NICENE_CREED

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:''For musical settings, refer to Credo.''

The 'Nicene Creed', 'Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed' or 'Icon/Symbol of the Faith', is an ecumenical Christian statement of faith accepted in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Assyrian, the Anglican Communion, Lutheranism, the Reformed churches, Methodism, and many other forms of Protestantism.
For English translations currently in liturgical use, see English versions of the Nicene Creed in current use. Other translations into English are given in scholarly works such as J.N.D. Kelly's ''Early Christian Creeds'' and Philip Schaff's ''Creeds of Christendom'', and in prayer books of many denominations.

Contents

Nomenclature

History

The original Nicene Creed of 325

The Nicene Creed of 381

Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381

The Filioque controversy

Views on the importance of this creed

Original text and early official versions

Greek text

:We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, the maker of heaven and earth, of things visible and invisible. :And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the begotten of God the Father, the Only-begotten, that is of the essence of the Father. :God of God, Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten and not made; of the very same nature of the Father, by Whom all things came into being, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible. :Who for us humanity and for our salvation came down from heaven, was incarnate, was made human, was born perfectly of the holy virgin Mary by the Holy Spirit. :By whom He took body, soul, and mind, and everything that is in man, truly and not in semblance. :He suffered, was crucified, was buried, rose again on the third day, ascended into heaven with the same body, [and] sat at the right hand of the Father. :He is to come with the same body and with the glory of the Father, to judge the living and the dead; of His kingdom there is no end. :We believe in the Holy Spirit, in the uncreated and the perfect; Who spoke through the Law, prophets, and Gospels; Who came down upon the Jordan, preached through the apostles, and lived in the saints. :We believe also in only One, Universal, Apostolic, and [Holy] Church; in one baptism in repentance, for the remission, and forgiveness of sins; and in the resurrection of the dead, in the everlasting judgement of souls and bodies, and the Kingdom of Heaven and in the everlasting life.

See also

Bibliography

External links

Nomenclature

There are several designations for the two forms of the Nicene creed, some with overlapping meanings:

★ 'Nicene Creed' can refer to the original version adopted at the First Council of Nicaea (325), to the revised version adopted by the First Council of Constantinople (381), to the later Latin version that includes the phrase "Deum de Deo" and the Filioque clause, and to the Armenian version.

★ 'Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed' or 'Niceno-Constantinopolitanum' can stand for the revised version of Constantinople (381) or to the later Latin and Armenian versions.

★ 'Icon/Symbol of the Faith' is the usual designation for the revised version of Constantinople 381 in the Orthodox churches, where this is the only creed used in liturgy.

★ 'Profession of Faith of the 318 Fathers' refers specifically to the version of Nicea 325 (traditionally, 318 bishops took part at the First Council of Nicea).

★ 'Profession of Faith of the 150 Fathers' refers specifically to the version of Constantinople 381 (traditionally, 150 bishops took part at the First Council of Constantinople)
In musical settings, particularly when singing in Latin, this Creed is usually referred to by its first word, ''Credo''.

History

The purpose of a creed is to act as a yardstick of correct belief. A creed is an epitome, not a full definition, of what is required for orthodoxy. It was hoped that by memorizing this summary of the faith, lay people without extensive theological training would still be able to recognize deviations from orthodox doctrines based on the Bible as interpreted in Christian Tradition.
The Nicene Creed, both in its original and revised formulas, is an implicit condemnation of specific errors. Thus, as different variations in Christian belief evolved in the fourth century and were perceived as threats, new phrases were seen to be needed, like amendments to a constitution. As the historical developments of a constitutional society can be traced through amendments to its constitution, the particular theological developments in a religious society show in the successive forms of its written creed.

The original Nicene Creed of 325

The original Nicene Creed was first adopted in 325 at the First Council of Nicaea. At that time, the text ended after the words "We believe in the Holy Spirit", after which an anathema was added.^[1]
The Coptic Church has the tradition that the original creed was authored by Pope Athanasius I of Alexandria. F. J. A. Hort and Adolf Harnack argued that the Nicene creed was the local creed of Caesarea brought to the council by Eusebius of Caesarea. J.N.D. Kelly sees as its basis a baptismal creed of the Syro-Phoenician family, related to (but not dependent on) the creed cited by Cyril of Jerusalem and to the creed of Eusebius.
Soon after the Council of Nicaea, new formulas of faith were composed, most of them variations of the Nicene Symbol, to counter new phases of Arianism. The ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' identifies at least four before the Council of Sardica (341), where a new form was presented and inserted in the Acts of the Council, though it was not agreed on.

