ODA NOBUNAGA

'Oda Nobunaga' (織田信長 '', June 23, 1534–June 21, 1582) was a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history. He was the son of Oda Nobuhide, a minor warlord with meager land holdings in Owari province. Nobunaga lived a life of continuous military conquest, eventually conquering most of Japan before his death in 1582.

Life

Unification of Owari Province

In 1551, Oda Nobuhide died unexpectedly, and during his funeral, Nobunaga was said to have acted outrageously, throwing the ceremonial incense at the altar. This act further alienated many Oda retainers, convincing them of Nobunaga's supposed mediocrity and lack of discipline, and they began to side with his more soft-spoken and well-mannered brother, Nobuyuki.
Ashamed for Nobunaga's behavior, Hirate Masahide committed ''seppuku''. This came as a huge blow to Nobunaga, who lost a mentor and a valuable retainer. He later built a temple to honor Masahide.
Though Nobunaga was recognized as Nobuhide's legitimate successor, the Oda clan was divided into many factions, and even then, the entire clan was technically under Owari's true kanrei, Shiba Yoshimune. Thus, Oda Nobutomo, brother to the deceased Oda Nobuhide, and being Owari's deputy shugo with the powerless Shiba as his puppet, was able to challenge Nobunaga's place as Owari's new master. Nobutomo murdered Yoshimune when it was clear he supported and attempted to aid Nobunaga.
Nobunaga successfully persuaded Oda Nobumitsu, a younger brother of Nobuhide, to join his side, however, and with Nobumitsu's help, Nobutomo was slain in Kiyosu Castle, which later became Nobunaga's place of residence for over ten years. Taking advantage of Yoshimune's son Shiba Yoshikane's position as the rightful kanrei, Nobunaga forged an alliance with the Imagawa clan of Suruga province and the Kira clan of Mikawa province, as both clans were also kanrei and would have no excuse to decline. In effect, this ensured the Imagawa would have to stop attacking Owari's borders.
Even though Nobuyuki and his supporters were still at large, Nobunaga led an army to Mino Province to aid Saitō Dōsan, when his son, Saitō Yoshitatsu, turned against him. The campaign failed, however, as Dōsan was killed and Yoshitatsu became the new master of Mino in 1556.
A few months later, Nobuyuki, with the support of Shibata Katsuie and Hayashi Hidesada, rebelled against Nobunaga. They were defeated at the Battle of Inō. The three were pardoned with the intervention of the birth mother of Nobunaga and Nobuyuki. However, the next year, Nobuyuki again planned to rebel. Informed by Shibata Katsuie, Nobunaga faked illness and assassinated Nobuyuki in Kiyosu Castle.
By 1559, Nobunaga had eliminated all opposition within the clan as well as Owari province. He continued to use Shiba Yoshikane as an excuse to make peace with other daimyo, although it was later discovered that Yoshikane had secretly corresponded with the Kira and Imagawa clans, trying to oust Nobunaga and restore the Shiba clan's place. Nobunaga cast him out, and alliances made in the Shiba clan's name thus became void.

Battle of Okehazama

In 1560, Imagawa Yoshimoto gathered an army of 25,000 men and started his march toward Kyoto, with the excuse of aiding the frail Ashikaga shogunate. The Matsudaira clan of Mikawa was also to join Yoshimoto's forces.
In comparison, the Oda clan could rally an army of only 3,000, and the forces would also have to be split up to defend various forts at the border. Under such dire circumstances, Nobunaga was said to have performed his favorite Atsumori dance, before riding off with only a few attendants to pray in a shrine.
The Oda Generals didn't believe that they would win this impossible war. Only the night before Shibata Katsuie had tried in vain to change Oda Nobunaga's mind about a frontal combat; he kept reminding Oda of the joint army's gaping lack of manpower against the Imagawa soldiers that numbered 40,000 according to the rumors. Hayashi Sado, the remaining advisor from Oda Nobuhide's days, even argued for surrender without fighting, basing his opinion on the same math as Shibata's. Upon this, according to the clan's chronicler, Oda Nobunaga yelled:

