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EspañolSOCIAL LIBERALISM
(Redirected from New liberalism)
'Social liberalism', also called 'new liberalism'[1][2] (as it was originally termed), 'radical liberalism',[3] 'modern liberalism',[4] is a development of liberalism stemming from the late 19th century; it forms the core of the somewhat wider movement of 'left-liberalism', with which it is often (if not usually) conflated. While the usage of the term social liberalism differs between Europe and the United States, Modern American liberalism and European social liberalism are highly similar with only few distinctions. In the U.S., however, the term social liberalism may be used as a synonym for social progressivism, while social liberalism in the European sense is simply referred to as "liberalism."
It has been a label used by progressive liberal parties in order to differentiate themselves from classical liberal parties, especially when there are two or more liberal parties in a country. Unlike classical liberalism which embraces a strictly laissez-faire philosophy, social liberalism sees a role for the State in providing positive liberty for individuals.
It is a political philosophy that emphasizes mutual collaboration through liberal institutions. Social liberalism, as a branch of liberalism, contends that society must protect liberty and opportunity for all citizens.
In the process, it accepts some restrictions in economic affairs, such as anti-trust laws to combat economic monopolies and regulatory bodies or minimum wage laws intending to secure economic opportunities for all. It also expects legitimate governments to provide a basic level of welfare or workfare, health and education, supported by taxation, intended to enable the best use of the talents of the population, prevent revolution, or simply for the perceived public good.
Rejecting both the most extreme forms of capitalism and the revolutionary elements from the socialist school, social liberalism emphasizes what it calls "positive liberty", seeking to enhance the "positive freedoms" of the poor and disadvantaged in society by means of government regulation.
Like all liberals, social liberals believe in individual freedom as a central objective. However, they are unique in comparison to other liberals in that they believe that lack of economic opportunity, education, health-care, and so on can be considered to be threats to liberty. Social liberals are strong defenders of human rights and civil liberties. They support a mixed economy of mainly private enterprise with some state provided or guaranteed public services (ex: some social liberals defend obligatory universal health insurance, with the state paying a basic health insurance to the most poor of the society).
In Britain, in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, a group of thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case against laissez-faire classical liberalism and in favour of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. The New Liberals, who included T.H.Green and L.T.Hobhouse, saw individual liberty as something to be achievable only under favourable social circumstances.
The poverty, squalor and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible in their view for freedom and individuality to flourish, and the New Liberals believed that these conditions could only be ameliorated through collective action coordinated by a strong welfare-oriented interventionist state. (The Routledge encyclopaedia of philosophy, p.599)
The basic ideological difference between social liberalism and social democracy lies in the role of the State in relation to the individual.
Social liberals value liberty, rights and freedoms, and private property as fundamental to individual happiness, and regard democracy as an instrument to maintain a society where each individual enjoys the greatest amount of liberty possible (subject to the Harm Principle). Hence, democracy and parliamentarianism are mere political systems which legitimize themselves only through the amount of liberty they promote, and are not valued ''per se''. While the State does have an important role in ensuring positive liberty, social liberals tend to trust that individuals are usually capable in deciding their own affairs, and generally do not need deliberate steering towards happiness.
Social democracy, on the other hand, has its roots in socialism, and (especially in democratic socialist forms) typically favours a more community-based view. While social democrats also value individual liberty, they do not believe that real liberty can be achieved for the majority without transforming the nature of the State itself. Having rejected the revolutionary approach of Marxism, and choosing to further their goals through the democratic process instead, social democrats nevertheless retain a strong scepticism for capitalism, which needs to be regulated (or at least "managed") for the greater good. This focus on the greater good may, potentially, make social democrats more ready to step in and steer society in a direction that is deemed to be more equitable.
In practice, however, the differences between the two may be harder to perceive. This is especially the case nowadays as many social democratic parties have shifted towards the centre and adopted one version of Third Way politics or another.[5]
Social liberalism (also known as New Liberalism) is very different from the ambiguous term neoliberalism, a name given to various proponents of the free markets and also to some conservative opponents of free markets, such as mercantilistic conservatives, in the late 20th century's global economy. Neoliberalism has been used to describe the liberal economic policies of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. As a body of thought, neoliberalism advocates positions contrary to many of those taken by social liberals, especially with regard to the former's commitments to free trade and dismantling of government "social" programs.
