NICO

'Christa Päffgen' (October 16, 1938 – July 18, 1988) was a German singer-songwriter, fashion model, actress, keyboard player and Warhol superstar, best known by her pseudonym 'Nico'. She is remembered for both her time in The Velvet Underground and her solo work.
The date and location of her birth are disputed. Most sources state October 16, 1938, Cologne, Germany.

Contents

Career

Early days

Before breakthrough

Start of musical career

The Velvet Underground and Nico

Solo career

The 1960s

The 1970s

The 1980s

Philippe Garrel films

Death

Legacy

Discography

Books

Film and play

References

External links

Career

Early days

Nico made her early fame as a model. After leaving school at 13, she started selling lingerie and soon was spotted by fashion insiders. A year later, her mother found her work as a model in Berlin.
While on a modelling assignment in Ibiza, she met the photographer Tobias, who christened her "Nico" after his ex-boyfriend, filmmaker Nico Papatakis. She soon moved to Paris and worked for ''Vogue'', ''Tempo'', ''Vie Nuove'', ''Mascotte Spettacolo'', ''Camera'', ''ELLE'', and other fashion magazines in the late 1950s.
She also claimed to have been briefly hired by Coco Chanel. Despite having dropped out of school at an early age, Nico eventually became fluent in English, Italian, Spanish, and French, in addition to German.

Before breakthrough

After appearing in several television commercials, Nico landed a tiny role in Alberto Lattuada's film ''La Tempesta'' (1958), and then appeared in Rudolph Maté's ''For the First Time'' with Mario Lanza later that year.
In 1959, she was invited to the set of Federico Fellini's ''La dolce vita'' and attracted the attention of the acclaimed director, who promptly gave her a sizable role in the film. By this time, Nico had moved to New York to take acting classes under the guidance of Lee Strasberg.
After splitting her time between New York and Paris, she landed the lead role in Jacques Poitrenaud's ''Strip-Tease'' (1963). She recorded the title track, which was produced by Serge Gainsbourg but not released until 2001, when it was included on CD in as part of the French compilation ''Le Cinéma de Serge Gainsbourg''.
During this period she gave birth to a son, Ari (born 1962), who she claimed was fathered by actor Alain Delon. Although the child was raised mostly by Delon's parents, Delon denied his fatherhood.

Start of musical career

In 1965, Nico met The Rolling Stones' founder and guitarist Brian Jones and recorded her first single, "I'm Not Sayin'" for Andrew Loog Oldham's Immediate label.
Actor Ben Carruthers introduced her to Bob Dylan in Paris that summer. It is said that Dylan wrote the song "I'll Keep It With Mine" for her shortly afterwards.
She began working with Andy Warhol and Paul Morrissey on their experimental films, including ''Chelsea Girls'', ''The Closet'', ''Sunset'', and ''Imitation of Christ''.

The Velvet Underground and Nico

While appearing in the Factory films of Warhol, Nico was introduced to The Velvet Underground, at that time the backup group for Warhol's Exploding Plastic Inevitable, a multimedia performance featuring film, music, lights and dancers in a sort of total experience theatre.
Nico began to work with the Velvets, singing lead vocals on three songs ("Femme Fatale", "All Tomorrow's Parties" and "I'll Be Your Mirror") and backing vocals on another ("Sunday Morning") on their debut LP ''The Velvet Underground and Nico''.
Released in 1967, the album became influential and lauded within rock music and art circles. Nico had a short-lived romantic relationship with the main singer and songwriter, Lou Reed. Around this era, she was also romantically involved with prominent musicians including John Cale, Jim Morrison of The Doors, Jackson Browne, Brian Jones, Tim Buckley and Iggy Pop.
Shortly after the ''Exploding Plastic Inevitable'' tour drew to a close in early 1967, Nico and The Velvet Underground parted ways as a team. The exact reasons for her departure have not been made clear, though both Lou Reed and the Velvet's multi-instrumentalist John Cale played significant parts in various aspects of Nico's solo career.
Over the course of the next twenty years, she recorded a series of critically acclaimed albums, working with the likes of Brian Eno and Phil Manzanera. Cale was particularly involved in Nico's music, producing four of her albums as well as arranging and playing various instruments on the recordings.

