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'New media' refers to forms of human and media communication that have been transformed by the creative use of technology to fulfil the basic social need to interact and transact.
Although the technologies for new media have been in existence for decades, it is only in recent years that these technologies have become intuitive enough for non-experts to use. Improved usability, coupled with innovative uses of new media, have resulted in its increased popularity. The new media buzz is also fed by spirals of new media innovations.
Although definitions of the term vary, it is sometimes assumed to imply two consistent characteristics:
★ Uniquely individualized information can simultaneously be delivered or displayed to a potentially limitless number of people.
★ All involved (publishers, broadcasters and consumers) share equal or reciprocal control over content.[1]
A broader view, which seems to fit the number of companies and organisations describing themselves as ''new media'', is that the term can refer to any type of media that is used for public relations or marketing, if it is more electronically sophisticated than an animated flashing neon sign. Such organisations may be seeing "new media" as another term for digital media, whilst those discussing the term tend to see it as more related to a hypothetical future of digital media.
Because of this the term has a vague definition, and may be considered something of a buzzword.
What counts as new media is often debated, and is dependent on the definitions used. The following are fairly firmly established as part of the remit of at least some companies that claim to deal in new media:
★ Video games and virtual worlds as they impact marketing and public relations.
★ Multimedia CD-ROMs
★ Software
★ Web sites including brochurware
★ Corporate blogs and wikis
★ Email and attachments
★ Electronic kiosks
★ Interactive television
★ Mobile devices
★ Podcasting
★ Hypertext fiction
The distinction between "new media" and old media is not distinct. From 1995 to 2004, old media started to expand into producing new media, thus blurring the boundaries between the two. Much old media content was re-purposed in a new digital format, but with little substantial change,[2] but 'old media' producers are now starting to make content specifically for new media audiences. In a sense, the oldest media have never died, but the tools we've used have. Recorded sound is content of artistic expression, CDs and records are merely delivery technologies: media to deliver the content. [3]
The term 'new media' gained popular currency in the mid 1990s as part of a marketing pitch for the proliferation of interactive educational and entertainment CD-ROMs. One of the key features of this early new media was the implication that corporations, not individual creators, would control copyright.[4] The term then became far more widely used as the mass consumer internet began to emerge from 1995 onwards.
The new media industry shares a close association with many market segments in areas such as software/video game design, television, radio, and particularly advertising and marketing, which seeks to gain from the advantages of two-way dialogue with consumers primarily through the internet. The advertising industry has capitalized the proliferation of new media with large agencies running multi-million dollar interactive advertising subsidiaries. In a number of cases advertising agencies have also set up new divisions to study new media.
Within the advertising business there is a blurring of the distinction between creative (content) and the media (the delivery of this content). Now media itself is considered to be creative and the medium has indeed become the message.
In 1999 a Newsweek cover story featured the 20 "New Stars of the New Media." The magazine claimed a handful of newspreneurs were "changing the way Americans get their news.".
New media can bee seen to be a convergence between the history of two separate technologies: media and computing. These technologies both began back in the 1830s with Daguerre's daguerreotype and Babbage's Analytical Engine.
Computers (for performing calculations) and modern media technologies (e.g. celluloid film, photographic plates, gramophone records) started to become inter-connected during the 20th Century and these trajectories began to converge by the translation of existing media into binary information to be stored digitally on computers.
Therefore, new media can now be defined as "graphics, moving images, sounds, shapes, spaces, and texts that have become computable; that is, they comprise simply another set of computer data."[5]
Two significant but contrasting events heralded the beginning of 21st century media.
'10th January 2000': "AOL and Time Warner merger". Two media giants from different media backgrounds: AOL (internet based) and Time Warner (print, film, television, radio). Overnight they became a bigger entity than Coca Cola or Brazil.
This is important because it demonstrates that the 21st century began with the old media conglomerates becoming larger and serving the world its media from once source, but through more avenues.
It is also significant because the Internet was at its centre. AOL bought Time Warner not the other way around. [6]
'30th November 1999': 'N30' (WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity). N30 was the launch of a new millennial round of trade negotiations, quickly overshadowed by massive and controversial street protests outside the hotels and the Seattle Convention Center, in what became the second phase of the anti-globalization movement in the United States.
The significant part for the media was not however the WTO meeting but the protest activities and the way they used the internet to organise, publicise and mobilise their actions. The entire event was co-ordinated online through the emerging "Independent Media Center" (http://indymedia.org).