"Imagawa has 40,000 men marching toward this place? I don't believe that. He 'only' has 25,000 soldiers. Yes, that is still too many. So, Sado, you want me to surrender. What if we do surrender? Will you get content with losing your life that way?
Or what if we hold on like Katsuie wants me to? What if we stay here in this castle, lock it up, and wait until the Imagawas lose appetite and stop the siege and go home? We will be able to prolong our lives for 5 or 10 days, and what we cannot defend will still be undefendable.
We are at the bottom of the pit, you know. And our fate is interesting. Of course the misery is too great, too.
But this is how I see it: this is a chance in a lifetime. I can't afford to miss this.
Do you really want to spend your entire lives praying for longevity?
We were born in order to die!
Whoever is with me, come to the battlefield tomorrow morning. Whoever is not, just stay wherever you are and watch me win it!"

Oda Nobunaga was right; Imagawa Yoshimoto deliberately leaked the highly exaggerated number of his soldiers out to scare the Oda clan, and the official chronicler of the Imagawas put it down as was usual in medieval battle records to exaggerate numbers.
Aided by a sudden thunderstorm, smugness, and fatigue, Oda Nobunaga rode fast out the castle early in the morning, to meet Imagawa's army en route.
He found them having a break at a gorge named Okehazama. There Oda waited for his army to gather, and told them to lay an ambush right there and then while a storm was coming . Nobunaga assaulted the Imagawa camp and slew Yoshimoto, resulting in a victory that stunned the entire country. This was known as the Battle of Okehazama, and brought Nobunaga's name to national prominence.
Rapidly weakening, the Imagawa clan no longer exerted control over the Matsudaira clan. In 1561, an alliance was forged between Oda Nobunaga and Matsudaira Motoyasu (later Tokugawa Ieyasu), despite the decades-old hostility between the two clans. Tradition dates this battle as the time that Oda first noticed the talents of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

"Tenka Fubu"

Statue representing Oda Nobunaga.