Both share the concern with the freedom of the individual, but while social liberalism is appropriate for describing some liberal parties that are left-of-centre on economic issues and support a broad interpretation of democratic rights, Conservative liberalism emphasises economic freedom and tends to be right of centre. For example, Conservative liberal parties, such as the Dutch VVD and the German Free Democratic Party adopt an economically conservative agenda, advocating a minimal role for the state in the economy. Some authors, like Merquior, also claim that conservative liberalism is based on the concept of negative liberty - "where there is no law there is no transgression"), moral pluralism, progress, individualism, and accountable government, while social liberalism focuses both on the illegitimacy of a tyrannical government that uses prerogative power and on the social conditions that make such tyrannical government possible.[6]
Classical liberals such as Nozick and others reject social liberalism as a false liberalism. For these authors government has no duty to intervene in society to aid the disadvantaged as this means taking wealth from others (as taxes). They also consider that interfering in the market is destroying freedom and doing this to make people free is self-contradictory.[7]
Modern liberalism in the United States is highly similar to the European definition of social liberalism. The agendas of European social liberals and modern American liberals tend to be almost identical, with both taking a distinctly left-of-center stance on social issues while taking a more centrist stance of economic issues.[9] Since the ideological center of the United States lies further to the right of that in Western Europe, policies considered centrist, or even right-wing in Europe may be considered left-of-center in the U.S. Universal single-payer health care, for example, is considered a largely centrist policy in Europe but distinctly center-left in the U.S. Social democrats and socialist may also be labeled as "liberal" in the U.S. but constitute only a small minority of the American left. Liberals in the U.S. constitute roughly 19% to 26% of the population and form circa 46% of the Democratic base.[10]
Like European social liberals, most modern American liberals advocate a free market economy, cultural pluralism, diplomacy over military action, stem-cell research, the legalization of same-sex marriage, secular government, stricter gun control and environmental protection laws as well as the preservation of abortion rights.
However, there are also some relevant differences. For example, American liberals tend to be rather divided on free trade agreements and organizations such as NAFTA.[10], while the international social liberals are very strong supporters of free trade [12]. Also, while most liberals oppose increased military standing and the display of the Ten Commandments in public buildings, the Democratic party still has references to religion and God on its party documents [13][14], something that goes agaisnt the clearly anti-clerical stance of social liberal parties worldwide. We can also find differences regarding immigration and cultural diversity, which while deemed positive by social liberals worldwide, is handled in a different way by the American liberals with the so called positive discrimination, which would be considered anti-liberal by other social-liberal parties, as they would consider it to be an effective form of discrimination.
Social liberalism in the U.S. is most commonly embraced by college-educated professionals who have shifted the focus of the Democratic Party. American liberals are the most highly educated and affluent ideological demographic. They differ greatly from the traditional working class wing of party. While the former is centrist on economic issues and left on social issues, the latter is socially conservative and but left-of-center on economic issues. The ideological position of the Democratic Party has, therefore, shifted considerably towards resembling that of social liberal party. The current compromise between the widely diverging typological groups that constitute the Democratic base is a centrist stance on fiscal policy and a center-left stance on social issues.
The key distinction between social liberalism in a European and American sense is mostly semantics. European social liberalism in the U.S. is simply referred to as liberalism. Social Democracy and Socialism, however, may also be referred to as liberalism since Americans commonly label all ideologies of the center-left and beyond as "liberal." The term "social liberalism" is used as a synonym for social progressivism, an ideology that is often combined with social liberalism to form modern American liberalism.
