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(Redirected from Nguyen Dynasty)
The 'Nguyễn Dynasty' (; Sino-Vietnamese: ''Nguyễn triều'' 阮朝) was the last ruling family of Vietnam. Their rule began in 1802 when Emperor Gia Long ascended the throne after defeating the Tay Son Dynasty and ended in 1945 when Bảo Đại abdicated the throne and transferred power to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, ruling for a total of 143 years. During the reign of Emperor Gia Long, the nation officially became known as ''Việt Nam'' (越南), but from the reign of emperor Minh Mạng on, the nation was renamed ''Đại Nam'' (大南). Their rule was marked by the increasing influence of French colonialism; the nation was eventually partitioned into three, Cochin China became a French colony while Annam and Tonkin became protectorates which were independent in name only.
: ''For more background information, see Nguyen Lords and Trinh Lords''
The Nguyen family had been one of the major families in Vietnamese history, dating back to the days of the Hero–Emperor Le Loi. Due to a civil war and the weakness of the later Le Dynasty, the Nguyen and the Trinh (another of the major families) joined together in opposition to the Mac. Nguyen Kim, the leader of this alliance, was assassinated in 1545 by a servant of the Mac. Kim's son-in-law Trinh Kiem, took over the alliance because Kim's sons were too young. In 1558, Nguyễn Hoàng, the eldest son of Nguyen Kim was given lordship over the southern, newly conquered provinces of Vietnam. He ruled from the city of Huế for the rest of his life and established the dominion of the Nguyen Lords in the southern part of the country. While the Nguyen Lords, like the Trinh, paid tribute to the Le Emperor, the reality was they ruled, not the king. Nguyen Hoang and his successors continually expanded their territory by making Kampuchea a protectorate, and by invading Laos, Champa and many small countries in the area. The Nguyen lords styled themselves as lord (''Chúa'' in Vietnamese).
It was Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên (or Lord Sãi), Nguyen Hoang's son, who started the Nguyen Phuc family name. 200 years later, Nguyễn Phúc Khoát was the first ruler of the line who styled himself King (''Vương'' in Vietnamese), as the Trịnh Lords began to do so in the North.
Nguyễn Phúc Ánh finally united Vietnam for the first time in 300 years. He started a dynasty and styled himself Emperor (Viet: ''Hoàng Đế'') Gia Long. After Gia Long, other rulers of the dynasty would soon run into problems with Catholic missionaries and, subsequently, the involvement of Europeans in Indochina.
Emperors Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị, Tự Đức and Hiệp Hoà, were opposed to French involvement in the country and tried to reduce the growing Catholic community in Vietnam at that time. Their persecution of missionaries was the primary pretext for the French to invade and occupy Indochina. Much like what had occurred in Qing China, there were also numerous incidents involving other nations (European) during the 19th century.
The last Nguyen Emperor to rule with complete independence was Tu Duc. After his death there was a succession crisis which allowed the French to take direct control of the country and eventually gain complete control of the monarchy. All emperors since Đồng Khánh were chosen by the French and had only a symbolic position.
The nominal reign of the Nguyen Dynasty firmly came to an end in 1945, when the Communists or Việt Minh under Ho Chi Minh staged a revolt, after the Japanese surrender. After receiving a "request" for his resignation, the last emperor, Bảo Đại, abdicated the throne and handed power over to the government of President Ho Chi Minh; in return, Emperor Bao Dai was then named "Supreme Counselor" to the new government. Bao Dai left shortly afterward since he did not agree with the policies of the Viet Minh and went into exile in Hong Kong.
In 1948, the French persuaded Bao Dai to return as "Chief of State" (Viet: ''Quốc Trưởng'') of the "State of Vietnam" (Viet: ''Quốc Gia Việt Nam'') set up by France in areas over which it had regained control, while a bloody war with the Viet Minh under Ho Chi Minh continued. Bao Dai spent much of his time during that conflict enjoying a good life either at his luxurious home in Dalat (in the Vietnamese Highlands) or in Paris, France. This came to end with the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in 1954.
After Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam, the South Vietnamese prime minister Ngô Đình Diệm, in a referendum claimed by many as to have been manipulated, overthrew Bao Dai in 1956. Diem then assumed the position of President of the Republic of Vietnam (''Việt Nam Cộng Hòa''), once more ending Bao Dai's involvement in Vietnamese affairs — this time permanently.