The Nicene Creed of 381

The second Ecumenical Council in 381 added the section that follows the words "We believe in the Holy Spirit" (without the words "and the son");^[2] hence the name "Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed", referring to the Creed as it was after the modification in Constantinople. This is the received text of the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches^[3] but in the liturgy they use a modified form of it, changing the plural verbs by which the Fathers of the Council collectively professed their faith to the singular of the individual Christian's profession of faith.
The third Ecumenical Council reaffirmed the 381 version, and decreed that "it is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different () Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa."^[4] Some have interpreted this as a prohibition against changing this creed or composing others, but not all accept this interpretation.^[5]

Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381

The following table displays side by side the earlier (325) and later (381) forms of this Creed in the English translation given in Schaff's Creeds of Christendom, which indicates by brackets the portions of the 325 text that were omitted or moved in 381, but uses no typographical mark to indicate what phrases, absent in the 325 text, were added in 381.

First Council of Nicea (325)	First Council of Constantinople (381)
We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible.	We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.
And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father [the only-begotten; that is, of the essence of the Father, God of God], Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father;	And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds (æons), Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father;
by whom all things were made [both in heaven and on earth];	by whom all things were made;
who for us men, and for our salvation, came down and was incarnate and was made man;	who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary, and was made man;
he suffered, and the third day he rose again, ascended into heaven;	he was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and suffered, and was buried, and the third day he rose again, according to the Scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of the Father;
from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.	from thence he shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead;
	whose kingdom shall have no end.
And in the Holy Ghost.	And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshiped and glorified, who spake by the prophets. In one holy catholic and apostolic Church; we acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; we look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.
[But those who say: 'There was a time when he was not;' and 'He was not before he was made;' and 'He was made out of nothing,' or 'He is of another substance' or 'essence,' or 'The Son of God is created,' or 'changeable,' or 'alterable' — they are condemned by the holy catholic and apostolic Church.]

The following table presents in the same way the texts of the two Councils, as given in the original Greek language on the Web site Symbolum Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum - Greek:

First Council of Nicea (325)	First Council of Constantinople (381)

The Filioque controversy

:''Main article: Filioque clause''
Amongst the Latin-speaking churches of Western Europe, the words ''"and the Son"'' (the Filioque clause) were added to the description of the procession of the Holy Spirit, in what many have argued is a violation of the Canons of the Third Ecumenical Council. Those words were not included by either the Council of Nicaea or that of Constantinople, and most Eastern Orthodox theologians consider their inclusion to be a heresy. The Anglican Communion's current consensus position is "''recommending to the provinces of the Anglican Communion that in future liturgical revisions the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed be printed without the Filioque clause.''" (1988 Lambeth Conference of Anglican Bishops, Resolution 6.5)
The phrase "and the son" (''Filioque'' in Latin) was first used in Toledo, Spain in 447 with the purpose of countering the Arian Christian faith of the Visigothic nobility of Spain. The practice spread then to France, a stronghold of Arianism, where it was repudiated at a council held at Gentilly in 767. Emperor Charlemagne called for a council at Aachen in 809 at which Pope Leo III forbade the use of the Filioque clause and ordered that the Nicene creed be engraved on silver tablets so that his conclusion might not be overturned in the future.
The dispute over the Filioque clause was one of the reasons for the East-West Schism. The clause had been adopted in the west, although the Third Ecumenical Council (431) had prohibited to individuals the promulgation of any other creed. The manner of the clause's adoption was therefore controversial and in the 10th century Photius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, used this clause in his conflict with the Pope. He accused the West of having fallen into heresy and thereby turned the Filioque clause into the doctrinal issue of contention between East and West.
In Rome, the Filioque clause first appeared in 1014 in the coronation liturgy of Emperor Henry II by Pope Benedict VIII and was officially added to the Latin creed in 1274 by the Second Council of Lyon, which effected a short-lived reunion between East and West.
Note that "Filioque" is not the only phrase in the Latin text that is not in the Greek of the Councils: "Deum de Deo" (God from God) is also not found in the Greek. The Armenian text (see below) has many more additions, specifying more precisely the belief of the Church.