Some parties which are arguably social liberal may include:
★ Australia: Australian Democrats
★ Austria: Social Liberals
★ Belgium: Spirit
★ Brazil: Social Liberal Party
★ Chile: Social Democrat Radical Party
★ Colombia: Colombian Liberal Party
★ Croatia: Croatian Social Liberal Party, Croatian People's Party
★ Denmark: New Alliance, Danish Social Liberal Party (Det Radikale Venstre) [15]
★ Estonia: Estonian Centre Party
★ Finland: Swedish People's Party
★ France: Left Radical Party
★ France: MoDem
★ Italy:Italian Radicals (only about moral issues, not economic ones)
★ Italy:Radicals of the Left (both moral, and economic issues)
★ Italy:Italian Republican Party (only about moral issues, not economic ones)
★ Italy:New Italian Socialist Party (both moral, and economic issues)
★ Japan: Democratic Party of Japan
★ Lithuania: New Union (Social Liberals)
★ Luxembourg: Democratic Party
★ Moldova: Social Liberal Party
★ Mozambique: Social Liberal and Democratic Party
★ Netherlands: Democrats 66 , GroenLinks
★ Norway: Venstre
★ Poland: Democratic Party
★ Portugal: Movimento Liberal Social
★ Russia: Russian Democratic Party "Yabloko"
★ Serbia: Liberal Democratic Party
★ Slovenia: Liberal Democracy of Slovenia
★ Spain: Citizens-Citizenship Party
★ South Korea: Uri Party (about social and justice issues)
★ Sudan: Sudan Liberal Party
★ Sweden: Centre Party, Liberal People's Party
★ Tunisia: Social Liberal Party
★ United Kingdom: Liberal Democrats
Some notable social liberal thinkers are:
★ Thomas Hill Green (1836–1882)
★ Lujo Brentano (1844–1931)
★ Bernard Bosanquet (1848-1923)
★ Pieter Cort van der Linden (1846-1935)
★ John Atkinson Hobson (1858–1940)
★ John Dewey (1859–1952)
★ Friedrich Naumann (1860–1919)
★ Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (1864–1929)
★ Gerhart von Schulze-Gavernitz (1864-1943)
★ William Beveridge (1879-1963)
★ Hans Kelsen [16] (1881-1973)
★ John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)
★ Bertil Ohlin (1899–1979)
★ John Hicks (1904–1989)
★ Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997)
★ Norberto Bobbio (1909-2004)
★ Miguel Reale (1910–2005)
★ Pierre Elliot Trudeau (1919-2000)
★ John Rawls (1921-2002)
★ Karl-Hermann Flach (1929–1973)
★ Richard Rorty (1931–2007)
★ Conrad Russell (1937-2004)
★ Ronald Dworkin (1931– )
★ Amartya Sen (1933- )
★ José G. Merquior (1941–1991)
★ Belinda Stronach (b.1966)
★ Dirk Verhofstadt (1955– )
★ Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) offered a seed of social liberalism.
★ Arguably, the late Michel Foucault (1926-1984) can be categorised as one of the social liberals, considering his social philosophy and liberalism, and indeed some more recent social liberal thinkers have been strongly influenced by Foucault; however, he personally self-identified with the French Socialist Party (and sometimes even the Communist Party) and the French radical left.
'In general, contemporary social liberals support:'
★ A free market economy consisting mainly of private enterprise, but with government owned or subsidised programs of education, healthcare, child care etc for all citizens.
★ Regulatory bodies over private enterprise in the interests of workers, consumers and fair competition.
★ Free trade.
★ A basic system of social security.
★ A moderate level of taxation.
★ Environmental protection laws (although not always to the extent advocated by Greens).
★ Immigration and multiculturalism.
★ A secular and progressive social policy, including support for comprehensive sex education, gay and lesbian rights, socialized medicine, darwinism being taught in schools, topfree equality, reproductive rights, stem cell research, a liberal drug policy, euthanasia, prostitution and abolishment of the death penalty.
★ Decentralised decision-making.
★ Internationalism. (Oppose extreme and aggressive nationalism)
★ (In Europe) A federal European Union.
★ A foreign policy supporting the promotion of democracy, the protection of human rights and where possible, effective multilateralism.
★ As well as human rights, social liberals also support social rights, civil rights and civil liberties.
1. Not to be confused with neoliberalism, a very different concept which has a similar name[1]
2. Liberalism, Gender and Social Policy, Shaver, Sheila, , , EconPapers,
3. The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration, Marks, Gary and Wilson, Carole, , , British Journal of Political Science,
4. Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power, , James L., Richardson, Lynne Rienner Publishers, , 155587939X
5. See, for example, "The overlap between social democracy and social liberalism".[2]
6. Liberalism Old and New, , J.G., Merquior, Twayne Publishers, ,
7. Political Ideology Today (Politics Today), , Ian, Adams, Manchester University Press, , 0719060206
8. Pew Research Center, Spreadsheet, 2005 poll
9. Judis, B. J. (11 July, 2003). The trouble with Howard Dean. ''Salon.com''.
10. Pew Research Center. (10 May, 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue.
11. Pew Research Center. (10 May, 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue.
12. The Liberal Agenda for the 21st Century Liberal International
13.
14.
