'Operation Enduring Freedom' (OEF) is the official name used by the U.S. government for its military response to the
September 11, 2001 attacks on the
United States. It was originally called 'Operation Infinite Justice,' but this phrase had previously been restricted to the description of God (among followers of several faiths), and it is believed to have been changed to avoid offense to
Muslims.
[1]Islamic clerics objected on the grounds that infinite justice can only be dispensed by God. On
October 5,
2006,
NATO officially took over control of U.S. forces in Afghanistan.
[2]
The Operation comprises several subordinate operations:
#
Operation Enduring Freedom - Afghanistan (OEF-A)
#
Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines (OEF-P) (formerly Operation Freedom Eagle)
#
Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA)
#
Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara (OEF-TS)
[ EUCOM: Operations and Initiatives ]
#
Georgia Train and Equip Program
The term "OEF" typically refers to the war in Afghanistan. Other operations, such as in
Pankisi Gorge, are only loosely or nominally connected to OEF, such as through government funding vehicles.
[ Helping Georgia? ] All the operations, however, have a focus on
antiterrorism activities.
Overview
On
October 7,
2001, early combat operations including a mix of strikes from land-based
B-1 Lancer,
B-2 Spirit and
B-52 Stratofortress bombers; carrier-based
F-14 Tomcat and
F/A-18 Hornet fighters; and
Tomahawk cruise missiles launched from both U.S. and
British ships and submarines signaled the start of Operation Enduring Freedom - Afghanistan (OEF-A). The initial military objectives of OEF-A, as articulated by President
George W. Bush in his Sept. 20th Address to a Joint Session of Congress and his Oct. 7th address to the country, included the destruction of terrorist training camps and
infrastructure within
Afghanistan, the capture of
al-Qaeda leaders, and the cessation of terrorist activities in Afghanistan."
[3][4][5]
In January 2002, over 1,200 soldiers from the
United States Special Operation Command Pacific (SOCPAC) deployed to
Philippines to support the
Armed Forces of the Philippines in their push to uproot terrorists forces on the island of
Basilan. Of those groups included are
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG),
al-Qaeda and
Jemaah Islamiyah.
[6] The operation consisted of training the AFP in counter-terrorist operations as well as supporting the local people with humanitarian aid in Operation Smiles.
[7]
In October 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force 150 and United States military Special Forces established themselves in
Djibouti at
Camp Le Monier. The stated goals of the operation were to provide humanitarian aid and patrol the
Horn of Africa to reduce the abilities of terrorist organizations in the region. Similar to OEF-P, the goal of humanitarian aid was highlighted in order to prevent terrorist organizations from being able to take hold amongst the population as well as reemerge after being removed. The military aspect involves coalition forces searching and boarding ships entering the region for illegal cargo as well as providing training and equipment to the armed forces in the region. The humanitarian aspect involves building schools, clinics and water wells to enforce the confidence of the local people.
Since 2001, the cumulative expenditure by the U.S. government on Operation Enduring Freedom has exceeded $150 Billion.
[1]
The operation continues, with military direction mostly coming from
United States Central Command.
Operation Enduring Freedom - Afghanistan (OEF-A)
The Taliban
Seizing upon a
power vacuum after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan after their
invasion, the
Taliban ruled with an iron fist from 1996-2001. Their extreme interpretation of Islamic law prompted them to ban music, television, sports, and dancing, oppress women and children, and enforce harsh judicial penalties. Amputation was an accepted form of punishment for stealing
[2][3], and public executions could often be seen at the Kabul football stadium.
[4][5] Women's rights groups around the world cried often and loudly as the Taliban banned women from appearing in public or holding many jobs outside the home. They drew further criticism when they destroyed the
Buddhas of Bamiyan, historical statues nearly 2,000 years old, because the buddhas were considered idols.
