OTTO SKORZENY
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(Redirected from Otto Scorzeny)
'Otto Skorzeny' (June 12 1908 – July 6 1975[1]) was an Standartenführer[2] in the German Waffen-SS during World War II. After fighting on the Eastern Front, he is known as the commando leader who rescued Benito Mussolini from imprisonment after his overthrow. He also was the initiator of Operation Greif, for which he was judged after the war: this special operation involved false flag tactics, that is wearing the uniform of the enemy to confuse him and advance into his lines. He also helped train the Werwolves, a Nazi stay-behind organisation which tried to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Allies, and organized the Nazi "ratlines", which formed the basis of the ''ODESSA'' network after the war, which helped exfiltrate Nazi war criminals to Francoist Spain and other friendly countries (in particular South America). After creating the Paladin Group in 1970, he died a few months before Franco himself, in July 1975.
Otto Skorzeny was born in Vienna into a middle-class Austrian family which had a long history of military service. He naturally spoke German, as well as excellent French and English.[3] He was a noted fencer as a student in Vienna in the 1920s. He engaged in fifteen personal duels. The tenth resulted in a wound that left a dramatic scar (known in fencing as a smite) on his cheek.
He joined the Austrian Nazi Party in 1931 and soon he joined the Nazi SA. A charismatic figure, Skorzeny played a minor role in the Anschluss on March 12 1938, when he saved the Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas from being shot by Nazi roughnecks.
After the 1939 invasion of Poland, Skorzeny, then working as a civil engineer, volunteered for service in the ''Luftwaffe'' (German Air Force) but was turned down because he was over the age of 30. Failing that, he turned to the Waffen-SS. On February 21 1940, Skorzeny went off to war with one of its most famous units, the ''Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler'' and fought with distinction in the campaigns against the Soviet Union in 1941 and 1942 before being wounded and returning to Germany in December of 1942, a winner of the Iron Cross for bravery under fire.
After Skorzeny had recovered from his wounds, a friend in the SS recommended him to the German military leadership as a possible leader of commando forces which Hitler wanted to create. In this role, in July 1943, he was personally selected by Hitler, from among 6 Luftwaffe and Army special agents, to lead the operation to rescue Benito Mussolini, the dictator of Italy and a friend of Hitler's, who had been removed from power and imprisoned by the Italian government [4].
Almost two months of cat-and-mouse followed, as the Italians moved Mussolini from place to place in order to frustrate any would-be rescuers. Finally, with information on Mussolini's location and its topographical features found by Herbert Kappler and air reconnaissance by Skorzeny himself, on September 12 Skorzeny took part as a guest in ''Unternehmen Eiche'', a daring glider-based assault on the Campo Imperatore Hotel at Gran Sasso, and rescued Mussolini without firing a single bullet. Skorzeny escorted Mussolini to Rome and later to Berlin. The exploit earned Skorzeny worldwide fame, promotion to major and the Knight's Cross, a higher order of the Iron Cross.
On May 25 1944, he was assigned to ''Operation Rösselsprung'', a paratroop commando operation aimed at capturing Yugoslav Partisan leader Tito at his headquarters near Drvar. Hitler knew that Tito was getting allied support and was aware that either British or American troops could land in Dalmatia with support of the communist NOVJ, the partisan People's Liberation Army Of Yugoslavia. Hence, killing or capturing Tito would not only have prevented this scenario, but also given a badly needed morale boost to the frustrated Axis forces in the Balkans. Skorzeny was involved in the planning of operation Rösselsprung and was supposed to command it but gave up on it after visiting Zagreb. Skorzeny became aware that the secrecy of the operation was compromised and that a serious leak of information occurred due to the incompetence of German partners in NDH or the Independent State of Croatia. The Operation turned out to be a complete disaster. The first wave of paratroopers, following heavy bombardment by the Luftwaffe, fell in between the area of the cave, Tito's hideout, and the town of Drvar. The paratroopers landed on open ground and many were gunned down by members of the partisan HQ Escort Battalion, a company numbering less than 100 soldiers. The second wave of paratroopers missed their target and landed a few miles out of town. Tito was long gone when the paratroopers captured the cave. Right next to the cave's exit there was a path leading to a railroad where Tito boarded a train that took him to safety to the town of Jajce. In the meantime, the partisan 3rd Lika Brigade arrived after 12 miles of forced march and took on the Brandenburg Waffen SS battalion, destroying it almost completely during this operation.
On July 20 1944, Skorzeny was in Berlin when an attempt on Hitler's life was made, with German officials trying to seize control of Germany's main decision centers before Hitler recovered from his injuries. Skorzeny helped put down the rebellion in Berlin, spending 36 hours in charge of the German army's central command center before being relieved.
In October 1944, Hitler sent Skorzeny to Hungary when he received word that Hungary's Regent, Miklós Horthy was secretly negotiating his country's surrender with the Red Army. This surrender would have cut off a million German troops fighting in the Balkan peninsula. Skorzeny, in another daring "snatch" codenamed Operation Panzerfaust, kidnapped Horthy's son Nicholas and forced his father to abdicate as Regent. A pro-German government was installed in Hungary which fought alongside Germany until German troops were driven out of Hungary by the Red Army in April 1945.
