names until 1852, a year after two more moons had been discovered. The responsibility for naming was taken by John Herschel, son of the discoverer of Uranus. Herschel, instead of assigning names from Greek mythology, named the moons after magical spirits in English literature: the fairies Oberon and Titania from William Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', and the sylphs Ariel and Umbriel from Alexander Pope's ''The Rape of the Lock'' (Ariel is also a sprite in Shakespeare's The Tempest). The reasoning was presumably that Uranus, as god of the sky and air, would be attended by spirits of the air.
Subsequent names, rather than continuing the "airy spirits" theme (only Puck and Mab continuing the trend), have focused on Herschel's source material. In 1949, the fifth moon, Miranda, was named by its discoverer, Gerard Kuiper, after a thoroughly mortal character in Shakespeare's ''The Tempest''. Current IAU practice is to name moons after characters from Shakespeare's plays and ''The Rape of the Lock'' (although at present only Ariel, Umbriel, and Belinda have names drawn from the latter poem, all the rest being from Shakespeare). At first, the outermost moons were all named after characters from one play, ''The Tempest''; but with Margaret being named from ''Much Ado About Nothing'' that trend has ended.

Neptune

Main articles: Neptune's natural satellites

The one known moon (at the time) of Neptune was not named for many decades. Although the name Triton was suggested in 1880 by Camille Flammarion, it did not come into general use until the mid 20th-century, and for many years was considered "unofficial". In the astronomical literature it was simply referred to as "the satellite of Neptune". Later, the second known moon, Nereid, was named by its discoverer in 1949, Gerard P. Kuiper soon after its discovery.
Current IAU practice for newly discovered Neptunian moons is to accord with these first two choices by naming them after Greek sea deities.

Pluto

Main articles: Pluto's natural satellites

The name of Pluto moon Charon was suggested by James W. Christy, its discoverer, soon after its discovery.
As of June 22 2006, the other two moons are named Hydra and Nix.
Charon, Hydra and Nix are all characters in Greek Mythology, with ties to Hades (the Greek equivalent of Pluto). Charon ferried the dead across the River Acheron, Hydra guarded the waters of the underworld, and Nix, mother of Charon, was the goddess of darkness and the night.

Eris

Main articles: Dysnomia

The name of Eris's moon Dysnomia was suggested by its discoverer Michael E. Brown, who also suggested the name of the dwarf planet. The names were accepted by the IAU on 14 September 2006.

Roman numeral designations

The Roman numbering system for satellites arose with the very first discovery of natural satellites other than Earth's Moon: Galileo referred to the Galilean moons as 'I' through 'IV' (counting from Jupiter outward), in part to spite his rival Simon Marius, who had proposed the names now adopted. Similar numbering schemes naturally arose with the discovery of moons around Saturn, Uranus, and Mars. The numbers initially designated the moons in orbital sequence, and were re-numbered after each new discovery; for instance, before the discovery of Mimas and Enceladus in 1789, Tethys was Saturn I, Dione Saturn II, etc.^[22], but after the new moons were discovered, Mimas became Saturn I, Enceladus Saturn II, Tethys Saturn III and Dione Saturn IV.
After the mid-to-late nineteenth century, however, the numeration became fixed, and later discoveries failed to conform with the orbital sequence scheme. Amalthea, discovered in 1892, was labelled "Jupiter V" although it orbits closer to Jupiter than does Io (Jupiter I). The unstated convention then became, at the close of the nineteenth century, that the numbers more or less reflected the order of discovery, except for prior historical exceptions (see Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites); though if a large number of satellites were discovered in a short span of time, the group could be numbered in orbital sequence, or according to other principles than strictly by order of discovery. The convention has been extended to natural satellites of minor planets, such as (87) Sylvia I Romulus.
Roman numerals are usually not assigned to satelllites until they are named, so many satellites that have been discovered but only have provisional designations do not have Roman numerals assigned to them. (An exception is Saturn's moon Helene, which received the Roman numberal XII in 1982, but was not named until 1988.) Since the International Astronomical Union began assigning names to all satellites in 1975, the use of Roman numeral designations has diminished, and some are very rarely used; Phobos and Deimos are rarely referred to as Mars I and Mars II, and the Moon is never referred to as "Earth I".
The last thirteen named satellites of Saturn, from Aegir to Surtur, were named in alphabetical order corresponding to their Roman numerals.

Table of natural satellites by Roman numeral

(With real order of distance, date of discovery, namer and date named.)