15. Liberal parties in Western Europe, , Emil, J. Kirchner, Cambridge University Press, , 0-521-32394-0
16. Liberalism in Modern Times: Essays in Honour of Jose G. Merquior, , , , Central European University Press, , 185866053X
★ Social liberalism (United States)
★ Classical liberalism
'Social liberalism', also called 'new liberalism'[1][2] (as it was originally termed), 'radical liberalism',[3] 'modern liberalism',[4] is a development of liberalism stemming from the late 19th century; it forms the core of the somewhat wider movement of 'left-liberalism', with which it is often (if not usually) conflated. While the usage of the term social liberalism differs between Europe and the United States, Modern American liberalism and European social liberalism are highly similar with only few distinctions. In the U.S., however, the term social liberalism may be used as a synonym for social progressivism, while social liberalism in the European sense is simply referred to as "liberalism."
It has been a label used by progressive liberal parties in order to differentiate themselves from classical liberal parties, especially when there are two or more liberal parties in a country. Unlike classical liberalism which embraces a strictly laissez-faire philosophy, social liberalism sees a role for the State in providing positive liberty for individuals.
It is a political philosophy that emphasizes mutual collaboration through liberal institutions. Social liberalism, as a branch of liberalism, contends that society must protect liberty and opportunity for all citizens.
In the process, it accepts some restrictions in economic affairs, such as anti-trust laws to combat economic monopolies and regulatory bodies or minimum wage laws intending to secure economic opportunities for all. It also expects legitimate governments to provide a basic level of welfare or workfare, health and education, supported by taxation, intended to enable the best use of the talents of the population, prevent revolution, or simply for the perceived public good.
Rejecting both the most extreme forms of capitalism and the revolutionary elements from the socialist school, social liberalism emphasizes what it calls "positive liberty", seeking to enhance the "positive freedoms" of the poor and disadvantaged in society by means of government regulation.
Like all liberals, social liberals believe in individual freedom as a central objective. However, they are unique in comparison to other liberals in that they believe that lack of economic opportunity, education, health-care, and so on can be considered to be threats to liberty. Social liberals are strong defenders of human rights and civil liberties. They support a mixed economy of mainly private enterprise with some state provided or guaranteed public services (ex: some social liberals defend obligatory universal health insurance, with the state paying a basic health insurance to the most poor of the society).
The birth of social liberalism
In Britain, in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, a group of thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case against laissez-faire classical liberalism and in favour of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. The New Liberals, who included T.H.Green and L.T.Hobhouse, saw individual liberty as something to be achievable only under favourable social circumstances.
The poverty, squalor and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible in their view for freedom and individuality to flourish, and the New Liberals believed that these conditions could only be ameliorated through collective action coordinated by a strong welfare-oriented interventionist state. (The Routledge encyclopaedia of philosophy, p.599)
Social liberalism versus social democracy
One possible projection of the european political spectrum.
Social liberals value liberty, rights and freedoms, and private property as fundamental to individual happiness, and regard democracy as an instrument to maintain a society where each individual enjoys the greatest amount of liberty possible (subject to the Harm Principle). Hence, democracy and parliamentarianism are mere political systems which legitimize themselves only through the amount of liberty they promote, and are not valued ''per se''. While the State does have an important role in ensuring positive liberty, social liberals tend to trust that individuals are usually capable in deciding their own affairs, and generally do not need deliberate steering towards happiness.
Social democracy, on the other hand, has its roots in socialism, and (especially in democratic socialist forms) typically favours a more community-based view. While social democrats also value individual liberty, they do not believe that real liberty can be achieved for the majority without transforming the nature of the State itself. Having rejected the revolutionary approach of Marxism, and choosing to further their goals through the democratic process instead, social democrats nevertheless retain a strong scepticism for capitalism, which needs to be regulated (or at least "managed") for the greater good. This focus on the greater good may, potentially, make social democrats more ready to step in and steer society in a direction that is deemed to be more equitable.
In practice, however, the differences between the two may be harder to perceive. This is especially the case nowadays as many social democratic parties have shifted towards the centre and adopted one version of Third Way politics or another.[5]
Social liberalism versus neoliberalism
Social liberalism (also known as New Liberalism) is very different from the ambiguous term neoliberalism, a name given to various proponents of the free markets and also to some conservative opponents of free markets, such as mercantilistic conservatives, in the late 20th century's global economy. Neoliberalism has been used to describe the liberal economic policies of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. As a body of thought, neoliberalism advocates positions contrary to many of those taken by social liberals, especially with regard to the former's commitments to free trade and dismantling of government "social" programs.