Bao Dai went into exile in France, where he died in 1997 and was buried in Cimetière de Passy. Crown Prince Bảo Long succeeded on the death of his father Emperor Bao Dai as Head of the Imperial House of Vietnam, July 31, 1997.
When France conquered the Vietnamese and she promoted the further occupation and development of the Mekong Delta region by the Vietnamese. France added new ingredients to the cultural stew of Vietnam. The rural Vietnamese population were much less affected by this Sinicization, but were influenced by the adoption of Buddhism from the Indianized cultural area of southeast Asia. The French added Catholicism and a writing system based upon Latin letters. The spelling used in this transliteration of Vietnamese surprisingly was Portuguese because the French relied upon a dictionary compiled earlier by a Portuguese cleric.
French control of Vietnam effectively ended with the Japanese invasion of Vietnam. The Viet Minh with Allied assistance fought the Japanese army. After the end of World War II the French were allowed to reoccupy Vietnam but the Viet Minh fought a successful guerilla war that ended in French defeat in 1954.
The defeat of the 13 thousand French troops at Dien Bien Phu was more in the nature of a tactical blunder on the part of the French rather than a successful campaign by the Viet Minh. The French feared a Viet Minh campaign into Laos and chose to occupy Dien Bien Phu by paratroops. The French military actually sought a major military confrontation in which they could defeat the Viet Minh with artillery and air power. They put their troops in a precariously vulnerable position that would be an irresistible opportunity to the Viet Minh. Clearly the military leadership overestimated the effectiveness of their weaponry and underestimated the military resourcefulness of their enemies. General Vo Nguyen Giap brought nearly fifty thousand troops to encircle the French position. This was comfortably more than the three to one ratio needed to defeat a defensive force.
The French occupation of Dien Bien Phu took place in November of 1953. The Viet Minh had all the time in the world to marshal their forces. The French were not going any where and the rigors of the isolated site would wear down the defenders. The Viet Minh attack came on March 13th.
The French were counting on their forces being supplied through the air field at Dien Bien Phu, but that base was quickly captured by the Viet Minh. Thereafter, the French planes had to make parachute drops of supplies but many of those fell into Viet Minh hands. Reenforcements could not be provided because paratroopers dropped at the site, even those dropped at night, were killed before they reached the ground.
After a 56 day siege, the French force surrendered. The losses had been horrific on both sides. The French had four thousand killed but the losses for the Viet Minh were far greater, exceding eight thousand. Many of the French who surrendered died as prisoners of the Viet Minh.
With hindsight, it was clearly a foolish move on the part of the French military to occupy and try to defend the base. The only possible outcome was their defeat; it was just a matter of how long it would take. Even worse for the French was their making this battle in an isolated area near the Laos border the show case of their battle with Viet Minh. They went from overconfidence to defeat in one battle to effective surrender in the whole country.
The following list is the Emperors' era names, which have meaning in Chinese and Vietnamese. For example, the first ruler's era name, Gia Long, is the combination of the old names for Saigon (Gia Định) and Hanoi (Thăng Long) to show the new unity of the country; the fourth, Tự Đức, means "Inheritance of Virtues"; the ninth, Đồng Khánh, means "Collective Celebration".
# Following the death of Emperor Tu Duc, and according to his will, this Emperor ascended to the throne on 19 July 1883. However, he was dethroned and imprisoned three days later, after being accused of deleting one paragraph from Tu Duc's will. He had no time to announce his dynastic title (era name); hence his was named after his residential palace as Duc Duc (Viet: Dục Đức) (育德宮).
# Crown Prince Bao Long (Viet: Bảo Long) succeeded on the death of his father, Emperor Bao Dai, as Head of the Imperial House of Vietnam on 31 July 1997.
# Prince Bảo Thắng following the death of his brother, Crown Prince Bảo Long, succeeded as head of the Nguyễn Dynasty on July 28, 2007.
''Note'': Years in the table are their reigning years.