Roman numeral	Mars			Jupiter			Saturn			Uranus			Neptune			Pluto
I	1	Phobos 1877	Hall 1878	5	Io 1610	Marius 1614	8	Mimas 1789	Herschel 1847	15	Ariel 1851	Herschel 1852	7	Triton 1846	Flammarion 1880	1	Charon 1978	Christy 1978
II	2	Deimos 1877	Hall 1878	6	Europa 1610		12	Enceladus 1789		16	Umbriel 1851		8	Nereid 1949	Kuiper 1949	2	Nix 2005	IAU 2006
III	It is unlikely that any more moons of Mars remain to be discovered.			7	Ganymede 1610		13	Tethys 1684		17	Titania 1787		1	Naiad 1989	IAU 1991	3	Hydra 2005	IAU 2006
IV				8	Callisto 1610		16	Dione 1684		18	Oberon 1787		2	Thalassa 1989
V				3	Amalthea 1892	Flammarion 1893?	19	Rhea 1672		14	Miranda 1948	Kuiper 1949	3	Despina 1989
VI				11	Himalia 1904	IAU 1975	20	Titan 1655		1	Cordelia 1986	IAU 1988	4	Galatea 1989
VII				13	Elara 1905		21	Hyperion 1848	Lassell 1848	2	Ophelia 1986		5	Larissa 1989
VIII				52	Pasiphae 1908		22	Iapetus 1671	Herschel 1847	3	Bianca 1986		6	Proteus 1989
IX				58	Sinope 1914		25	Phoebe 1899	Pickering 1899	4	Cressida 1986		9	Halimede 2002	IAU 2007
X				12	Lysithea 1938		7	Janus 1966	Dollfus 1967	5	Desdemona 1986		12	Psamathe 2003
XI				45	Carme 1938		6	Epimetheus 1980	IAU 1982	6	Juliet 1986		10	Sao 2002
XII				31	Ananke 1951		16a	Helene 1980	IAU 1988	7	Portia 1986		11	Laomedeia 2002
XIII				10	Leda 1974		13a	Telesto 1980	IAU 1982	8	Rosalind 1986		13	Neso 2002
XIV				4	Thebe 1979	IAU 1983	13b	Calypso 1980	IAU 1982	10	Belinda 1986
XV				2	Adrastea 1979		3	Atlas 1980	IAU 1983	12	Puck 1985
XVI				1	Metis 1979		4	Prometheus 1980	IAU 1986	20	Caliban 1997	Gladman et al. 1998
XVII				46	Callirrhoe 1999	IAU 2002	5	Pandora 1980	IAU 1986	23	Sycorax 1997	Gladman et al. 1998
XVIII				9	Themisto 2000		1	Pan 1990	IAU 1991	25	Prospero 1999	IAU 2000
XIX				62	Megaclite 2001		58	Ymir 2000	IAU 2003	26	Setebos 1999
XX				35	Taygete 2001		26	Paaliaq 2000		21	Stephano 1999
XXI				37	Chaldene 2001		39	Tarvos 2000		22	Trinculo 2002	IAU 2003
XXII				27	Harpalyke 2000		24	Ijiraq 2000		19	Francisco 2003	IAU 2005
XXIII				44	Kalyke 2001		45	Suttungr 2000		24	Margaret 2003
XXIV				24	Iocaste 2001		23	Kiviuq 2000		27	Ferdinand 2003
XXV				41	Erinome 2001		40	Mundilfari 2000		11	Perdita 2003
XXVI				55	Isonoe 2001		28	Albiorix 2000		13	Mab 2003
XXVII				26	Praxidike 2001		27	Skathi 2000		9	Cupid 2003
XXVIII				60	Autonoe 2002	IAU 2003	31	Erriapo 2000
XXIX				30	Thyone 2002		33	Siarnaq 2000
XXX				29	Hermippe 2002		49	Thrymr 2000
XXXI				33	Aitne 2002		44	Narvi 2003	IAU 2005
XXXII				47	Eurydome 2002		9	Methone 2004
XXXIII				21	Euanthe 2002		11	Pallene 2004
XXXIV				17	Euporie 2002		16b	Polydeuces 2004
XXXV				23	Orthosie 2002		2	Daphnis 2005	IAU 2006
XXXVI				59	Sponde 2002		50	Aegir 2004	IAU 2007
XXXVII				34	Kale 2002		30	Bebhionn 2004
XXXVIII				48	Pasithee 2002		43	Bergelmir 2004
XXXIX				53	Hegemone 2003	IAU 2005	52	Bestla 2004
XL				28	Mneme 2003		48	Farbauti 2004
XLI				42	Aoede 2003		55	Fenrir 2004
XLII				20	Thelxinoe 2004		60	Fornjot 2004
XLIII				54	Arche 2002		46	Hati 2004
XLIV				43	Kallichore 2003		37	Hyrrokkin 2004
XLV				22	Helike 2003		57	Kari 2006
XLVI				15	Carpo 2003		59	Loge 2006
XLVII				50	Eukelade 2003		32	Skoll 2006
XLVIII				49	Cyllene 2003		56	Surtur 2006
XLIX				61	Kore 2003	IAU 2007	10	Anthe 2007	IAU 2007