At the same time as media corporations are merging, expanding and becoming more transcendent, the people are deciding that in the 21st century the news is too important to be left to the media. Lawrence Lessig states that this 21st century media balance is the opening up of a new kind of free media (not financially, but democratically free) against the media giants who have ownership over all the current forms of media. [7]
These are common associations and misconceptions for the definition of new media. These may include some products of new media (ie Web 2.0 is a product of new media, not a definition).
★ That New media is closely associated with the buzz term “Web 2.0” which refers to a proposed second generation of Internet-based services - such as social networking sites and wikis - that emphasise online collaboration and sharing among users.
★ The distinction between old media (television, radio, newspapers), new media (old media using the digital platform for production, storage or reception) and "new new media" (media that did not exist in any substantial way before the digital process).
1. http://rebuildingmedia.corante.com/archives/2006/04/27/what_is_new_media.php
2. Encyclopedia of New Media: An Essential Reference to Communication and Technology, , Steve, Jones, SAGE Publications, 2003, ISBN 0-7619-2382-9
3. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New media Collide, , H, Jenkins, NY University press, 2006,
4. http://www.kathryncramer.com/kathryn_cramer/2006/02/watermarking_as.html
5. Manovich, Lev (2001). "The Language of New Media". MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. p20
6. Top Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) Deals
7. Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity, Lawrence Lessig, , , Penguin, ,
★ The New Media Reader, , , , The MIT Press, 2003, ISBN 0-262-23227-8
★ Electronic Language International Festival in São Paulo, Brazil
★ Urban Dictionary definition
★ the What's New Media? blog
★ the What's New Media wiki
★ The Media Age
★ New Media Institute
★ New Media Awards
★ Master New Media: covers an extensive array of new media and "Web 2.0" technologies as they're rolled out. Also features regular tutorials for--and practical uses of--new media technologies.
★ Television in the age of New Media explosion - by Yuli Yang - 2007 April 7th
★ New Media Art (wiki edition)
★ New Media Art Project Network Cologne, Germany
★ EcoMedia Europe, a Socrates Comenius Network with main focus on the educational use of ICT and Media
★ New Media & Society
★ Award winning new media
Although the technologies for new media have been in existence for decades, it is only in recent years that these technologies have become intuitive enough for non-experts to use. Improved usability, coupled with innovative uses of new media, have resulted in its increased popularity. The new media buzz is also fed by spirals of new media innovations.
Although definitions of the term vary, it is sometimes assumed to imply two consistent characteristics:
★ Uniquely individualized information can simultaneously be delivered or displayed to a potentially limitless number of people.
★ All involved (publishers, broadcasters and consumers) share equal or reciprocal control over content.[1]
A broader view, which seems to fit the number of companies and organisations describing themselves as ''new media'', is that the term can refer to any type of media that is used for public relations or marketing, if it is more electronically sophisticated than an animated flashing neon sign. Such organisations may be seeing "new media" as another term for digital media, whilst those discussing the term tend to see it as more related to a hypothetical future of digital media.
Because of this the term has a vague definition, and may be considered something of a buzzword.
| Contents |
| Some examples that usually fall within new media |
| Old media and new media |
| The new media industry |
| Origins |
| 21st Century Media |
| Common Associations and Misconceptions |
| References |
| External links |
Some examples that usually fall within new media
What counts as new media is often debated, and is dependent on the definitions used. The following are fairly firmly established as part of the remit of at least some companies that claim to deal in new media:
★ Video games and virtual worlds as they impact marketing and public relations.
★ Multimedia CD-ROMs
★ Software
★ Web sites including brochurware
★ Corporate blogs and wikis
★ Email and attachments
★ Electronic kiosks
★ Interactive television
★ Mobile devices
★ Podcasting
★ Hypertext fiction
Old media and new media
The distinction between "new media" and old media is not distinct. From 1995 to 2004, old media started to expand into producing new media, thus blurring the boundaries between the two. Much old media content was re-purposed in a new digital format, but with little substantial change,[2] but 'old media' producers are now starting to make content specifically for new media audiences. In a sense, the oldest media have never died, but the tools we've used have. Recorded sound is content of artistic expression, CDs and records are merely delivery technologies: media to deliver the content. [3]
The term 'new media' gained popular currency in the mid 1990s as part of a marketing pitch for the proliferation of interactive educational and entertainment CD-ROMs. One of the key features of this early new media was the implication that corporations, not individual creators, would control copyright.[4] The term then became far more widely used as the mass consumer internet began to emerge from 1995 onwards.