Social liberalism versus conservative liberalism
Both share the concern with the freedom of the individual, but while social liberalism is appropriate for describing some liberal parties that are left-of-centre on economic issues and support a broad interpretation of democratic rights, Conservative liberalism emphasises economic freedom and tends to be right of centre. For example, Conservative liberal parties, such as the Dutch VVD and the German Free Democratic Party adopt an economically conservative agenda, advocating a minimal role for the state in the economy. Some authors, like Merquior, also claim that conservative liberalism is based on the concept of negative liberty - "where there is no law there is no transgression"), moral pluralism, progress, individualism, and accountable government, while social liberalism focuses both on the illegitimacy of a tyrannical government that uses prerogative power and on the social conditions that make such tyrannical government possible.[6]
Classical liberals such as Nozick and others reject social liberalism as a false liberalism. For these authors government has no duty to intervene in society to aid the disadvantaged as this means taking wealth from others (as taxes). They also consider that interfering in the market is destroying freedom and doing this to make people free is self-contradictory.[7]
United States
Opinions of liberals in a 2005 Pew Research Center study.[8]
Modern liberalism in the United States is highly similar to the European definition of social liberalism. The agendas of European social liberals and modern American liberals tend to be almost identical, with both taking a distinctly left-of-center stance on social issues while taking a more centrist stance of economic issues.[9] Since the ideological center of the United States lies further to the right of that in Western Europe, policies considered centrist, or even right-wing in Europe may be considered left-of-center in the U.S. Universal single-payer health care, for example, is considered a largely centrist policy in Europe but distinctly center-left in the U.S. Social democrats and socialist may also be labeled as "liberal" in the U.S. but constitute only a small minority of the American left. Liberals in the U.S. constitute roughly 19% to 26% of the population and form circa 46% of the Democratic base.[10]
Like European social liberals, most modern American liberals advocate a free market economy, cultural pluralism, diplomacy over military action, stem-cell research, the legalization of same-sex marriage, secular government, stricter gun control and environmental protection laws as well as the preservation of abortion rights.
However, there are also some relevant differences. For example, American liberals tend to be rather divided on free trade agreements and organizations such as NAFTA.[10], while the international social liberals are very strong supporters of free trade [12]. Also, while most liberals oppose increased military standing and the display of the Ten Commandments in public buildings, the Democratic party still has references to religion and God on its party documents [13][14], something that goes agaisnt the clearly anti-clerical stance of social liberal parties worldwide. We can also find differences regarding immigration and cultural diversity, which while deemed positive by social liberals worldwide, is handled in a different way by the American liberals with the so called positive discrimination, which would be considered anti-liberal by other social-liberal parties, as they would consider it to be an effective form of discrimination.
Social liberalism in the U.S. is most commonly embraced by college-educated professionals who have shifted the focus of the Democratic Party. American liberals are the most highly educated and affluent ideological demographic. They differ greatly from the traditional working class wing of party. While the former is centrist on economic issues and left on social issues, the latter is socially conservative and but left-of-center on economic issues. The ideological position of the Democratic Party has, therefore, shifted considerably towards resembling that of social liberal party. The current compromise between the widely diverging typological groups that constitute the Democratic base is a centrist stance on fiscal policy and a center-left stance on social issues.
The key distinction between social liberalism in a European and American sense is mostly semantics. European social liberalism in the U.S. is simply referred to as liberalism. Social Democracy and Socialism, however, may also be referred to as liberalism since Americans commonly label all ideologies of the center-left and beyond as "liberal." The term "social liberalism" is used as a synonym for social progressivism, an ideology that is often combined with social liberalism to form modern American liberalism.