★ List of Vietnamese dynasties
★ The Nguyễn Dynasty
★ Vietnamese language homepage of The Nguyễn Dynasty
The 'Nguyễn Dynasty' (; Sino-Vietnamese: ''Nguyễn triều'' 阮朝) was the last ruling family of Vietnam. Their rule began in 1802 when Emperor Gia Long ascended the throne after defeating the Tay Son Dynasty and ended in 1945 when Bảo Đại abdicated the throne and transferred power to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, ruling for a total of 143 years. During the reign of Emperor Gia Long, the nation officially became known as ''Việt Nam'' (越南), but from the reign of emperor Minh Mạng on, the nation was renamed ''Đại Nam'' (大南). Their rule was marked by the increasing influence of French colonialism; the nation was eventually partitioned into three, Cochin China became a French colony while Annam and Tonkin became protectorates which were independent in name only.
| Contents |
| History |
| Viet Nam Under Western Imperialism |
| Nguyen Dynasty Emperors of Vietnam |
| Lineage |
| See also |
| External links |
History
: ''For more background information, see Nguyen Lords and Trinh Lords''
The Nguyen family had been one of the major families in Vietnamese history, dating back to the days of the Hero–Emperor Le Loi. Due to a civil war and the weakness of the later Le Dynasty, the Nguyen and the Trinh (another of the major families) joined together in opposition to the Mac. Nguyen Kim, the leader of this alliance, was assassinated in 1545 by a servant of the Mac. Kim's son-in-law Trinh Kiem, took over the alliance because Kim's sons were too young. In 1558, Nguyễn Hoàng, the eldest son of Nguyen Kim was given lordship over the southern, newly conquered provinces of Vietnam. He ruled from the city of Huế for the rest of his life and established the dominion of the Nguyen Lords in the southern part of the country. While the Nguyen Lords, like the Trinh, paid tribute to the Le Emperor, the reality was they ruled, not the king. Nguyen Hoang and his successors continually expanded their territory by making Kampuchea a protectorate, and by invading Laos, Champa and many small countries in the area. The Nguyen lords styled themselves as lord (''Chúa'' in Vietnamese).
It was Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên (or Lord Sãi), Nguyen Hoang's son, who started the Nguyen Phuc family name. 200 years later, Nguyễn Phúc Khoát was the first ruler of the line who styled himself King (''Vương'' in Vietnamese), as the Trịnh Lords began to do so in the North.
Nguyễn Phúc Ánh finally united Vietnam for the first time in 300 years. He started a dynasty and styled himself Emperor (Viet: ''Hoàng Đế'') Gia Long. After Gia Long, other rulers of the dynasty would soon run into problems with Catholic missionaries and, subsequently, the involvement of Europeans in Indochina.
Emperors Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị, Tự Đức and Hiệp Hoà, were opposed to French involvement in the country and tried to reduce the growing Catholic community in Vietnam at that time. Their persecution of missionaries was the primary pretext for the French to invade and occupy Indochina. Much like what had occurred in Qing China, there were also numerous incidents involving other nations (European) during the 19th century.
The last Nguyen Emperor to rule with complete independence was Tu Duc. After his death there was a succession crisis which allowed the French to take direct control of the country and eventually gain complete control of the monarchy. All emperors since Đồng Khánh were chosen by the French and had only a symbolic position.
The nominal reign of the Nguyen Dynasty firmly came to an end in 1945, when the Communists or Việt Minh under Ho Chi Minh staged a revolt, after the Japanese surrender. After receiving a "request" for his resignation, the last emperor, Bảo Đại, abdicated the throne and handed power over to the government of President Ho Chi Minh; in return, Emperor Bao Dai was then named "Supreme Counselor" to the new government. Bao Dai left shortly afterward since he did not agree with the policies of the Viet Minh and went into exile in Hong Kong.
In 1948, the French persuaded Bao Dai to return as "Chief of State" (Viet: ''Quốc Trưởng'') of the "State of Vietnam" (Viet: ''Quốc Gia Việt Nam'') set up by France in areas over which it had regained control, while a bloody war with the Viet Minh under Ho Chi Minh continued. Bao Dai spent much of his time during that conflict enjoying a good life either at his luxurious home in Dalat (in the Vietnamese Highlands) or in Paris, France. This came to end with the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in 1954.
After Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam, the South Vietnamese prime minister Ngô Đình Diệm, in a referendum claimed by many as to have been manipulated, overthrew Bao Dai in 1956. Diem then assumed the position of President of the Republic of Vietnam (''Việt Nam Cộng Hòa''), once more ending Bao Dai's involvement in Vietnamese affairs — this time permanently.
Bao Dai went into exile in France, where he died in 1997 and was buried in Cimetière de Passy. Crown Prince Bảo Long succeeded on the death of his father Emperor Bao Dai as Head of the Imperial House of Vietnam, July 31, 1997.