In
1996, Saudi
dissident Osama bin Laden moved to Afghanistan upon the invitation of the
Northern Alliance leader Abdur Rabb ur Rasool Sayyaf. When the Taliban came to power, bin Laden was able to forge an alliance between the Taliban and his
Al-Qaeda organization. It is understood that al-Qaeda-trained fighters known as the
055 Brigade were integrated with the Taliban army between 1997 and 2001. It has been suggested that the Taliban and bin Laden had very close connections.
[6]
U.S. action
On
September 20 2001, the U.S. stated that Osama Bin Laden was behind the
September 11, 2001 attacks, and made a five point ultimatum to the Taliban:
[7].
#Deliver to the US all of the leaders of Al Qaeda
#Release all imprisoned foreign nationals
#Close immediately every terrorist training camp
#Hand over every terrorist and their supporters to appropriate authorities
#Give the United States full access to terrorist training camps for inspection
On
September 21,
2001, the Taliban rejected this ultimatum, stating there was no evidence in their possession linking bin Laden to the September 11 attacks
[8].
On
September 22,
2001 the
United Arab Emirates and later
Saudi Arabia withdrew their recognition of the Taliban as the legal government of Afghanistan, leaving neighboring
Pakistan as the only remaining country with diplomatic ties.
On
October 4,
2001, it is believed that the Taliban covertly offered to turn bin Laden over to Pakistan for trial in an international tribunal that operated according to Islamic shar'ia law
[9]. Pakistan is believed to have rejected the offer.
On
October 7,
2001, the Taliban proposed to try bin Laden in Afghanistan in an Islamic court
[10]. This proposition was immediately rejected by the U.S. Shortly afterward, the same day, the United States, supported by a coalition of other countries, initiated military action against the Taliban, bombing Taliban forces and Al Qaeda terrorist training camps
[11]. On October 14 the Taliban proposed to hand bin Laden over to a third country for trial, but only if they were given evidence of bin Laden's involvement in the events of September 11, 2001
[12]. The U.S. rejected this proposal and continued with military operations.
The
UN Security Council, on
January 16,
2002, unanimously established an arms embargo and the freezing of identifiable assets belonging to bin Laden, al-Qaeda, and the remaining Taliban.
Combat operations start
On Sunday
October 7 2001,
American and
British forces began an
aerial bombing campaign targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda.
The Northern Alliance, fighting against a Taliban weakened by US bombing and massive defections, captured
Mazari Sharif on
November 9. It rapidly gained control of most of northern Afghanistan and took control of Kabul on
November 13 after the Taliban unexpectedly fled the city. The Taliban were restricted to a smaller and smaller region, with
Kunduz, the last Taliban-held city in the north, captured on
November 26. Most of the Taliban fled to Pakistan. The war continued in the south of the country, where the Taliban retreated to
Kandahar. After Kandahar fell in December, remnants of the Taliban and al-Qaeda continued to
mount resistance.
The
Battle of Tora Bora, involving US, British and Northern Alliance forces took place on December 2001 to further destroy the Taliban and suspected Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. In early March 2002 the United States military, along with allied Afghan military forces, conducted a large operation to destroy Al-Qaeda in an operation code-named
Operation Anaconda. The operation was comprised of elements of the
United States 10th Mountain Division,
101st Airborne Division, the
US special forces groups TF 11, TF Bowie, and TF Dagger,
British Royal Marines,
Canada's 3rd Battalion,
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, the
Afghan National Army, the German
KSK, and elements of the
Australian Special Air Service Regiment and of the
New Zealand Special Air Service.
After managing to evade U.S. forces throughout the summer of 2002, the remnants of the Taliban gradually began to regain their confidence. A Canadian and US led operation (supported by British and Dutch forces),
Operation Mountain Thrust was launched in May 2006 to counter renewed Taliban insurgency.
