OPERATOR NORM

In mathematics, the 'operator norm' is a means to measure the "size" of certain linear operators. Formally, it is a norm defined on the space of bounded linear operators between two given normed vector spaces.

Contents

Introduction and definition

Examples

Equivalent definitions

Properties

Operators on a Hilbert space

See also

Introduction and definition

Given two normed vector spaces ''V'' and ''W'' (over the same base field, either the real numbers 'R' or the complex numbers 'C'), a linear map ''A'' : ''V'' → ''W'' is continuous if and only if there exists a real number ''c'' such that
:$|Av|\; le\; c\; |v|\; quad\; mbox\{\; for\; all\; \}\; vin\; V$
(the norm on the left is the one in ''W'', the norm on the right is the one in ''V''). Intuitively, the continuous operator ''A'' never "lengthens" any vector more than by a factor of ''c''. Thus the image of a bounded set under a continuous operator is also bounded. Because of this property, the continuous linear operators are also known as bounded operators. In order to "measure the size" of ''A'', it then seems natural to take the smallest number ''c'' such that the above inequality holds for all ''v'' in ''V''. In other words, we measure the "size" of ''A'' by how much it "lengthens" vectors in the worst case. So we define the operator norm of ''A'' as
:$|A|\_\{op\}\; =\; min\{c\; :\; |Av|\; le\; c\; |v|\; mbox\{\; for\; all\; \}\; vin\; V\}$
(the minimum exists as the set of all such ''c'' is closed, nonempty, and bounded from below).

Examples

Every real ''m''-by-''n'' matrix yields a linear map from 'R'^''n'' to 'R'^''m''. One can put several different norms on these spaces, as explained in the article on norms. Each such choice of norms gives rise to an operator norm and therefore yields a norm on the space of all ''m''-by-''n'' matrices. Examples can be found in the article on matrix norms.
If we specifically choose the Euclidean norm on both 'R'^''n'' and 'R'^''m'', then we obtain the matrix norm which to a given a matrix ''A'' assigns the square root of the largest eigenvalue of the matrix ''A
^★ A'' (where ''A
^★ '' denotes the conjugate transpose of ''A''). This is equivalent to assigning the largest singular value of ''A''.
Passing to a typical infinite dimensional example, consider the sequence space $l^2$ defined by
:
This can be viewed as an infinite dimensional analogue of the Euclidean space 'C'^''n''. Now take a bounded sequence
''s'' = (''s_n ''). The sequence ''s'' is an element of the space ''l'' ^∞, with a norm given by
:$|\; s\; |\_\{infty\}\; =\; sup\; \_n\; |s\_n|\; .$
Define an operator ''T_s'' by simply multiplication:
:$(a\_n)\; stackrel\{T\_s\}\{longrightarrow\}\; (s\_n\; cdot\; a\_n)\; .$
The operator ''T _s'' is bounded with operator norm
:$|\; T\_s|\_\{op\}\; =\; |\; s\; |\_\{infty\}.$
One can extend this discussion directly to the case were ''l'' ² is replaced by a general ''L^p'' space with ''p'' > 1 and ''l''^∞ replaced by ''L''^∞.

Equivalent definitions

One can show that the following definitions are all equivalent:
:$|A|\_\{op\}\; =\; inf\{c\; :\; |Av|\; le\; c|v|\; mbox\{\; for\; all\; \}\; vin\; V\}$
:::$=\; sup\{|Av|\; :\; vin\; V\; mbox\{\; with\; \}|v|\; le\; 1\}$
:::$=\; sup\{|Av|\; :\; vin\; V\; mbox\{\; with\; \}|v|\; =\; 1\}$
:::
e 0
ight}.

Properties

The operator norm is indeed a norm on the space of all bounded operators between ''V'' and ''W''. This means
:$|A|\_\{op\}\; ge\; 0\; mbox\{\; and\; \}\; |A|\_\{op\}\; =\; 0\; mbox\{\; if\; and\; only\; if\; \}\; A\; =\; 0\; ,$
:$|aA|\_\{op\}\; =\; |a|\; |A|\_\{op\}\; quadmbox\{\; for\; every\; scalar\; \}\; a\; ,$
:$|A\; +\; B|\_\{op\}\; le\; |A|\_\{op\}\; +\; |B|\_\{op\}\; .$
The following inequality is an immediate consequence of the definition:
:$|Av|\; le\; |A|\_\{op\}\; |v|\; quadmbox\{\; for\; every\; \}\; vin\; V\; .$
The operator norm is also compatible with the composition, or multiplication, of operators: if ''V'', ''W'' and ''X'' are three normed spaces over the same base field, and ''A'' : ''V'' → ''W'' and ''B'': ''W'' → ''X'' are two bounded operators, then
:$|BA|\_\{op\}\; le\; |B|\_\{op\}\; |A|\_\{op\}\; .$
For bounded operators on ''V'', this implies that operator multiplication is jointly continuous.
It follows from the definition that a sequence of operators converge in operator norm means they converge uniformly on bounded sets.

Operators on a Hilbert space

Suppose ''H'' is a real or complex Hilbert space. If ''A'' : ''H'' → ''H'' is a bounded linear operator, then we have
:$|A|\_\{op\}\; =\; |A^$
★ |_{op}
and
:$|A^$
★ A|_{op} = |A|_{op}^2
where ''A''
^★ denotes the adjoint operator of ''A'' (which in finite dimensional situations corresponds to the conjugate transpose of the matrix ''A'').
In general, the spectral radius of ''A'' is bounded above by the operator norm of ''A'':
:$$
ho(A) le |A|_{op}.
To see why equality may not always hold, consider the Jordan canonical form of a matrix in the finite dimensional case. Because there are non-zero entries on the superdiagonal, equality may be violated. The quasinilpotent operators is one class of such examples. A nonzero quasinilpotent operator ''A'' has spectrum {0}. So ''ρ''(''A'') = 0 while ||''A''||_''op'' > 0.
However, when a matrix ''N'' is normal, its Jordan canonical form is diagonal (up to unitary equivalence); this is the spectral theorem. In that case it is easy to see that
:$$
ho(N) = |N|_{op}.
The spectral theorem can be extended to normal operators in general. Therefore the above equality holds for any bounded normal operator ''N''. This formula can sometimes be used to compute the operator norm of a given bounded operator ''A'': define the Hermitian operator ''H'' = ''A
^★ A'', determine its spectral radius, and take the square root to obtain the operator norm of ''A''.
The space of bounded operators on ''H'', with the topology induced by operator norm, is not separable. For example, consider the Hilbert space ''L''²[0,1]. For 0 < ''t'' ≤ 1, let Ω_''t'' be the characteristic function of [0,''t''], and ''P_t'' be the multiplication operator given by Ω_''t'' , i.e.
:$P\_t\; (f)\; =\; f\; cdot\; Omega\_t\; .$
Then each ''P_t'' is a bounded operator with operator norm 1 and
:$|\; P\_t\; -\; P\_s\; |\_\{op\}\; =\; 1,\; quad\; mbox\{for\; all\}\; quad\; t$
eq s .
But {''P_t''} is an uncountable set. This implies the space of bounded operators on ''L''²[0,1] is not separable, in operator norm. One can compare this with the fact that the sequence space ''l'' ^∞ is not separable.
The set of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space, together with the operator norm and the adjoint operation, yields a C
★ -algebra.

See also

★ operator algebra

★ topologies on the set of operators on a Hilbert space