In Mino, Saitō Yoshitatsu died suddenly of illness in 1561, and was succeeded by his son, Saitō Tatsuoki. Tatsuoki, however, was young and much less effective as a ruler and military strategist compared to his father and grandfather. Taking advantage of this situation, Nobunaga moved his base to Komaki Castle and started his campaign in Mino. By convincing Saitō retainers to abandon their incompetent and foolish master, Nobunaga weakened the Saitō clan significantly, eventually mounting a final attack in 1567. Nobunaga captured Inabayama Castle and sent Saitō Tatsuoki into exile.
Oda Nobunaga then moved to Inabayama, and changed the name of both the castle and the surrounding town to Gifu. Naming it after the legendary Mount Qi (岐山 ''Qi'' in Standard Mandarin) in China, on which the Zhou dynasty started, Nobunaga revealed his ambition to conquer the whole of Japan. He also started using a new personal seal that read ''Tenka Fubu'' (天下布武), which means "Spread the militarism over the whole land", or literally "... under the sky" (see ''all under heaven''). In 1564, Nobunaga had his sister, Oichi marry Azai Nagamasa, a daimyo in northern Ōmi province. This would later help pave the way to Kyoto.
In 1568, the last Ashikaga shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiaki went to Gifu, requesting that Nobunaga start a campaign toward Kyoto. Yoshiaki was the brother of the murdered 13th Ashikaga shogun, Yoshiteru. The killers of Yoshiteru had already set up a puppet shogun, Ashikaga Yoshihide.
Nobunaga agreed to Yoshiaki's request, grasping the opportunity to enter Kyoto, and started his campaign. An obstacle in the southern Ōmi province, however, was the Rokkaku clan. Led by Rokkaku Yoshikata, the clan refused to recognize Yoshiaki as shogun and was ready to go to war. Nobunaga launched a rapid attack, driving the Rokkaku clan out of their castles.
Within a short amount of time, Nobunaga had reached Kyoto and driven the Miyoshi clan out of the city. Yoshiaki was made the 15th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate. Nobunaga refused the post of Kanrei, and eventually began to restrict the powers of the shogun, making it clear that he intended to use him as a puppet to justify his future conquests. Yoshiaki, however, was not pleased about being a puppet, and thus, he secretly corresponded with various daimyo, forging an anti-Nobunaga alliance.
The Asakura clan, in particular, was disdainful of the Oda clan's rising power. Historically, the Oda clan had been subordinate to the Asakura clan, and Asakura Yoshikage also temporarily protected Ashikaga Yoshiaki but was not willing enough to march toward Kyoto; thus, the Asakura clan despised Nobunaga the most for his success.
When Nobunaga launched a campaign into the Asakura clan's domain, Azai Nagamasa, to whom Oichi was married, broke the alliance with Oda to honour the Azai-Asakura alliance which had lasted for generations. With the help of Ikko rebels, the anti-Nobunaga alliance sprang into full force, taking a heavy toll on the Oda clan.
At the Battle of Anegawa, Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated the combined forces of the Asakura and Azai clans.
Nobunaga waged war even against Buddhists when they did not obey him. The Enryakuji monastery on Mt. Hiei, with its Tendai warrior monks, was a particular thorn in his side, residing as it did so close to his residence at the old capital city of Kyoto. Nobunaga attacked Enryakuji and burnt it to the ground in 1571, even though it had been admired as a significant cultural symbol at the time, killing between 20,000 and 30,000 men, women, and children in the process.
Through the years, Nobunaga was able to consolidate his position and conquer his enemies through brutality. In Nagashima, for example, Nobunaga suffered tremendous losses to the Ikko resistance, including a couple of his brothers. Nobunaga finally surrounded the enemy complex and set fire to it, again killing tens of thousands of non-combatants, mostly women and children.
One of the strongest forces in the anti-Nobunaga alliance, Takeda Shingen, was a competitor with the Oda-Tokugawa alliance (which was established mainly to guard the two factions against Takeda and its former ally, Imagawa) despite a generally peaceful relationship so far as well as a nominal alliance with Oda. In 1572, at the urgings of the Shogun he decided to make a drive for the capital. Tied down on the Western front, Nobunaga sent lacklustre aid to Tokugawa Ieyasu, who suffered defeat at the Battle of Mikatagahara in 1572.
However, after the battle, the Takeda forces retreated as Shingen died in 1573. This was a relief for Nobunaga, who could now focus on Yoshiaki, who had openly declared hostility more than once, despite the imperial court's intervention.
Nobunaga defeated Yoshiaki's weak forces and sent him into exile, bringing the Ashikaga shogunate to an end in the same year.
Still in the same year, Nobunaga successfully destroyed the Asakura and Azai clans, and Azai Nagamasa sent Oichi back to Nobunaga as he committed suicide. With Nagashima's destruction in 1574, the only threat to Nobunaga was the Takeda clan, now led by Takeda Katsuyori.
At the decisive Battle of Nagashino, the combined forces of Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu devastated the Takeda clan with the strategic use of arquebuses. Nobunaga compensated for the arquebus' slow reloading time by arranging the arquebusiers in three lines. After each line fired, it would duck and reload as the next line fired. The bullets were able to pierce the Takeda cavalry armor. This caused chaos among the Takeda cavalry who were pushed back and killed by incoming fire.
Nobunaga continued his expansion, sending Shibata Katsuie and Maeda Toshiie to the north and Akechi Mitsuhide to Tamba province.
The Oda clan's siege of Ishiyama Hongan-ji in Osaka made little progress, but the Mori clan of Chūgoku region started sending supplies into the strongly-fortified complex by sea, breaking the naval blockade.
In 1577, Hashiba Hideyoshi was ordered to expand west to confront the Mori clan.
In 1578, the Azuchi Castle in the Ōmi province was completed, an impressive and extravagantly decorated castle that shocked European missionaries and ordinary courtiers alike.
However, Uesugi Kenshin, said to be the greatest general of his time since the demise of Takeda Shingen, took part in the second anti-Nobunaga alliance. Following his conquest of neighbouring forces, the two sides clashed during the Battle of Tedorigawa which resulted in a decisive Uesugi victory. It was around this time that Uesugi forces began preparations to march on Kyoto.
Due to his defeat, Oda Nobunaga harboured clear fears of Uesugi, and according to one account, told the messenger that brought news of Uesugi Kenshin's orders of general mobilisation that, if Kenshin did in fact lead his armies to the capital, he would have no choice but to surrender and cede his eastern domains in the hopes of being granted mercy. Uesugi Kenshin, however, died from what was possibly a stroke before moving his armies.
Nobunaga forced the Ishiyama Hongan-ji to surrender in 1580 and destroyed the Takeda clan in 1582. Nobunaga's administration was at its height of power, and was about to launch invasions into Echigo province and Shikoku.

