OLSZTYN

'Olsztyn' (; ; Old Prussian: ''Alnāsteini'') is a town in northeast Poland, on the River Łyna. Historically the capital of Warmia, Olsztyn is the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999, previously Olsztyn Voivodeship (1945-1975 and 1975-1998 in different shapes).
==Geography==
The town is situated in a lake region of forests and plains. There are 15 lakes inside the administrative bounds of the town (13 with the area greater than 1 ha). The overall area of lakes in Olsztyn is about 725 ha which constitutes 8.25 % of the total town area.

Lake	Area (ha)	Maximum depth (m)
Lake Ukiel (Lopsided Lake, Krzywe Lake)	412	43
Kortowskie Lake	89.7	17.2
Trackie Lake	52.8	4.6
Lake Skanda	51.5	12
Lake Redykajny	29.9	20.6
Long Lake (Długie Lake)	26.8	17.2
Lake Sukiel	20.8	25
Lake Tyrsko (Gutkowskie Lake)	18.6	30.6
Lake Old Manor (Lake Stary Dwór, Old-Manor Lake, Starodworskie Lake)	6.0	23.3
Lake Siginek (Lake Hoof, Kopytko, Lake Horseshoe, Lake Podkówka, Lake Styginek)	6.0	insufficient data
Black Lake (Czarne Lake)	approximately 1.3	insufficient data
Lake Wildcat (Lake Żbik)	approximately 1.2	insufficient data
Lake Pereszkowo (Lake Pyszkowo)	approximately 1.2	insufficient data
Lake Mummel (Lake Mumel)	approximately 0.3	insufficient data
Larch Lake (Modrzewiowe Lake)	0.25	insufficient data

Contents

Olsztyn greenery

Administrative division

Notable people

Politics

Olsztyn constituency

External links

Olsztyn greenery

More than a half of the forests occupying 21.2 % of the town area forms a single complex of the Municipal Forest (1050 ha) used mainly for recreation and tourism purposes. Within the Municipal Forest area, two sanctuaries of the peat-land flora: Mszar and Redykajny, are situated. Municipal greenery (560 ha, 6.5 % of the town area) developed in the form of numerous parks, green spots and also three over 100 years old cemeteries includes 910 monuments of the nature and groups of protected trees in the form of beech, oak, maple and lime lined avenues.
==History==

★ 1346 old forests cleared and place on the Alle (Polish: Łyna) selected for a new settlement

★ 1348 Allenstein first mentioned

★ 1347 construction of the castle to protect German settlers from attacks by Old Prussians

★ 1353 (October 31) Allenstein receives municipal rights from the Bishopric of Warmia

★ 1397 completion of the castle

★ 1410 captured temporarily by the Kingdom of Poland

★ 1414 captured temporarily by Poland

★ 1440 Allenstein joined Prussian Confederation

★ 1454 Uprising against Teutonic Order, Prussian Confederation asks Polish Crown for protection

★ 1455 captured by Teutonic Knights

★ 1463 captured by Polish army and annexed to Poland in 1464

★ 1466 Second Peace of Toruń confirms that Olsztyn is the capital town of the province of Warmia

★ 1516-1521 Nicolaus Copernicus lived at the Olsztyn castle as administrator of Olsztyn and Mehlsack, and in charge of defence of the town and Prince-Bishopric Warmia against the Teutonic Order.

★ 1655 captured by Swedish army

★ 1708 burned down by Swedes

★ 1710 town population nearly wiped out in an epidemic (bubonic plague, cholera)

★ 1772 annexed to Kingdom of Prussia during Partitions of Poland

★ 1772 Prussian census counts population of 1770 people, predominantly farmers

★ 1807 visit of Napoleon

★ 1867 town hospital founded

★ 1871 German Empire

★ 1873 railway connection to Thorn

★ 1886 First Polish language newspaper Gazeta Olsztyńska founded

★ 1890 town gas infrastructure founded

★ 1892 first telephone line

★ 1898 water system

★ 1907 electricity

★ 1914 Russian army captures the town after start of World War Ⅰ

★ 1920 Plebiscite, Allenstein remains in Germany in the exclave of East Prussia

★ 1921 Polish activists emigrate to Poland

★ 1933 Nazis in power – discrimination of Poles and Jews

★ 1935 The Wehrmacht made Allenstein the ''Allenstein Militärische Bereich Hauptsitze''. It was the home of the 11th Infanterie Division; the 11th Artillery Regiment and the 217th Infanterie Division which was organized in 1939 at Allenstein, of East Prussians of the Landwehr age group