Solo career

The 1960s

For her debut album, 1967's ''Chelsea Girl'',^[1] Nico recorded songs by, among others, Bob Dylan, Tim Hardin, Jackson Browne and Velvet Underground members Lou Reed, John Cale and Sterling Morrison, co-writing one song, "It Was a Pleasure Then", with Reed and Cale, an eight minute piece with guitar and violin solos.
''Chelsea Girl'' is a traditional chamber-folk album in the vein of Leonard Cohen, with strings and flute arrangements superimposed by its producer. Nico was not satisfied with the finished album and had little say in production matters.
For her LP ''The Marble Index'', released in 1969,^[2] Nico wrote the lyrics and the bare bones of the music, mainly consisting of see-sawing harmonium chords. The arrangements were written by John Cale, who fleshed out Nico's songs with an array of folk and classical instruments. Frazier Mohawk produced the album. Nico's harmonium became her signature instrument for the rest of her career. The album combines classical elements with a European folk sound.

The 1970s

Nico released two albums of her own in the 1970s: ''Desertshore'' (1970)^[3] and ''The End'' (1974)^[4], and featured on two tracks of a third, ''June 1, 1974''.^[5] They were produced by John Cale (''Desertshore'' was co-produced with Joe Boyd), who also played on each of the albums. On ''Desertshore'', Cale plays most of the instruments. Nico wrote the music, sang, and played the harmonium. On ''The End'', Cale plays a wide range of instruments including xylophone, synthesizer, acoustic guitar, and electric piano. That album featured Brian Eno, who played on the ''June 1, 1974'' live album with Nico, Cale and Kevin Ayers (whose solo albums she contributed to).
On December 13, 1974, Nico was the support act at Tangerine Dream's infamous concert at Rheims Cathedral in northeast France. The promoter had so greatly oversold the capacity of the venue that members of the audience could not move or reach the outside, eventually resulting in some fans urinating inside the cathedral hall.^[6] The Roman Catholic Church denounced these actions, ordered the rededication of the cathedral and banned future gigs on church property.

The 1980s

Nico returned to New York in late 1979 where her comeback concert at CBGB in early 1980 was glowingly reviewed in the ''New York Times''. She began playing regularly at the Mudd Club and other venues with Jim Tisdall accompanying her on harp and electric guitar, and they went on a sold-out tour of twelve cities in the East and Midwest. The Chicago appearance was voted best concert of the year by the alternative music press.
Nico recorded her next studio album, ''Drama of Exile'', in 1981.^[7] It was a departure from her earlier work with John Cale and featured a mixture of rock and Middle Eastern arrangements. She recorded her final solo album, ''Camera Obscura'', in 1985,^[8] an experimental collection that implemented jazz instrumentation and featured Nico's version of the Richard Rodgers/Lorenz Hart song, "My Funny Valentine".
Nico lived in Salford, Greater Manchester sharing a house with two college students (Steve Turley and Neil Henney) from Sheffield, and later formed a 'domestic partnership' with John Cooper Clarke.^[9] The partnership was little more than sharing accommodation - the steamier aspects were being played up by their manager, Alan Wise, for purposes of publicity.
A number of Nico's performances towards the end of her life were recorded and released. Among the noteworthy are 1982's ''Heroine'', 1986's ''Behind the Iron Curtain'', and her final concert, ''Fata Morgana'', recorded on June 6, 1988.

Philippe Garrel films

Between 1970 and 1979, Nico made about seven films with French director Philippe Garrel. She met Garrel in 1969 and contributed the song "The Falconer" to his film, ''Le Lit de la Vierge''. Soon after, she was living with Garrel and became a central figure in his cinematic and personal circles. Nico's first acting appearance with Garrel occurred in his 1972 film, ''La Cicatrice Intérieure''. Nico also supplied the music for this film and collaborated closely with the director. Her participation diminished with later films, which included the silent Jean Seberg biopic, ''Les Hautes Solitudes'', released in 1974.