Incident at Honnōji

Main articles: Incident at Honnōji

Grave of Oda Nobunaga at Mt. Koya, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan

In 1582, Hashiba Hideyoshi (one of Nobunaga's most trusted retainers) invaded Bitchu province, laying siege to Takamatsu Castle. However, the castle was vital to the Mori clan, and losing it would leave the Mori home domain vulnerable. Led by Mori Terumoto, reinforcements arrived outside Takamatsu Castle, and the two sides came to a standstill. Hashiba asked for reinforcements from Oda Nobunaga.
It has often been argued that Hideyoshi in fact had no need for reinforcements, but asked Nobunaga anyway for various reasons. Some believe that Hideyoshi, envied and hated by fellow generals for his swift rise from a lowly footman to a top general under Oda Nobunaga, wanted to give the credit for taking Takamatsu to Nobunaga so as to humble himself in front of other Oda vassals. Some also speculate that Hashiba or his retainers in fact wanted to put Nobunaga in a vulnerable position in the front where he might be more easily assassinated. Others believe that Hashiba in fact was the mastermind behind Akechi Mitsuhide's treachery.
In any case, Nobunaga ordered Niwa Nagahide to prepare for an invasion of Shikoku and Akechi Mitsuhide to assist Hideyoshi. En route to Chūgoku region, Nobunaga stayed at Honnō-ji, a temple in Kyoto. Since Nobunaga would not expect an attack in the middle of his firmly-controlled territories, he was guarded by only a few dozen personal servants and bodyguards.
Nevertheless, Akechi Mitsuhide suddenly had Honnōji surrounded in a coup, forcing Oda Nobunaga to fight him. Nobunaga lost and was forced to commit seppuku. At the same time, Akechi forces assaulted Nijo Castle. Together with him died his young page ''(o-kosho)'', Mori Ranmaru, who had served him faithfully for many years and was still in his teens at the time. Ranmaru's loyalty and devotion to his lord were widely known and praised at the time.
Just eleven days after the coup at Honnōji, Mitsuhide was killed at the Battle of Yamazaki.