★ 1939 (October 12) German Wehrmacht established an Area Headquarters of Wehrkreis I that controlled the subareas of Allenstein, Lötzen (Giżycko) and Ciechanów

★ 1939 deportation of some pro-Slavic activists of the Polish-speaking minority to concentration camps (see Union of Poles in Germany)

★ 1945 (January 22) Allenstein plundered [1] and burned down by Red Army, Expulsion of Germans

★ 1945 (August 2) to Poland, officially returned to the name ''Olsztyn'', expulsions of Germans and Masurians continued

★ 1967 tyre manufacturing plant founded

★ 1980-1981 Solidarity foundation
==Demographics==

Year	Population
1772	1,770
1846	4,000
1875	6,000
1885	11,555
1890	19,373
1895	25,000
1939	50,000
1941	54,300
1946	23,000
1950	45,000
1972	over 100,000
1994	165,000
2000	170,000
2005 (December 31)	174,950

Administrative division

Olsztyn is divided into 22 districts:

District	Population	Area	Density
Brzeziny	1,456	2.25 km²	647.1/km²
Dajtki	5,863	7.5 km²	781.7/km²
Grunwaldzkie	6,027	1.46 km²	4,128.1/km²
Gutkowo	2,256	7.2 km²	313.3/km²
Jaroty	29,046	4.82 km²	6,026.1/km²
Kętrzyńskiego	7,621	4.83 km²	1,577.8/km²
Cormorant (Kormoran)	16,166	1.1 km²	14,696.4/km²
Kortowo	1,131	4.22 km²	268/km²
Kościuszki	6,704	1.18 km²	5,681.4/km²
Likusy	2,286	2.1 km²	1,088.6/km²
Mazurskie	4,615	5.98 km²	771.7/km²
Long Lake (Nad Jeziorem Długim)	2,408	4.23 km²	569.3/km²
Nagórki	12,538	1.69 km²	7,418.9/km²
Pieczewo	10,918	2.24 km²	4,874.1/km²
Podgrodzie	11,080	1.35 km²	8,207.4/km²
Podleśna	10,414	9.93 km²	1,048.7/km²
Lakeland (Pojezierze)	13,001	2.39 km²	5,439.7/km²
Redykajny	1,555	6.1 km²	254.9/km²
Town Centre (Śródmieście)	3,448	0.58 km²	5,944.8/km²
Army of Poland (Wojska Polskiego)	6,759	5.03 km²	1,343.7/km²
Zatorze	6,988	0.45 km²	15,528.9/km²
Green Hillock (Zielona Górka)	1,015	6.44 km²	157.6/km²

===Monuments of architecture===



★ The Old Town

★ The Gothic castle of Warmian Chapter built during the 14th century

★ St. James' Cathedral

★ Old Town Hall on the Market Square - built in mid-14th century

★ Gazeta Olsztyńska House on Fish Market

★ The town walls and the Upper Gate (since mid 19th century known as the High Gate)

★ Semi-Gothic church of the Holly Heart of Jesus - built during the years 1901–1903

★ The New Town Hall

★ The Railway Bridge over the River Łyna gorge near Artyleryjska and Wyzwolenia streets - built during the years 1872–1873

★ The Jerusalem Chapel - built in 1565

★ Church of St. Lawrence - built during the late 14th century
==Culture

=Theatres===

★ Theatre of Stefan Jaracz (est. 1925)

★ Puppet Theatre
===Museums===
The biggest Olsztyn's museum is Museum of Warmia and Mazury. In Olsztyn there are also The Gazeta Olsztyńska House, Museum of the Nature and Museum of the Sport.
==Economy==
The Tyre company Stomil is a subsidiary of Michelin. There are also other industry, food processing, plants and furniture manufacturers.
==Buildings==

★ FM- and TV-mast Olsztyn-Pieczewo - 360 metres high, since the collapse of the Warsaw radio mast the tallest structure in Poland
==Education==