Viet Nam Under Western Imperialism
When France conquered the Vietnamese and she promoted the further occupation and development of the Mekong Delta region by the Vietnamese. France added new ingredients to the cultural stew of Vietnam. The rural Vietnamese population were much less affected by this Sinicization, but were influenced by the adoption of Buddhism from the Indianized cultural area of southeast Asia. The French added Catholicism and a writing system based upon Latin letters. The spelling used in this transliteration of Vietnamese surprisingly was Portuguese because the French relied upon a dictionary compiled earlier by a Portuguese cleric.
French control of Vietnam effectively ended with the Japanese invasion of Vietnam. The Viet Minh with Allied assistance fought the Japanese army. After the end of World War II the French were allowed to reoccupy Vietnam but the Viet Minh fought a successful guerilla war that ended in French defeat in 1954.
The defeat of the 13 thousand French troops at Dien Bien Phu was more in the nature of a tactical blunder on the part of the French rather than a successful campaign by the Viet Minh. The French feared a Viet Minh campaign into Laos and chose to occupy Dien Bien Phu by paratroops. The French military actually sought a major military confrontation in which they could defeat the Viet Minh with artillery and air power. They put their troops in a precariously vulnerable position that would be an irresistible opportunity to the Viet Minh. Clearly the military leadership overestimated the effectiveness of their weaponry and underestimated the military resourcefulness of their enemies. General Vo Nguyen Giap brought nearly fifty thousand troops to encircle the French position. This was comfortably more than the three to one ratio needed to defeat a defensive force.
The French occupation of Dien Bien Phu took place in November of 1953. The Viet Minh had all the time in the world to marshal their forces. The French were not going any where and the rigors of the isolated site would wear down the defenders. The Viet Minh attack came on March 13th.
The French were counting on their forces being supplied through the air field at Dien Bien Phu, but that base was quickly captured by the Viet Minh. Thereafter, the French planes had to make parachute drops of supplies but many of those fell into Viet Minh hands. Reenforcements could not be provided because paratroopers dropped at the site, even those dropped at night, were killed before they reached the ground.
After a 56 day siege, the French force surrendered. The losses had been horrific on both sides. The French had four thousand killed but the losses for the Viet Minh were far greater, exceding eight thousand. Many of the French who surrendered died as prisoners of the Viet Minh.
With hindsight, it was clearly a foolish move on the part of the French military to occupy and try to defend the base. The only possible outcome was their defeat; it was just a matter of how long it would take. Even worse for the French was their making this battle in an isolated area near the Laos border the show case of their battle with Viet Minh. They went from overconfidence to defeat in one battle to effective surrender in the whole country.
Nguyen Dynasty Emperors of Vietnam
The following list is the Emperors' era names, which have meaning in Chinese and Vietnamese. For example, the first ruler's era name, Gia Long, is the combination of the old names for Saigon (Gia Định) and Hanoi (Thăng Long) to show the new unity of the country; the fourth, Tự Đức, means "Inheritance of Virtues"; the ninth, Đồng Khánh, means "Collective Celebration".