Toyotomi and Tokugawa

Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, were loyal followers of Nobunaga. These two were gifted with Nobunaga's previous achievements on which they could build a unified Japan. There was a saying: "The reunification is a rice cake. Oda made it. Hashiba shaped it. At last, only Ieyasu tastes it." (Hashiba is the family name that Toyotomi Hideyoshi used while he was a follower of Nobunaga.)
Hideyoshi was brought up from a nameless peasant to be one of Nobunaga's top generals. When he became a grand minister in 1586, he created a law that the samurai caste became codified as permanent and heritable, and that non-samurai were forbidden to carry weapons, thereby ending the social mobility of Japan from which he himself had benefitted. These restrictions lasted until the dissolution of the Edo Shogunate by the Meiji revolutionaries. Hideyoshi secured his claim as the rightful successor of Nobunaga by defeating Akechi Mitsuhide within a month of Nobunaga's death.
It is important to note that the distinction between samurai and non-samurai was so obscure that during the 16th century, most male adults in any social class (even small farmers) belonged to at least one military organization of their own and served in wars before and during Hideyoshi's rule. It can be said that an "all against all" situation continued for a century. The authorized samurai families after the 17th century were those that chose to follow Nobunaga, Hideyoshi and Ieyasu. Large battles occurred during the change between regimes, and a number of defeated samurai were destroyed, went ronin or were absorbed into the general populace.
Ieyasu had shared his childhood with Nobunaga as a hostage of the Oda clan. Though there were a number of battles between Ieyasu and the Oda clan, Ieyasu evenutally switched sides and became one of Nobunaga's strongest allies.

Policies

Militarily, Nobunaga's revolutionary dreaming not only changed the way war was fought in Japan, but also in turn made one of the most modernized forces in the world at that time. He developed, implemented, and expanded the use of long pikes, firearms, ironclad ships, and castle fortifications in accordance with the expanded mass battles of the period. Nobunaga also instituted a specialized warrior class system and appointed his retainers and subjects to positions based on ability, not wholly based on name, rank, or family relationship as in prior periods. Retainers were also given land on the basis of rice output, not land size. Nobunaga's organizational system in particular was later used and extensively developed by his ally Tokugawa Ieyasu in the forming of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo.
Nobunaga's dominance and brilliance was not restricted to the battlefield, for he also was a keen businessman and understood the principles of microeconomics and macroeconomics. First, in order to modernize the economy from an agricultural base to a manufacture and service base, castle towns were developed as the center and basis of local economies. Roads were also made within his domain between castle towns to not only facilitate trade, but also to move armies great distances in short timespans. International trade was also expanded beyond China and the Korean peninsula, while ''nanban'' (southern barbarian) trade with Europe, the Philippines, Siam, and Indonesia was also started.
Nobunaga also instituted ''rakuichi rakuza'' (楽市楽座) policies as a way to stimulate business and the overall economy through the use of a free market system. These policies abolished and prohibited monopolies and opened once closed and privileged unions, associations, and guilds, which he saw as impediments to commerce. Copies of his original proclomations can be found in Entoku-ji in the city of Gifu.^[1] He also developed tax exemptions and established laws to regulate and ease the borrowing of debt.
As Nobunaga conquered Japan and amassed a great amount of wealth, he progressively supported the arts for which he always had an interest, but which he later and gradually more importantly used as a display of his power and prestige. He built extensive gardens and castles which were themselves great works of art. Azuchi castle on the shores of Lake Biwa is said to be the greatest castle in the history of Japan, covered with gold and statues on the outside and decorated with standing screen, sliding door, wall, and ceiling paintings made by his subject Kano Eitoku on the inside. During this time, Nobunaga's subject and tea master Sen no Rikyu established the Japanese tea ceremony which Nobunaga popularized and used originally as a way to talk politics and business. The beginnings of modern kabuki were started and later fully developed in the early Edo period. Additionally, Nobunaga was very interested in European culture which was still very new to Japan. He collected pieces of Western art as well as arms and armour. He is considered to be among the first Japanese people in recorded history to wear European clothes. He also became the patron of the Jesuit missionaries in Japan, although he never converted to Christianity.
Nobunaga is remembered in Japan as one of the most brutal figures of the Sengoku period. Nobunaga was the first of three unifiers during the Sengoku period. These unifiers were (in order) Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (also called Hashiba Hideyoshi above) and Tokugawa Ieyasu. Oda Nobunaga was well on his way to the complete conquest and unification of Japan when Akechi Mitsuhide, one of his generals, forced Nobunaga into committing suicide in Honnō-ji in Kyoto. Akechi then proceeded to declare himself master over Nobunaga's domains, but was quickly defeated by Nobunaga's general Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Family