Views on the importance of this creed

To the majority of modern Christians, the Nicene Creed is regarded as the quintessential expression of Christian faith. In this traditional belief, all "proper" Christians affirm the Nicene Creed. The Nicene Creed is referred to by Roman Catholics and Orthodox as the "symbol of faith," and its recitation is often part of Christian worship services. In the Catholic Mass, it is also referred to as the "Profession of Faith."
However, some evangelical Christians who take a sola scriptura view reject the Creed (and especially its recitation) not for its content but simply because it is not found in the Bible.
Others, such as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Church of the New Jerusalem and Jehovah's Witnesses, while accepting the Christian Scriptures, reject the Nicene Creed as an error or a misinterpretation and, against some protests from others, identify themselves emphatically as Christians.
There have been heated clashes between Nicene and non-Nicene traditions over the definition of Christianity, and of what constitutes a Christian. In some countries (such as the United States), this has led to litigation with charges and counter-charges over a theological issue, involving allegations as wide-ranging as slander, perjury, discrimination, and breach of contract.

Original text and early official versions

Greek text

The Creed was originally written in Greek, owing to the location of the two councils. Though the councils' texts have "" (''we'' believe ... confess ... await), the Creed that the Greek Church uses in its liturgy has "" (''I'' believe ... confess ... await), accentuating the personal nature of recitation of the Creed.
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Most modern scholarly opinion believes that μονογενή means "only" or "unique" coming from μονο — "mono" meaning "only" and γενή coming from γενος "genus" meaning kind - "only one of its kind", thus the translation "only Son" in the above modern translation of the creed. One possible mistake at this point is to translate "genus" according to its Latin meaning. In Greek, however, "genos" (γένος) may mean offspring, a limited or extended family, a clan, a tribe, a people, a biological entity (e.g. all the birds), or indeed any group of beings sharing a common ancestry. Therefore its meaning can vary from the very narrow to the very broad. A telling example of Greek usage of the word "genos" would be "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, ''to genos'' Bouvier" (i.e. ''née'' Bouvier).
Older English translations as well as the Latin contain "only-begotten", "unigenitum" on the belief that γενή comes from the word for γενναω "born". On the other hand Old Latin manuscripts of the New Testament translate μονογενή as "unicus", "unique". No doubt debate will continue as to the author's intentions both in the New Testament, as well as the separate issue of the intended meaning in the creeds. It may be noteworthy that "only-begotten" is currently deemed an acceptable translation into English within Orthodox Christian jurisdictions that routinely use liturgical Greek.
A considerable part of this confusion is due to the similarity of the key Greek verbs "gennao" and "gignomai".
"Γεννάω" (gennao) means "to give birth" and refers to the male parent. The female equivalent is "τίκτω" (tikto), from which derive the obstetric terms "tokos', labor, and "toketos", delivery, and words such as "Theo-tokos", Mother of God, and the proparoxytone "prot''o''tokos", firstborn, as opposed to the paroxytone "protot''o''kos", primipara (one giving birth for the first time).
Γίγνομαι (gignomai) means "to come into existence".
The etymological roots of the two verbs are, respectively, "genn-" and "gen-", and therefore the derivatives of these two verbs exhibit significant auditory and semantic overlap.
Auditorily speaking, while the ancient Greeks pronounced double consonants differently from single ones (example: the double N was pronounced as in the English word "unknown"), by Roman times this had become the same as pronunciation of single consonants (example: the double N was then pronounced as in the English word "penny").
Semantically speaking, the Greek word for "parent" can derive both from "gennao" (γεννήτωρ, gennetor, strictly applicable only to the male parent) and from "gignomai" (γονεύς, goneus, which applies to both parents). In ancient and modern Greek usage however, the word "monogenes" invariably refers to a son without other brothers, or a daughter without other sisters, or a child without other siblings. In this context, both "only-begotten" and "only one of its kind" are equally valid translations.
Furthermore, the word "monogennetos" (a father's only son) and "mon''o''tokos" (a mother's only child) do not exist, while "monot''o''kos" means a female who can only have one offspring at a time. Of course any -tokos derivative would be out of the question in this case, as the Nicene Creed seeks to clarify the parentage of God the Son in relation to God the Father.
The Greek word indicates that the Father and the Son are "consubstantial", i.e. of the same substance, essence or being, because the Son is begotten of the Father’s own being ()
===Latin version (from present-day Missale Romanum)===
:Credo in unum Deum,
:Patrem omnipoténtem,
:factórem cæli et terræ,
:visibílium ómnium et invisibílium.
:Et in unum Dóminum Iesum Christum,
:Fílium Dei Unigénitum,
:et ex Patre natum ante ómnia sæcula.
:Deum de Deo, lumen de lúmine, Deum verum de Deo vero,
:génitum, non factum, consubstantiálem Patri:
:per quem ómnia facta sunt.
:Qui propter nos hómines et propter nostram salútem
:descéndit de cælis.
:Et incarnátus est de Spíritu Sancto
:ex María Vírgine, et homo factus est.
:Crucifíxus étiam pro nobis sub Póntio Piláto;
:passus, et sepúltus est,
:et resurréxit tértia die, secúndum Scriptúras,
:et ascéndit in cælum, sedet ad déxteram Patris.
:Et íterum ventúrus est cum glória,
:iudicáre vivos et mórtuos,
:cuius regni non erit finis.
:Et in Spíritum Sanctum, Dóminum et vivificántem:
:qui ex Patre Filióque procédit.
:Qui cum Patre et Fílio simul adorátur et conglorificátur:
:qui locútus est per prophétas.
:Et unam, sanctam, cathólicam et apostólicam Ecclésiam.
:Confíteor unum baptísma in remissiónem peccatorum.
:Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum,
:et vitam ventúri sæculi. Amen.
The Latin text adds "Deum de Deo" and "Filioque" to the Greek. On the latter see The Filioque Controversy above. Inevitably also, the overtones of the terms used, such as '', ''pantokratora'' and ''omnipotentem'' differ ("pantokratora" meaning "Ruler of all"; "omnipotentem" meaning omnipotent, Almighty). The implications of this for the interpretation of '' and ''qui … procedit'' was the object of the study ''The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit'' published by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity in 1996. Again, the terms '' and ''consubstantialem'', translated as "of one being" or "consubstantial", have different overtones, being based respectively on Greek '' (stable being, immutable reality, substance, essence, true nature),[1] and Latin ''substantia'' (that of which a thing consists, the being, essence, contents, material, substance). [2]
"Credo", which in classical Latin is used with the accusative case of the thing held to be true (and with the dative of the person to whom credence is given),^[7] is here used three times with the preposition "in", a literal translation of the Greek "" (in unum Deum ..., in unum Dominum ..., in Spiritum Sanctum ...), and once in the classical preposition-less construction (unam, sanctam, catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam).
===English translation of the Armenian version[3]=