Since January 2006, the
NATO International Security Assistance Force undertook combat duties from Operation Enduring Freedom in southern Afghanistan, the NATO force chiefly made up of British, Canadian and Dutch forces (and some smaller contributions from
Denmark,
Romania and
Estonia and air support from
Norway as well as air and artillery support from the US) (''see the article
Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2006''). The United States military also conducts military operations separate from NATO as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in other parts of Afghanistan.
International Support
The United States was supported by during Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan in 2001-2003 and in subsequent coalition operations directly or indirectly in support of OEF. ''See the article
Afghanistan War order of battle for the current disposition of coalition forces in Afghanistan.''
Result
The U.S.-led Coalition is credited with removing the
Taliban from power and seriously crippling the
al-Qaeda and associated militants in both
Afghanistan and neighboring
Pakistan.
On
October 9,
2004,
Afghanistan elected
Hamid Karzai President in its first direct elections. The following year, Afghans conducted the
Afghan parliamentary election, 2005 on
September 18,
2005. Since the invasion, hundreds of schools and
mosques have been constructed, millions of dollars in aid has been distributed, and the occurrence of violence has been greatly reduced. While military forces interdict
insurgents and assure security,
Provincial reconstruction teams are tasked with infrastructure building, like constructing roads and bridges, assisting during floods, and providing food and water to refugees. Many warlords have participated in an allegiance program, recognizing the legitimacy of the Government of Afghanistan, and surrendering their soldiers and weapons, though some of their subsequent actions have led to serious questions about their true loyalties. The newly activated
Afghan National Army,
Afghan National Police, and
Afghan Border Police are being trained to assume the task of securing their nation. However, the Taliban still wields strong influence in many regions, and Karzai's government is believed to hold little real power outside the capital city of
Kabul.
Criticism
AFP, reporting on a news story in the Sunday,
April 3,
2004,
issue of ''The New Yorker'', wrote that retired Army Colonel
Hy Rothstein, "who served in the
Army Special Forces for more than 20 years, ... commissioned by
The Pentagon to examine the war in Afghanistan concluded the conflict created conditions that have given 'warlordism, banditry and opium production a new lease on life' ...."
The conduct of U.S. forces was criticised in a report entitled
Enduring Freedom - Abuses by US Forces in Afghanistan by U.S.-based human rights group,
Human Rights Watch in
2004.
Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines (OEF-P)
Abu Sayyaf Group
The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) Al Harakat Al Islamiyya, is deemed a "foreign terrorist organization" by the
United States government. Specifically, it is an
Islamist separatist group based in and around the southern islands of the
Republic of the Philippines, primarily
Jolo,
Basilan, and
Mindanao.
Since inception in the early
1990s, the group has carried out
bombings,
assassinations,
kidnappings, and
extortion in their fight for an independent Islamic state in western
Mindanao and the
Sulu Archipelago, with a claimed overarching goal of creating a Pan-Islamic superstate across the ''Malay'' portions of
Southeast Asia, spanning, from east to west, the large island of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago (Basilan and Jolo islands), the large island of
Borneo (
Malaysia and
Indonesia), the
South China Sea, and the
Malay Peninsula (
Peninsular Malaysia,
Thailand and
Myanmar).
Jemaah Islamiyah
Jemaah Islamiyah is a
militant Islamic
terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a fundamentalist Islamic
theocracy in
Southeast Asia, in particular
Indonesia,
Singapore,
Brunei,
Malaysia, the south of
Thailand and the
Philippines.
Financial links between Jemaah Islamiyah and other terrorist groups, such as
Abu Sayyaf and
al-Qaeda, have been found to exist.
[13] Jemaah Islamiyah means "Islamic Group" or "Islamic Community" and is often abbreviated JI.