Recent developments

As of the IAU General Assembly in July 2004 [2], the WGPSN:

★ named thirty-four satellites of Jupiter and Saturn and one Uranus satellite, bringing the total number of known planetary satellites to 101, with over two dozen more awaiting recovery and naming;

★ suggested it may become advisable to not name small satellites (current CCD technology makes it possible to discover satellites as small as 1 km);

★ allowed Jovian satellites to be named for Zeus' descendants in addition to his lovers and favorites which were the previous source of names. All of Jupiter's satellites from XXXIV (Euporie) on are named for daughters of Zeus.

★ allowed satellites of Saturn to have names of giants and monsters in mythologies other than the Greco-Roman, including (so far) Gallic, Inuit and Norse.

Notes

1. Jupiter's fifth satellite, , E. E., Barnard, Popular Astronomy, 1893
2. USGS Astrogeology Research Program, ''Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature''[1]
3. Satellite Nomenclature, , Brian, Marsden, Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 1955
4. Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter, , Isaac, Asimov, Doubleday & Co., 1957,
5. Roll Call, , Isaac, Asimov, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, 1963
6. Introduction to Astronomy, , Cecilia, Payne-Gaposchkin, Prentice-Hall, 1970,
7. Jovian Satellite Nomenclature, , Tobias, Owen, Icarus, 1976
8. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02846.html#Item6
9. The Case Against Names, , Charles T., Kowal, Icarus, 1976
10. /
11. On Solar System Nomenclature, , Carl, Sagan, Icarus, 1976
12. /
13. /
14. /
15. On some regularities in structure of systems of planetary satellites., , E. I., Nesterovich, Bulletin of VAGO (Astronomical-Geodetical Society of the U.S.S.R.), 1962
16. Which names for the satellites of Jupiter?, , Yu. A., Karpenko, Zemlya i Vselennaya, 1973
17. /
18. /
19. Herschel, J.; ''On the Satellites of Uranus'', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 3, No. 5 (March 14, 1834) pp. 35–36
20. Lassell, W.; ''Observations of Satellites of Uranus'', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 8, No. 3 (January 14, 1848), pp. 43–44
21. Lassell, W.; ''Letter from William Lassell, Esq., to the Editor'', Astronomical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 33 (signed November 11, 1851), p. 70
22. ''Account of the Discovery of a Sixth and Seventh Satellite of the Planet Saturn; with Remarks on the Construction of its Ring, its Atmosphere, its Rotation on an Axis, and its spheroidical Figure''

References and timeline

★ '1614' — Simon Marius, in his book ''Mundus Iovialis anno M.DC.IX Detectus Ope Perspicilli Belgici'', names the Galilean moons, and attributes the suggestion to Johannes Kepler (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto)

★ '1847' — John Herschel names the seven known satellites of Saturn in his book ''Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope'', as reported by William Lassell, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 42–43 1848 January 14) (Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Japetus)

★ '1847' — William Lassell, following John Herschel's suggested scheme, names Hyperion ''Discovery of a New Satellite of Saturn'', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 8, No. 9, pp. 195–197, November 1847

★ '1852' — John Herschel names the four known satellites of Uranus: Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 34, No. 812, pp. 325/326 1852 June 21 (signed 1852 May 26) (Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon)

★ '1878' — Asaph Hall names his two newly-discovered satellites of Mars ''Phobus'' and ''Deimus'': Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 92, No. 2187, pp. 47/48 1878 March 14 (signed 1878 February 7)

★ '1880' — Camille Flammarion names Triton in his 1880 book ''Astronomie populaire'', p. 591

★ '1899' — Edward C. Pickering suggests the name Phoebe: ''A New Satellite of Saturn'', Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 274–276, April 1899

