ON THE WATERFRONT

'''On the Waterfront''' is an Oscar-winning American 1954 film about mob violence and corruption among longshoremen, and it has become a standard of its kind. The film was written by Budd Schulberg and directed by Elia Kazan; it stars Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint, Rod Steiger, Karl Malden and Lee J. Cobb. The soundtrack score was composed by Leonard Bernstein. The film deals with social issues, such as poverty and homelessness, which paralleled the emerging organization of labor. It was based on a series of articles written in the ''New York Sun'' by Malcolm Johnson.

Contents

Plot

Factual background

Political context

Trivia

Awards and recognition

Nominations

External links and further reading

Plot

Terry Malloy (Marlon Brando) is a washed-up ex-prizefighter approaching age 30 working on the docks for the local gang boss, Johnny Friendly (Lee J. Cobb). He feels depressed over his rag-to-riches rise to the top and eventual fall from the ring. The death of an old childhood friend, ordered by Johnny Friendly, fills him with terrible guilt, because he was unwittingly involved in the murder.
Terry meets the murdered man's sister (Eva Marie Saint), and they begin a relationship. She and a local priest (Karl Malden) try to convince him to work against the mob. But Terry only turns against the mob after Johnny Friendly orders the death of his brother (Rod Steiger), a mobster himself, who had refused to kill Terry after his treachery is discovered.
Terry testifies publicly and becomes a pariah on the docks but, in the end, triumphs over Johnny Friendly after a dramatic fight with him on the docks that reunifies the workers. Terry then heads back to work with all the workers and makes Johnny Friendly look like a fool in the eyes of them all.

Factual background

''On the Waterfront'' was based on a 24-part series of articles in the New York Sun by Malcolm Johnson, "Crime on the Waterfront." The series won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting. The stories detailed widespread corruption, extortion and racketeering on the waterfront of Manhattan and Brooklyn.

In ''On the Waterfront'', protagonist Terry Malloy's (Brando's) fight
against corruption was in part modeled after whistle-blowing longshoreman Anthony DiVincenzo, who testified before a real-life Waterfront Commission on the facts of life on the Hoboken docks and had suffered a degree of ostracism for his deed. DiVincenzo sued and settled, many years after, with Columbia Pictures over the appropriation of what he considered his story. DiVincenzo recounted his story to Schulberg during a month-long session of waterfront barroom meetings—which some claim never occurred—even though Shulberg attended Di Vincenzo's waterfront commission testimony every day during the hearing. Johnny Friendly was based in part on mobster Albert Anastasia, chief executioner of Murder, Inc. as well as Michael Clemente, the International Longshoremen's Association boss.

★ see discussion for reference.
Karl Malden's character of Father Barry was based on the real-life "waterfront priest" Father John M. Corridan, a graduate of Regis High School who operated a Roman Catholic labor school on the west side of Manhattan. Father Corridan was extensively interviewed by screenwriter Budd Schulberg, who wrote the foreword to a biography of Father Corridan, "Waterfront Priest" by Allen Raymond. The story was filmed in Hoboken, New Jersey, although it is a fictionalized version of events on the New York waterfront.

Political context

In 1952, director Elia Kazan was a "friendly" witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), in which he identified many alleged Communists in the film industry. That brought him severe criticism.
The original screenplay (called "The Hook") was written by renowned playwright Arthur Miller, who was blacklisted as an alleged Communist. He was replaced by Budd Schulberg, also a "friendly" witness before HUAC. [1]
''On the Waterfront'', being about a heroic mob informer, is widely considered to be Kazan's answer to his critics, showing that there could be nobility in a man who "named names". In the movie, variations of that phrase are repeatedly used by Terry Malloy. The film also repeatedly emphasizes the waterfront's code of "D and D" or "Deaf and Dumb," remaining silent at all costs and not "ratting out" one's friends. In the end, Malloy does just that and his doing so is depicted sympathetically.

Trivia

★ The finale of Raging Bull by Martin Scorsese is a homage to On the Waterfront.

★ The film has been adapted into Hindi as Ghulam.

★ In the early draft of the script, Terry Malloy was written as a man in his early to mid forties. Upon casting Brando, Kazan changed him into a younger man in his twenties, so as to emphasize his rise and fall and how fast one man can become famous and lose it all soon afterwards.

★ Billy Joel makes a reference to the film in his song "Great Wall of China".

★ Lloyd Cole & The Commotions also reference this film in the song "Rattlesnakes".

★ The cab scene between Terry and Charlie is one of the most famous in American cinema in which Brando speaks these famous lines, "I could have had class. I could have been a contender. I could have been somebody (instead of a bum)." The scene was not shot in a real cab and, because rear screen projection was not available, the producers placed a Venetian blind in the rear window of the cab set to hide this.

★ While shooting the movie, Brando had it written in his contract that he would be allowed to leave the set early everyday to see his therapist.

★ When it came to shooting Rod Steiger's lines in the famous cab scene, Marlon Brando was not present because of a therapy appointment. So Steiger had to act opposite a stagehand.

★ In Michael Jackson's music video 'You Rock My World', one of the last shots, in which we see Michael kissing his female lead, there is a large billboard in the background with the 'On The Waterfront' movie poster on it.

★ Upon the screening of the completed version of 'On The Waterfront', Marlon Brando and its director Elia Kazan sat watching. But before the film could end, Brando walked out. He later confirmed in his book 'Songs My Mother Taught Me' that 'on the day Kazan showed me the completed picture, I was so depressed by my performance that I got up and left the screening room'.

Awards and recognition

In 1989, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. It is ranked 8th Greatest American film of all time by the American Film Institute and is constantly placed in top 100 of Internet Movie Database's Top 250. Terry Malloy's line in the film,
was voted in a 2005 poll, AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes, by the American Film Institute as the third most memorable line in cinema history [2].
It was the winner of eight Oscars:

★ Best Actor - Marlon Brando

★ Best Picture - Sam Spiegel, producer

★ Best Supporting Actress - Eva Marie Saint

★ Best Art Direction - Set Decoration, Black-and-White - Richard Day

★ Best Cinematography, Black-and-White - Boris Kaufman

★ Directing - Elia Kazan

★ Film Editing - Gene Milford

★ Writing, Story and Screenplay - Budd Schulberg

Nominations

The film also received an additional four Oscar nominations:

★ Best Supporting Actor - Lee J. Cobb

★ Best Supporting Actor - Karl Malden

★ Best Supporting Actor - Rod Steiger

★ Music Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture - Leonard Bernstein

External links and further reading

★ ''On the Waterfront'' at Internet Movie Database

★ Raymond, Allen, ''Waterfront Priest'' (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1955); forward by ''On the Waterfront'' screenwriter Budd Schulberg

★ The Priest Who Made Budd Schulberg Run: ''On the Waterfront'' and Jesuit Social Action, Inside Fordham Online, May 2003

★ skyjude - movie legends