Social liberal parties
Some parties which are arguably social liberal may include:
★ Australia: Australian Democrats
★ Austria: Social Liberals
★ Belgium: Spirit
★ Brazil: Social Liberal Party
★ Chile: Social Democrat Radical Party
★ Colombia: Colombian Liberal Party
★ Croatia: Croatian Social Liberal Party, Croatian People's Party
★ Denmark: New Alliance, Danish Social Liberal Party (Det Radikale Venstre) [15]
★ Estonia: Estonian Centre Party
★ Finland: Swedish People's Party
★ France: Left Radical Party
★ France: MoDem
★ Italy:Italian Radicals (only about moral issues, not economic ones)
★ Italy:Radicals of the Left (both moral, and economic issues)
★ Italy:Italian Republican Party (only about moral issues, not economic ones)
★ Italy:New Italian Socialist Party (both moral, and economic issues)
★ Japan: Democratic Party of Japan
★ Lithuania: New Union (Social Liberals)
★ Luxembourg: Democratic Party
★ Moldova: Social Liberal Party
★ Mozambique: Social Liberal and Democratic Party
★ Netherlands: Democrats 66 , GroenLinks
★ Norway: Venstre
★ Poland: Democratic Party
★ Portugal: Movimento Liberal Social
★ Russia: Russian Democratic Party "Yabloko"
★ Serbia: Liberal Democratic Party
★ Slovenia: Liberal Democracy of Slovenia
★ Spain: Citizens-Citizenship Party
★ South Korea: Uri Party (about social and justice issues)
★ Sudan: Sudan Liberal Party
★ Sweden: Centre Party, Liberal People's Party
★ Tunisia: Social Liberal Party
★ United Kingdom: Liberal Democrats
Social liberal thinkers
Some notable social liberal thinkers are:
★ Thomas Hill Green (1836–1882)
★ Lujo Brentano (1844–1931)
★ Bernard Bosanquet (1848-1923)
★ Pieter Cort van der Linden (1846-1935)
★ John Atkinson Hobson (1858–1940)
★ John Dewey (1859–1952)
★ Friedrich Naumann (1860–1919)
★ Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (1864–1929)
★ Gerhart von Schulze-Gavernitz (1864-1943)
★ William Beveridge (1879-1963)
★ Hans Kelsen [16] (1881-1973)
★ John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)
★ Bertil Ohlin (1899–1979)
★ John Hicks (1904–1989)
★ Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997)
★ Norberto Bobbio (1909-2004)
★ Miguel Reale (1910–2005)
★ Pierre Elliot Trudeau (1919-2000)
★ John Rawls (1921-2002)
★ Karl-Hermann Flach (1929–1973)
★ Richard Rorty (1931–2007)
★ Conrad Russell (1937-2004)
★ Ronald Dworkin (1931– )
★ Amartya Sen (1933- )
★ José G. Merquior (1941–1991)
★ Belinda Stronach (b.1966)
★ Dirk Verhofstadt (1955– )
★ Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) offered a seed of social liberalism.
★ Arguably, the late Michel Foucault (1926-1984) can be categorised as one of the social liberals, considering his social philosophy and liberalism, and indeed some more recent social liberal thinkers have been strongly influenced by Foucault; however, he personally self-identified with the French Socialist Party (and sometimes even the Communist Party) and the French radical left.
Views of social liberals today
'In general, contemporary social liberals support:'
★ A free market economy consisting mainly of private enterprise, but with government owned or subsidised programs of education, healthcare, child care etc for all citizens.
★ Regulatory bodies over private enterprise in the interests of workers, consumers and fair competition.
★ Free trade.
★ A basic system of social security.
★ A moderate level of taxation.
★ Environmental protection laws (although not always to the extent advocated by Greens).
★ Immigration and multiculturalism.
★ A secular and progressive social policy, including support for comprehensive sex education, gay and lesbian rights, socialized medicine, darwinism being taught in schools, topfree equality, reproductive rights, stem cell research, a liberal drug policy, euthanasia, prostitution and abolishment of the death penalty.
★ Decentralised decision-making.
★ Internationalism. (Oppose extreme and aggressive nationalism)
★ (In Europe) A federal European Union.
★ A foreign policy supporting the promotion of democracy, the protection of human rights and where possible, effective multilateralism.
★ As well as human rights, social liberals also support social rights, civil rights and civil liberties.
References
1. Not to be confused with neoliberalism, a very different concept which has a similar name[1]
2. Liberalism, Gender and Social Policy, Shaver, Sheila, , , EconPapers,
3. The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration, Marks, Gary and Wilson, Carole, , , British Journal of Political Science,
4. Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power, , James L., Richardson, Lynne Rienner Publishers, , 155587939X
5. See, for example, "The overlap between social democracy and social liberalism".[2]
6. Liberalism Old and New, , J.G., Merquior, Twayne Publishers, ,
7. Political Ideology Today (Politics Today), , Ian, Adams, Manchester University Press, , 0719060206
8. Pew Research Center, Spreadsheet, 2005 poll
9. Judis, B. J. (11 July, 2003). The trouble with Howard Dean. ''Salon.com''.
10. Pew Research Center. (10 May, 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue.
11. Pew Research Center. (10 May, 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue.
12. The Liberal Agenda for the 21st Century Liberal International
13.
14.
15. Liberal parties in Western Europe, , Emil, J. Kirchner, Cambridge University Press, , 0-521-32394-0
16. Liberalism in Modern Times: Essays in Honour of Jose G. Merquior, , , , Central European University Press, , 185866053X
See also
★ Social liberalism (United States)
★ Classical liberalism
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