The new media industry
The new media industry shares a close association with many market segments in areas such as software/video game design, television, radio, and particularly advertising and marketing, which seeks to gain from the advantages of two-way dialogue with consumers primarily through the internet. The advertising industry has capitalized the proliferation of new media with large agencies running multi-million dollar interactive advertising subsidiaries. In a number of cases advertising agencies have also set up new divisions to study new media.
Within the advertising business there is a blurring of the distinction between creative (content) and the media (the delivery of this content). Now media itself is considered to be creative and the medium has indeed become the message.
In 1999 a Newsweek cover story featured the 20 "New Stars of the New Media." The magazine claimed a handful of newspreneurs were "changing the way Americans get their news.".
Origins
New media can bee seen to be a convergence between the history of two separate technologies: media and computing. These technologies both began back in the 1830s with Daguerre's daguerreotype and Babbage's Analytical Engine.
Computers (for performing calculations) and modern media technologies (e.g. celluloid film, photographic plates, gramophone records) started to become inter-connected during the 20th Century and these trajectories began to converge by the translation of existing media into binary information to be stored digitally on computers.
Therefore, new media can now be defined as "graphics, moving images, sounds, shapes, spaces, and texts that have become computable; that is, they comprise simply another set of computer data."[5]
21st Century Media
Two significant but contrasting events heralded the beginning of 21st century media.
'10th January 2000': "AOL and Time Warner merger". Two media giants from different media backgrounds: AOL (internet based) and Time Warner (print, film, television, radio). Overnight they became a bigger entity than Coca Cola or Brazil.
This is important because it demonstrates that the 21st century began with the old media conglomerates becoming larger and serving the world its media from once source, but through more avenues.
It is also significant because the Internet was at its centre. AOL bought Time Warner not the other way around. [6]
'30th November 1999': 'N30' (WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity). N30 was the launch of a new millennial round of trade negotiations, quickly overshadowed by massive and controversial street protests outside the hotels and the Seattle Convention Center, in what became the second phase of the anti-globalization movement in the United States.
The significant part for the media was not however the WTO meeting but the protest activities and the way they used the internet to organise, publicise and mobilise their actions. The entire event was co-ordinated online through the emerging "Independent Media Center" (http://indymedia.org).
At the same time as media corporations are merging, expanding and becoming more transcendent, the people are deciding that in the 21st century the news is too important to be left to the media. Lawrence Lessig states that this 21st century media balance is the opening up of a new kind of free media (not financially, but democratically free) against the media giants who have ownership over all the current forms of media. [7]
Common Associations and Misconceptions
These are common associations and misconceptions for the definition of new media. These may include some products of new media (ie Web 2.0 is a product of new media, not a definition).
★ That New media is closely associated with the buzz term “Web 2.0” which refers to a proposed second generation of Internet-based services - such as social networking sites and wikis - that emphasise online collaboration and sharing among users.
★ The distinction between old media (television, radio, newspapers), new media (old media using the digital platform for production, storage or reception) and "new new media" (media that did not exist in any substantial way before the digital process).
References
1. http://rebuildingmedia.corante.com/archives/2006/04/27/what_is_new_media.php
2. Encyclopedia of New Media: An Essential Reference to Communication and Technology, , Steve, Jones, SAGE Publications, 2003, ISBN 0-7619-2382-9
3. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New media Collide, , H, Jenkins, NY University press, 2006,
4. http://www.kathryncramer.com/kathryn_cramer/2006/02/watermarking_as.html
5. Manovich, Lev (2001). "The Language of New Media". MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. p20
6. Top Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) Deals
7. Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity, Lawrence Lessig, , , Penguin, ,
★ The New Media Reader, , , , The MIT Press, 2003, ISBN 0-262-23227-8
External links
★ Electronic Language International Festival in São Paulo, Brazil
★ Urban Dictionary definition
★ the What's New Media? blog
★ the What's New Media wiki
★ The Media Age
★ New Media Institute
★ New Media Awards
★ Master New Media: covers an extensive array of new media and "Web 2.0" technologies as they're rolled out. Also features regular tutorials for--and practical uses of--new media technologies.
★ Television in the age of New Media explosion - by Yuli Yang - 2007 April 7th
★ New Media Art (wiki edition)
★ New Media Art Project Network Cologne, Germany
★ EcoMedia Europe, a Socrates Comenius Network with main focus on the educational use of ICT and Media
★ New Media & Society
★ Award winning new media
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