| Temple name | Posthumous Name | Personal Name | Reign | Era name | Royal Tomb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 世祖 Thế Tổ | '開天弘道立紀垂統神文聖武俊德隆功至仁大孝高皇帝' Khai Thiên Hoằng Đạo Lập Kỷ Thùy Thống Thần Văn Thánh Vũ Tuấn Đức Long Công Chí Nhân Đại Hiếu Cao Hoàng Đế | 阮福暎 Nguyễn Phúc Ánh | 1802–1820 | 嘉隆 1802–1820 Gia Long | 千壽陵 Thiên Thọ Lăng |
| 聖祖 Thánh Tổ | '體天昌運至孝淳德文武明斷創述大成厚宅豐功仁皇帝' Thể Thiên Xương Vận Chí Hiếu Thuần Đức Văn Vũ Minh Đoán Sáng Thuật Đại Thành Hậu Trạch Phong Công Nhân Hoàng Đế | 阮福晈 Nguyễn Phúc Kiểu | 1820–1841 | 明命 1820–1841 Minh Mang (Minh Mạng) | 孝陵 Hiếu Lăng |
| 憲祖 Hiến Tổ | '紹天隆運至善淳孝寬明睿斷文治武功聖哲章皇帝' Thiệu Thiên Long Vận Chí Thiện Thuần Hiếu Khoan Minh Duệ Đoán Văn Trị Vũ Công Thánh Triết Chượng Chương Hoàng Đế | 阮福暶 Nguyễn Phúc Tuyền | 1841–1847 | 紹治 1841–1847 Thieu Tri (Thiệu Trị) | 昌陵 Xương Lăng |
| 翼宗 Dực Tông | '世天亨運至誠達孝體健敦仁謙恭明略睿文英皇帝' Thể Thiên Hanh Vận Chí Thành Đạt Hiếu Thể Kiện Đôn Nhân Khiêm Cung Minh Lược Duệ Văn Anh Hoàng Đế | 阮福時 Nguyễn Phúc Thì | 1847–1883 | 嗣德 1847–1883 Tu Duc (Tự Đức) | 謙陵 Khiêm Lăng |
| 恭宗 Công Tông | '惠皇帝' Huệ Hoàng Đế | - - | 1883 | -1 | 安陵 An Lăng |
| - | - | 阮福昇 Nguyễn Phúc Thăng | 1883 | 協和 1883 Hiep Hoa (Hiệp Hoà) | - |
| 簡宗 Giản Tông | '紹德志孝淵睿毅皇帝' Thiệu Đức Chí Hiếu Uyên Duệ Nghị Hoàng Đế | 阮福昊 Nguyễn Phúc Hạo | 1883–1884 | 建福 1883–1884 Kien Phuoc (Kiến Phúc) | - |
| - | - | 阮福明 Nguyễn Phúc Minh | 1884–1885 | 咸宜 1884–1885 Ham Nghi (Hàm Nghi) | - |
| 景宗 Cảnh Tông | '弘烈統哲敏惠純皇帝' Hoằng Liệt Thống Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế | 阮福昪 Nguyễn Phúc Biện | 1885–1889 | 同慶 1885–1889 Dong Khanh (Đồng Khánh) | 思陵 Tư Lăng |
| - | - | 阮福昭 Nguyễn Phúc Chiêu | 1889–1907 | 成泰 1889–1907 Thanh Thai (Thành Thái) | - |
| - | - | 阮福晃 Nguyễn Phúc Hoảng | 1907–1916 | 維新 1907–1916 Duy Tân | - |
| 弘宗 Hoằng Tông | '嗣代嘉運聖明神智仁孝誠敬貽謨承烈宣皇帝' Tự Đại Gia Vận Thánh Minh Thần Trí Nhân Hiếu Thành Kính Di Mô Thừa Liệt Tuyên Hoàng Đế | 阮福昶 Nguyễn Phúc Tuấn | 1916–1925 | 啟定 1916–1925 Khai Dinh (Khải Định) | 應陵 Ứng Lăng |
| - | - | 阮福晪 Nguyễn Phúc Thiển2 | 1926–1945 | 保大 1926–1945 Bao Dai (Bảo Đại) | - |
# Following the death of Emperor Tu Duc, and according to his will, this Emperor ascended to the throne on 19 July 1883. However, he was dethroned and imprisoned three days later, after being accused of deleting one paragraph from Tu Duc's will. He had no time to announce his dynastic title (era name); hence his was named after his residential palace as Duc Duc (Viet: Dục Đức) (育德宮).
# Crown Prince Bao Long (Viet: Bảo Long) succeeded on the death of his father, Emperor Bao Dai, as Head of the Imperial House of Vietnam on 31 July 1997.
# Prince Bảo Thắng following the death of his brother, Crown Prince Bảo Long, succeeded as head of the Nguyễn Dynasty on July 28, 2007.
Lineage
| 1 'Gia Long' 1802–1819 | |||||||||||||
| 2 'Minh Mạng' 1820–1840 | |||||||||||||
| 3 'Thiệu Trị' 1841–1847 | |||||||||||||
| 4 'Tự Đức' 1847–1883 | Thoại Thái Vương | Kiên Thái Vương | 6 'Hiệp Hòa' 1883 | ||||||||||
| 5 'Dục Đức' 1883 | 9 'Đồng Khánh' 1885–1889 | 8 'Hàm Nghi' 1884–1885 | 7 'Kiến Phúc' 1883–1884 | ||||||||||
| 10 'Thành Thái' 1889–1907 | 12 'Khải Định' 1916–1925 | ||||||||||||
| 11 'Duy Tân' 1907–1916 | 13 'Bảo Đại' 1926–1945 | ||||||||||||
''Note'': Years in the table are their reigning years.
See also
★ List of Vietnamese dynasties
External links
★ The Nguyễn Dynasty
★ Vietnamese language homepage of The Nguyễn Dynasty
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