Immediate Family

★ Father

★
★ Oda Nobuhide (1510 - 1551)

★ Mother

★
★ Unknown

★ Wife

★
★ Nōhime, the daughter of Saitō Dōsan

★ Concubines

★
★ Kitsuno

★
★ Lady Saka, mother of Nobutaka

★ Sons

★
★ Oda Nobutada (1557 - 1582)

★
★ Oda Nobukatsu (1558 - 1630)

★
★ Oda Nobutaka (1558 - 1583)

★
★ Hashiba Hidekatsu (1567 - 1585)

★
★ Oda Katsunaga (???? - 1582)

★
★ Oda Nobuhide (1571 - 1596)

★
★ Oda Nobutaka (1576 - 1602)

★
★ Oda Nobuyoshi (1573 - 1615)

★
★ Oda Nobusada (1574 - 1624)

★
★ Oda Nobuyoshi (???? - 1609)

★
★ Oda Nagatsugu (???? - 1600)

★
★ Oda Nobumasa (1554 - 1647) (illegitimate child)

★ Daughters

★
★ Tokuhime (1559 - 1636), married Matsudaira Nobuyasu

★
★ Fuyuhime (1561 - 1641), married Gamō Ujisato

★
★ Hideko (???? - 1632), married Tsutsui Sadatsugu

★
★ Eihime (1574 - 1623), married Maeda Toshinaga

★
★ Hōonin, married Niwa Nagashige

★
★ Sannomarudono (???? - 1603), married Nijō Akizane

★
★ Tsuruhime, married Nakagawa Hidemasa

Extended Family

★ The Oda clan variously claimed descent from either the Fujiwara or from Taira no Shigemori.

★ His sister was the famous Oichi; Her daughters were the following:

★
★ Cha-Cha wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi

★
★ O-Hatsu wife of Kyogoku Takatsugu.

★
★ O-go wife of Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada. (O-go's daughter Senhime married her cousin Toyotomi Hideyori, son of Lady Yodo, who was the niece of Nobunaga.)

★ His younger brother was Oda Nobuyuki.

★ Another Brother was Oda Nagamasu.

★ His Grandson was Oda Hidenobu.

★ His nephew was Oda Nobutsumi.

Later descendants

★ Nobunari Oda, 17th direct descendant ^[2]

Oda Nobunaga in Fiction

Portrayal of Oda Nobunaga and Mori Ranmaru, his wakashu
Screen shot from ''Kagemusha''

★ Nobunaga has been used extensively as a reference in fiction, appearing in video games (such as ''Samurai Warriors'' series, ''Kessen III'', ''Onimusha'' series, '', ''Sengoku Rance'', and the ''Nobunaga's Ambition'' series), and manga and anime (such as ''Flame of Recca'', ''Yotoden'', ''InuYasha'', and ''Samurai Deeper Kyo''). In most of these roles, he's portrayed as a villain.

★ Nobunaga is a central character in Eiji Yoshikawa's historical novel ''Taiko ki''. Tsuji Kunio's historical fiction '' depicts Oda's life. In James Clavell's historical fiction novel ''Shogun'', the Dictator Goroda takes the place of Nobunaga in history.

★ Nobunaga is played by Daisuke Ryu in Akira Kurosawa's movie ''Kagemusha''.

References

1. ''Gifu City Walking Map''. Gifu Lively City Public Corporation, 2007.
2. Crystal Report Viewer. International Skating Union. Accessed August 19, 2007.

External links

★ The Man Who ALMOST United Japan

★ Biography of Oda Nobunaga at Samurai-Archives.com

★ Shunkoin Temple the Bell of Nanbanji

★ SengokuDaimyo.com The website of Samurai Author and Historian Anthony J. Bryant

★ http://www.nobunari.com/ Nobunaga's descendant, figure skater

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