NORTHERN CATALONIA

The Pyrénées-Orientales with respect to the autonomous community of Catalonia	The Pyrénées-Orientales with respect to France
The map at right shows the location of the ''département'' of the Pyrénées-Orientales, which roughly corresponds to the territory known as Northern Catalonia but also includes the district of Fenolheda ; the map at left shows Roussillon and Catalonia.

'Northern Catalonia' (Catalan:
''Catalunya del Nord'') is a term which is sometimes used,
particularly in Catalan writings, to refer to
the territory ceded to France by Spain
in 1659. The equivalent term in French,
''Catalogne du Nord'', is only rarely used: the term
''Roussillon'' (in reference to the
pre-Revolutionary
province) is
usually preferred. Both Northern Catalonia and Roussillon
correspond approximately to the modern French
''département'' of the
Pyrénées-Orientales.

Contents

Geography

Cerdagne

Administrative history

Eighth to twelveth centuries

Under the Crown of Aragon

After the Treaty of the Pyrenees

Present day

Languages

See also

References

External links

Media

Associations

Essays

Miscellaneous sites

Geography

Northern Catalonia forms a triangle between the Pyrenees to the south, the Cerbères to the north-west and the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The Roussillon plain in the east, by far the most populated area, is formed by the flood plains of the Tech, Têt and Agly rivers (Catalan: ''Tec'', ''Tet'', ''Aglí''). The districts of Vallespir and Conflent cover the upper valleys of the Tech and the Têt respectively. The
massif of the Canigou (Catalan: ''Canigó''), 2785 m, dominates much of the territory.
The climate is of the Mediterranean type, with hot, dry summers and winters which are relatively mild, at least on the Roussillon plain where snow is rare.
The city of Perpignan (Catalan: ''Perpinyà'') accounts for over a quarter of the population, over one-third if its urban area is taken into account, and is the only major administrative and service centre. Major road and rail links run north–south through Northern Catalonia between France and Spain, while a railway line also links Perpignan to Latour-de-Carol via Prades (Catalan: ''Prada'').

Cerdagne

Haute-Cerdagne (Catalan: ''Alta Cerdanya'') is geographically distinct from the rest of Northern Catalonia, lying to the south of the Pyrenean watershed in the upper valley of the Segre. It is a mountainous and sparsely-populated district, even taking into account the town of Llívia (pop. 1252 (2005)) which forms an enclave resting under Spanish sovereignty.
The district lies on the most direct route between Toulouse and Barcelona (via Foix and Ripoll), and a railway line still links the two cities via Latour-de-Carol (Catalan: ''La Tor de Querol'').

Administrative history

Eighth to twelveth centuries

Northern Catalonia formed part of the Spanish Marches, established by Charlemagne as a buffer territory against
the Moorish forces. As such, it was divided into feudal counties, Rosselló, Vallespir,
Conflent north of the Pyrenees and Cerdanya to the south. By the end of the
ninth century, these counties had gained ''de facto'' independence from the Carolingian kings and operated
as princely states (whose rulers nevertheless retained the title of count).
As the seigneury of the counties became hereditary, the total number of Catalan counts fell steadily. One individual often
had the charge of several counties, but these were not always transmitted on the basis of primogeniture. Hence Count
Miró II the Young, third son of Wilfred I the Hairy, inherited the counties of Cerdanya and Conflent from his father in 897, and the counties of Besalú and Vallespir from his elder brother Sunyer I when the latter became Count of Barcelona in 911.
The Counts of Rosselló, in alliance with their cousins the Counts of Empuriés,
tried to resist this dilution of their power. However the Counts of Barcelona steadily gain suzerainty over the
other Catalan counts, a process which was virtually complete by the twelfth century. The last Count of Rosselló, Girard II, left his title to the
Crown of Aragon on his death in 1172 to prevent the territory passing to his illegitimate half-brothers.

Under the Crown of Aragon

Royal administration in Catalonia under the Crown of Aragon was organised on the basis of ''vegueries'',
under the charge of a ''veguer'' appointed by the King of Aragon as Count of Barcelona. In Northern Catalonia, the ''vegueries''
followed closely the boundaries of the old counties. The district of Capcir was a ''sotsvegueria'', based around
the castle of Puigbalador (French: ''Puyvalador'') but subordinate to the ''vegueria'' of Conflent.
The Treaty of Corbeil of 1258 confirmed the frontier between France and Aragon as the Cerbères,
leaving the Occitan district of Fenolheda to France.