:We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, the maker of heaven and earth, of things visible and invisible.
:And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the begotten of God the Father, the Only-begotten, that is of the essence of the Father.
:God of God, Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten and not made; of the very same nature of the Father, by Whom all things came into being, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible.
:Who for us humanity and for our salvation came down from heaven, was incarnate, was made human, was born perfectly of the holy virgin Mary by the Holy Spirit.
:By whom He took body, soul, and mind, and everything that is in man, truly and not in semblance.
:He suffered, was crucified, was buried, rose again on the third day, ascended into heaven with the same body, [and] sat at the right hand of the Father.
:He is to come with the same body and with the glory of the Father, to judge the living and the dead; of His kingdom there is no end.
:We believe in the Holy Spirit, in the uncreated and the perfect; Who spoke through the Law, prophets, and Gospels; Who came down upon the Jordan, preached through the apostles, and lived in the saints.
:We believe also in only One, Universal, Apostolic, and [Holy] Church; in one baptism in repentance, for the remission, and forgiveness of sins; and in the resurrection of the dead, in the everlasting judgement of souls and bodies, and the Kingdom of Heaven and in the everlasting life.

References==
1. cf. Philip Schaff's ''The Seven Ecumenical Councils - The Nicene Creed and Creeds of Christendom: § 8. The Nicene Creed
2. cf. Schaff's ''Seven Ecumenical Councils: Second Ecumenical: The Holy Creed Which the 150 Holy Fathers Set Forth...''
3. Schaff's Creeds: Forma Recepta Ecclesiæ Orientalis. A.D. 381, Schaff's Creeds: Forma Recepta, Ecclesiæ Occidentalis
4. Canon VII of the Council of Ephesus
5. Excursus on the Words
6. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America: Liturgical Texts, Church of Greece: Chrysostom Liturgy
7. Lewis & Short

See also

★ Apostles' Creed

★ Athanasian Creed

★ One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church

Bibliography

★ A E Burn, The Council of Nicaea (1925);

★ G Forell, Understanding the Nicene Creed (1965)

★ J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds, (1982), ISBN 0-582-49219-X

External links

★ Extensive discussion of the texts of the First Council of Nicea

★ Philip Schaff, ''Creeds of Christendom'' Volume I: Nicene Creed

★ Athanasius, ''De Decretis'' or Defence of the Nicene Definition

★ Line-by-Line Roman Catholic Explanation of the Nicene Creed

★ Nicene Creed in languages of the world

★ Scholarly articles on the Nicene Creed from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library