★ '1939' — Seth Barnes Nicholson declines to name satellites of Jupiter he has discovered: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 51, No. 300, pp. 85–94 (April 1939, signed March 1939)

★ '1949' — Gerard P. Kuiper proposes the name Miranda in his report of the discovery: ''The Fifth Satellite of Uranus'', Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 61, No. 360, p. 129, June 1949

★ '1949' — Gerard P. Kuiper proposes the name Nereid in his report of the discovery: ''The second satellite of Neptune'', Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 61, No. 361, pp. 175–176, August 1949

★ '1967' — Audouin Dollfus names Janus: IAUC 1995: Saturn X (Janus) 1967 February 1

★ '1975' — IAUC 2846: Satellites of Jupiter 1975 October 7 (Amalthea, Himalia, Elara, Pasiphae, Sinope, Lysithea, Carme, Ananke, Leda)

★ '1982' — Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, Vol. XVIIIA, 1982 (confirms Janus, names Epimetheus, Telesto, Calypso) (mentioned in IAUC 3872)

★ '1983' — IAUC 3872: Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn 1983 September 30 (Thebe, Adrastea, Metis, Atlas)

★ '1986' — IAUC 4157: Satellites of Saturn and Pluto 1986 January 3 (Charon, Prometheus, Pandora)

★ '1988' — IAUC 4609: Satellites of Saturn and Uranus 1988 June 8 (Helene, Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Puck)

★ '1991' — IAUC 5347: Satellites of Saturn and Neptune 1991 September 16 (Pan, Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea, Larissa, Proteus)

★ '1998' — B. J. Gladman, P. D. Nicholson, J. A. Burns, J. J. Kavelaars, B. G. Marsden, G. V. Williams and W. B. Offutt propose the names Caliban and Sycorax in their account of the discovery: ''Discovery of two distant irregular moons of Uranus'', Nature, Vol. 392, pp. 897–899 1998 April 30 (it seems the IAU adopted the names at the same time as those reported in IAUC 7479)

★ '2000' — IAUC 7479: Satellites of Uranus 2000 August 21 (Prospero, Setebos, Stephano)

★ '2002' — IAUC 7998: Satellites of Jupiter 2002 October 22 (Callirrhoe, Themisto, ''Magaclite'', Taygete, Chaldene, Harpalyke, Kalyke, Iocaste, Erinome, Isonoe, Praxidike)

★
★ IAUC 8023: Satellites of Jupiter 2002 November 29 (corrects Megaclite)

★ '2003' — IAUC 8177: Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus 2003 August 8 (Autonoe, Thyone, Hermippe, Aitne, Eurydome, Euanthe, Euporie, Orthosie, Sponde, Kale, Pasithee, Ymir, Paaliaq, Tarvos, Ijiraq, ''Suttung'', Kiviuq, Mundilfari, Albiorix, ''Skadi'', Erriapo, Siarnaq, ''Thrym'', Trinculo)

★ '2005' — IAUC 8471: Satellites of Saturn 2005 January 21 (Narvi, Methone, Pallene, Polydeuces; corrects Suttungr, Skathi, Thrymr)

★ '2005' — IAUC 8502: Satellites of Jupiter 2005 March 30 (Hegemone, Mneme, Aoede, Thelxinoe, Arche, Kallichore, Helike, Carpo, Eukelade, Cyllene)

★ '2005' — IAUC 8648: Satellites of Uranus 2005 December 29 (Francisco, Margaret, Ferdinand, Perdita, Mab, Cupid)

★ '2006' — IAUC 8723: Satellites of Pluto (subscription-only) 2006 June 21 (Nix, Hydra)

★ '2006' — IAUC 8730: Saturn XXXV (Daphnis) = S/2005 S 1 (subscription-only) 2006 July 17 (Daphnis)

★ '2007' — IAUC 8802: Satellites of Neptune (subscription-only) 2007 February 3 (Halimede, Psamathe, Sao, Laomedeia, Neso)

★ '2007' — IAUC 8826: Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn (subscription-only) 2007 April 5 (Kore, Aegir, Bebhionn, Bergelmir, Bestla, Farbauti, Fenrir, Fornjot, Hati, ''Hyrokkin'', Kari, Loge, Skoll, Surtur)

★ '2007' — IAUC 8857: Saturn XLIX (Anthe) (subscription-only) 2007 July 18 (Anthe)

★ '2007' — IAUC 8860: Saturn XLIV (Hyrrokkin) (subscription-only) 2007 July 31 (correcting the spelling)

★ Astronomical Headlines

★ Astronomical headlines (old)

★ Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

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