On the death of King James I the Conqueror in 1276, Northern Catalonia was combined with the Balearic Isles to
form a new Kingdom of Mallorca, which passed to James II while the rest of the
territory of the Crown of Aragon passed to his brother Peter III. This division satisfied
neither branch of the family, and the Kingdom of Mallorca was retaken militarily by the Crown of Aragon in 1344.

After the Treaty of the Pyrenees

Main articles: Roussillon

The Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659 ceded Northern Catalonia to France, where it became the province of Roussillon. The French provinces were abolished at the Revolution (Law of 1789-12-22), and Roussillon was joined with the district of Fenolheda
(French: ''Fenouillèdes'') to form the ''département'' of the Pyrénées-Orientales, with Perpignan as its administrative centre.

Present day

Main articles: Pyrénées-Orientales

The ''département'' of the Pyrénées-Orientales is divided into the ''arrondissements'' of Céret (Catalan: ''Ceret''), Perpignan and Prades, which are further divided into cantons and communes. Perpignan and sixteen surrounding communes are also associated in the Communauté d'agglomération Têt Méditerranée, created in 2001. Enclaved in the southwest of the ''département'' there is the Spanish exclave of Llivia.

''Arondissement''	Cantons	Communes	Population (1999)	Area	Population density (1999)
Céret	5	40	66,624	954 km²	69.8 /km²
Perpignan	20	86	287,272	1317 km²	218 /km²
Prades	6	100	38,907	1845 km²	21.1 /km²
TOTAL	31	226	392,803	4116 km²	95.4 /km²
All figures include the district of Fenolheda.

As is common, the present-day ''arrondissements'' do not correspond to pre-Revolutionary
boundaries. The arrondissement of Prades covers the whole of Haute-Cerdagne and Conflent (including
Capcir), as well as about a third of Fenolheda (not part of the province of Roussillon).
The arrondissement of Céret covers the whole of Vallespir but also the Côte Vermeille, which was
historically under the control of the counts and ''veguers'' of Rosselló at Perpignan.
Catalan writers sometimes speak of the ''"comarques of Northern Catalonia".''
Unlike the autonomous community of Catalonia, these ''comarques'' have no administrative significance, although
they usually correspond to a certain historical and geographical unity. A commonly used division is that of Joan Becat in his
1977 work ''Atles de Catalunya Nord'', which follows closely the boundaries of the former ''vegueries'' except insofar as
it promotes the former ''sotsvegueria'' of Capcir (177 km²,
pop. 1532 (1990)) to a full ''comarca''.

Languages

French is presently the only official language. Catalan however, in its Northern Catalan variety, is estimated to be spoken by a quarter of the population^[1], but understood by a higher percentage; however, it has no official status.
A royal decree by Louis XIV of France on April 2, 1700 prohibited the usage of Catalan language in official documents under the threat of being invalidated^[2].
In the 1950s, after centuries of being forbidden in education, Catalan language could be taken 1 hour per week in secondary school. In the 1970s, the Arrels Association and la Bressola network of private schools started to offer complete bilingual French/Catalan classes from nursery up to secondary education^[3].

See also

★ Language policy in France

★ Roussillon - historical county.

References

1. http://www.iecat.net/CRUSCAT/documents/coneixementiusos/index.htm
2. http://www.crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf
3. http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/i5/i5.html

External links

★ "Catalunya del Nord" from the ''Enciclopèdia catalana''

Media

★ Flaix FM radio station

★ Ràdio Arrels radio station

★ La Clau magazine

★ Mil Dimonis magazine

★ Editorial del Trabucaire publishing house

★ Llibreria Catalana bookstore in Perpignan

Associations

★ La Bressola – organises primary education in Catalan

★ Assemblea nord-catalana

★ La Porta dels Paisos Catalans

★ Aire Nou de Bao

Essays

★ ''Qui som els catalans del nord?'' (Who are the Northern Catalans?)

★ Catalan, Occitan and French toponomy in Northern Catalonia

Miscellaneous sites

★ Catalunya-Nord.com

★ VilaWeb Catalunya Nord