Death

For over twenty years, Nico was heroin dependent. Biographer Richard Witts speculated that the habit was caused by her traumatic experiences of war and of being an illegitimate child.
In his book ''Nico—Songs They Never Play on the Radio'', James Young, a member of her band in the 80's, recalls many examples of Nico's fiendish behaviour due to the addiction. Just before her death, she had managed to kick the habit and had embarked on a regime of exercise and healthy eating.
On July 18, 1988, the musician was injured riding her bicycle while on holiday with her son, Ari, in her favourite haunt of previous years, Ibiza, Spain. She had a minor heart attack while riding her bicycle and hit her head as she fell.
A passer-by taxi driver found her unconscious, but had difficulty getting her admitted to local hospitals. She was incorrectly diagnosed as suffering from exposure, and died the next day. X-rays later revealed severe bleeding in her brain as the cause of death.
She was buried in her mother's plot in Grunewald Forest Cemetery in Berlin. A few friends played "Mütterlein", a song from ''Desertshore'', on a cassette recorder, at her funeral.

Legacy

Nico has been an influence on many acts. Siouxsie and the Banshees, Patrick Wolf, Bauhaus, Stevie Nicks, Morrissey, Björk, Coil, Jocelyn Pook, Fabienne Shine (who covered "All Tomorrow's Parties"), Dead Can Dance as well as numerous contemporary goth bands have all cited Nico as a major influence. Two of her songs, "The Fairest of the Seasons" and "These Days", both written by Jackson Browne and taken from ''Chelsea Girl'', are featured in Wes Anderson's film ''The Royal Tenenbaums''.
Shannon Hoon of Blind Melon named his daughter 'Nico Blue' partly after Nico. Blind Melon's album ''Nico'' was released after Hoon's death.
Nico is portrayed by Christina Fulton in ''The Doors'' (1991).

Discography

Year	Title
1963	''Strip-Tease (French Recording)'' (released in 2001)
1965	''I'm Not Sayin'/The Last Mile (45 RPM Single)''
1967	''The Velvet Underground and Nico''
1967	''Chelsea Girl''
1969	''The Marble Index''
1970	''Desertshore''
1973	''The End''
1974	''June 1, 1974''
1981	''Drama of Exile (released in two versions)''
1982	'' (tour diary)
1985	''Nico Live in Pécs''
1985	''Camera Obscura''
1986	''Live Heroes''
1986	''Behind the Iron Curtain''
1987	''Nico in Tokyo''
1988	''Fata Morgana (Nico's Last Concert)''
1989	''Hanging Gardens''
1994	''Heroine''
1998	''Nico: The Classic Years''
2002	''Innocent & Vain - An Introduction to Nico''
2003	''Femme Fatale: The Aura Anthology'' (Drama of Exile expanded, plus live disc)
2007	''All Tomorrow's Parties'' (live double album)
2007	''

Books

★ ''Nico: The Life and Lies of an Icon'' by Richard Witts, (Virgin Books: London, 1992).

★ ''Up-tight: the Velvet Underground Story'' by Victor Bockris and Gerard Malanga (Omnibus Press: London, 1995 reprint).

★ ''Songs They Never Play On the Radio'' by James Young, (Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd: London, 1992).

★ ''Nico: Photographies'' by Antoine Giacomoni, (Dragoon: Paris, 2002).

★ ''Nico: Cible mouvante. Chansons, Poèmes, Journal'' by Nico, Jacques Pauvert and Ari Boulogne, (Pauvert: Paris, 2001).

★ ''L'amour n'oublie jamais'' by Ari Boulogne, (Pauvert: Paris, 2001).

Film and play

★ ''Nico Icon'' (1995), documentary directed by Susanne Ofteringer
''(A more complete filmography.)''

★ ''Nico Icon Play'' by Stella Grundy premièred at Studio Salford on 5 September 2007

References

1. Nico: Chelsea Girl
2. the marble index
3. Desertshore
4. The End ...
5. June, 1 1974
6. Orange Appeal - 25 years of ambient pioneers Tangerine Dream
7. Drama of Exile
8. Camera Obscura
9. ??

External links

★ Habits of Waste, Pt. 1 Evaluation of Nico's early work

★ Visit her burial place in Berlin, Grunewald Forest Cemetery, Grave 81

★ Nico, the Voice of Disaffected Youth - Audio story from National Public Radio

★ Nico (BBC Radio 4 ''Woman's Hour'' audio item)