Jemaah Islamiyah is thought to have killed hundreds of
civilians and is suspected of having executed the
Bali car bombing on
October 12,
2002 in which suicide bombers killed 202 people, mostly Australian tourists, and wounded many in a
nightclub. After this attack, the
U.S. State Department designated Jemaah Islamiyah as a
Foreign Terrorist Organization. Jemaah Islamiyah is also suspected of carrying out the
Zamboanga bombings, the
Metro Manila bombings, the
2004 Jakarta embassy bombing and the
2005 Bali terrorist bombing.
U.S. action
In January 2002, 1,200 members of
United States Special Operations Command, Pacific (SOCPAC) were deployed to the Philippines to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in uprooting the terrorist forces of al-Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah and the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG). The members of SOCPAC were assigned to assist in military operations against the terrorist forces as well as humanitarian operations for the island of Basilan, where most of the conflict was expected to take place.
The United States Special Forces (SP) unit trained and equipped special forces and scout rangers of the AFP, creating the Light Reaction Company (LRC). The LRC and elements of SOCPAC deployed to Basilan on completion of their training. The stated goals of the deployment were as follows:
[14]
★ Denying the ASG sanctuary.
★ Surveiling, controlling, and denying ASG routes.
★ Surveiling supporting villages and key personnel.
★ Conducting local training to overcome AFP weaknesses and sustain AFP strengths.
★ Supporting operations by the AFP "strike force" (LRC) in the area of responsibility (AOR).
★ Conducting and supporting civil affairs operations in the AOR.
Result
The desired result was for the AFP to gain sufficient capability to locate and destroy the ASG, to recover hostages and to enhance the legitimacy of the Philippine government. Much of the operation was a success; the ASG was driven from Basilan, and one U.S. hostage was recovered.
[15] The Abu Sayyaf Group's ranks, which once swelled above 800+ operatives, has been reduced to less than 100. The humanitarian portion of the operation, Operation Smiles, has created 14 schools, 7 clinics, 3 hospitals and provided medical care to over 18,000 residents of Basilan. Humanitarian groups were able to continue their work without fear of further kidnappings and terrorists attacks by the Abu Sayyaf Group.
[16] [17]
Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA)
Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a specific terrorist organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect terrorist activities in the region and to work with host nations to deny the reemergence of terrorist cells and activities. In October 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (
CJTF-HOA) was established in
Djibouti at
Camp Le Monier containing approximately 2,000 personnel including U.S. military and Special Operations Forces (SOF), and coalition force members, Coalition Task Force 150 (CTF-150). The coalition force consist of ships from
Australia,
Canada,
France,
Germany,
Netherlands,
Italy,
Pakistan,
New Zealand,
Spain and the
United Kingdom. The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region and areas of
Operation Iraqi Freedom.
[18]
CJTF-HOA has devoted the majority of its efforts to train selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti,
Kenya and
Ethiopia in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency tactics. Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include rebuilding of schools and medical clinics as well as providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained. The program expands as part of the Trans-Saharan Counter Terrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in training the forces of
Chad,
Niger,
Mauritania and
Mali.
[19]
U.S. Action
In
January 2007, during the
war in Somalia, an
AC-130 airstrike was conducted against
Al Qaeda members embedded with forces of the
Islamic Courts Union (ICU) operating in southern Somalia near
Ras Kamboni. US naval forces, including the
aircraft carrier USS ''Dwight D. Eisenhower'', were positioned off the coast of Somalia to provide support and to prevent any Al Qaeda forces escaping by sea.
Military decorations
Since 2002, the
United States military has created military awards and decorations related to Operation Enduring Freedom:
★
Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
★
Afghanistan Campaign Medal
NATO also created a military decoration related to Operation Enduring Freedom:
★ Non-Article 5
ISAF NATO Medal
Further reading
Sean M. Maloney, ''Enduring The Freedom: A Rogue Historian In Afghanistan.''(Dulles: Potomac Books, Incorporated, 2005)
References
1.
2. NATO not in charge of US forces in Afghanistan
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
See also
★
Coalition Casualties in Afghanistan
★
International Security Assistance Force
★
War on Terrorism
★
Afghanistan Orbat
External links
★
Special Operations Forces in Operation "Enduring Freedom"
★
The Enduring Freedom Foundation
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