★ University of Warmia and Mazury [2]

★ University of Computer Science and Economics

★ Olsztyńska Szkoła Wyższa im. Józefa Rusieckiego

★ Olsztyńska Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania im. Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego

★ Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne HOSIANUM

★ Masurian Institute (est. 1943)
==Sport==

★ PZU AZS Olsztyn - men's volleyball team playing in Polish Volleyball League (PLS, Polska Liga Siatkówki)

★ OKS 1945 Olsztyn - men's football team, (8 seasons in Polish Ekstraklasa as Stomil Olsztyn)

★ Warmia Traveland Olsztyn - men's handball team playing in Seria A (Polish First League)

★ WMPD Olsztyn - men's rugby team, playing in second polish league

★ Budowlani Olsztyn Wrestling team

Notable people

★ John of Laissen Allenstein's administrator since 1353, in charge of the town development

★ Nicolaus Copernicus lived at the Allenstein castle from 1516 to 1521 when he was administrator of Allenstein and Mehlsack, and in charge of defence of the town and Prince-Bishopric Ermland against the Teutonic Order

★ Johannes Knolleisen, supported students from Allenstein in the early 16th century

★ Lucas David (1503-1583), a historian of Allenstein who wrote a number of volumes on Prussian history

★ August Trunz (1875-1963), founder of the Prussica-Sammlung Trunz [3] that also features works from Lucas David

★ Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953), German-Jewish architect born in Olsztyn

★ Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, politician

★ Mariusz Hermanowicz (
★ 1950), French photographer born in Olsztyn

★ Krzysztof Hołowczyc, race driver

★ Artur Wojdat, swimmer
Olsztyn belongs to the Federation of Copernicus Towns associating towns where Copernicus lived and worked such as Bologna, Frombork, Kraków and Toruń. The headquarters of the Federation is situated in Olsztyn Planetarium and Astronomical Observatory. The Astronomical Observatory is located on St. Andrew's Hill (143 m) in a former water tower that was built in 1897.

Politics

Olsztyn constituency

Members of (Sejm) elected from Olsztyn constituency in 2005

★ Mieczysław Aszkiełowicz, Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland (Samoobrona Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej)

★ Beata Bublewicz, Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)

★ Jerzy Gosiewski, Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)

★ Tadeusz Iwiński, Democratic Left Alliance (SLD, Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej)

★ Edward Ośko, League of Polish Families (LPR, Liga Polskich Rodzin)

★ Adam Puza, Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)

★ Sławomir Rybicki, Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)

★ Lidia Staroń, Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)

★ Aleksander Marek Szczygło, Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)

★ Zbigniew Włodkowski, Polish Peasant Party (PSL, Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe)
Members of the Senate (Senat) elected from Olsztyn constituency in 2005

★ Ryszard Józef Górecki, Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)

★ Jerzy Szmit, Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)
==Postage stamps==

In 1920 a plebiscite was held to determine whether the people wished to become part of East Prussia or Poland. In order to advertise the plebiscite, special postage stamps were produced by overprinting German stamps and sold from 3 April. One kind of overprint read 'PLÉBISCITE / OLSZTYN / ALLENSTEIN', while the other read 'TRAITÉ / DE / VERSAILLES / ART. 94 et 95' inside an oval whose border gave the full name of the plebiscite commission. Each overprint was applied to 14 denominations ranging from 5 Pf to 3 M.
The plebiscite was held on 11 July, and produced 362,209 votes (97.8 %) for Germany and 7,980 votes (2.2 %) for Poland. The stamps became invalid 20 August. Despite the short period of use, almost all the types of these stamps are cheaply available both used and unused. The relatively large portion of southern East Prussia contained in the plebiscite area thus remained part of Germany until after World War Ⅱ, when it was put under Polish administration by the victors and the German inhabitants were largely expelled.
==Twin towns==
Calpe, Chateauroux, Gelsenkirchen, Kaliningrad, Lutsk, Offenburg, Richmond, Rovaniemi

External links

★ Olsztyn Information Service

★ Town's History

★ ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>%2C0%2C0&PLACE=allenstein&PARTOF=&prePLACE=allenstein&prePARTOF= Statistics of inhabitants, birth, marriage, death from 1667