On October 21, Hitler, inspired by an American subterfuge which had put three captured German tanks flying German colours to devastating use at Aachen, summoned Skorzeny to Berlin and assigned him to lead a panzer brigade. As planned by Skorzeny in Operation Greif, about two dozen German soldiers, most of them in captured American army Jeeps and disguised as American soldiers, penetrated American lines in the early hours of the Battle of the Bulge and sowed disorder and confusion behind the Allied lines. A handful of his men were captured by the Americans and spread a rumour that Skorzeny was leading a raid on Paris to kill or capture General Eisenhower. The effect of this disinformation had Eisenhower confined to his headquarters for weeks and Skorzeny was labelled "the most dangerous man in Europe".
Skorzeny spent January and February 1945 commanding regular troops in the defence of the German provinces of Prussia and Pomerania as an acting major general. Fighting at Schwedt on the Oder River, he also received orders to sabotage a bridge on the Rhine at Remagen, but his frogmen failed. For his actions there, primarily in the defence of Frankfurt, Hitler awarded him one of Germany's highest military honours, the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.
With the defeat of Nazi Germany inevitable, Skorzeny trained, until March 1945, recruits for the stay-behind Nazi organisation, the Werwolves, which engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Allies. However, Skorzeny quickly realized that the Werwolves were too few in number to become an effective fighting force. Instead of this, they were used for the Nazi "ratlines", a secret "Underground railroad" which helped Nazi war criminals escape trial after Germany's surrender.
Beside this organisation of the "ratlines," which would form the basis of the supposed ''ODESSA'' network after the war, Skorzeny had been employed since August 1944 by high-ranking Nazis and German industrialists to hide money and to loot property, documents, etc., some of which were buried in the mountains of Bavaria, and others shipped overseas.
Skorzeny finally decided to surrender to the Allies in May 1945, feeling that he could potentially be of use to the Americans in the forthcoming Cold War. On May 16, 1945, he emerged from the Austrian woods near Salzburg and surrendered to a lieutenant of the US Thirtieth Infantry Regiment. He was held as a prisoner of war for more than two years before being tried as a war criminal at the Dachau Trials for his false flag actions in the Battle of the Bulge. However, Skorzeny was acquitted because although he had ordered his men to use American uniforms as a ruse, it could not be proven that he had given orders to fight in them.[5] Nevertheless he was detained until he escaped from a prison camp on July 27 1948.
He settled in Spain with a passport granted by its leader, Francisco Franco, and resumed his prewar occupation as an engineer. In 1952, he was declared ''entnazifiziert'' (denazified) in absentia by a German government arbitration board, which let him travel abroad. Before the declaration, he could have been interned in Germany or Austria until he had convinced the authorities that he had seen the error of his beliefs. He spent part of his time in Ireland between 1959-1969 where he bought Martinstown House, a 200 acre farm in County Kildare.
Protected by Franco, Otto Skorzeny was a key figure in the organisation of the secret ex-Nazi escape network ''ODESSA''. According to the Spanish newspaper ''El Mundo'', he was a key figure in organizing one of ODESSA's largest bases, which was located in Spain.[6] According to ''El Mundo'', some of his henchmen helped Aribert Heim (aka "Doctor Death", found to be living in Spain in October 2005) escape from justice.
He also founded the Paladin Group in 1970, a neo-fascist organisation which gathered former French members of the OAS, of the SAC, etc., and considered it the spearhead of the anti-Communist struggle. Later, he worked as a consultant to the Egyptian President Gamel Abdel Nasser and the Argentine President Juan Peron. In 1963 while he stayed in Egypt he was allegedly recruited by the Mossad to deliver information about the German scientists that worked in the Egyptian missile program[1].
In 1970, a tumor was discovered on Skorzeny's spine. Two cancerous tumors were removed in Hamburg, leaving him paralyzed from the waist down. Vowing to walk again, Skorzeny spent long hours with a physical therapist, and within six months was back on his feet. The years following therapy were hard for Skorzeny, as the cancer reminded him that his final days were fast approaching . Otto Skorzeny finally succumbed to the cancer on 7 July, 1975 in Madrid, a few months before Franco himself. He was cremated, his ashes were later brought to Vienna and interred in the Skorzeny family grave at Döblinger Friedhof.
★ Skorzeny is a key figure in Harry Turtledove's alternate history series ''Worldwar'', and in John Birmingham's ''Axis of Time ''series
★ Skorzeny appears in considerable parts of Newt Gingrich and William Forstchen's alternate history novel ''1945'' in which he raids Oak Ridge and tangles with Alvin York (see [2])
★ Skorzeny is depicted as a monster constructed from human corpses in the comic ''Stalin Vs. Hitler''
★ Skorzeny also makes an appearance in ''The Berkut'', a novel by Joseph Heywood
★ Skorzeny is also referenced in the Brotherhood of War (book series) novels by W.E.B. Griffin
★ Skorzeny is also a key figure in the World War II fictional thriller by Mark Frost entitled ''The Second Objective'', set against the Battle of the Bulge.
★ In the Jack Higgins novel ''The Eagle Has Landed'', Skorzeny's liberation of Mussolini inspires Hitler to order a similar raid to kidnap Winston Churchill.
1. "Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie", Band 9 Schmidt - Theyer, K.G. Sauer, München 1998, ISBN 3-598-23169-5
2. www.vho.org/D/DGG/Preradovich31_2.html
3. http://www.coastcomp.com/artkramer/Skorzeny.htm
4. Otto Skorzeny's Memoirs: "Skorzeny's Special Missions: The Memoirs of the Most Dangerous Man in Europe" ISBN 978-1853676840
5.
Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. United Nations War Crimes Commission. Vol. IX, 1949, pages 90-94.
"The ten accused involved in this trial were all officers in the 150th Panzer Brigade commanded by the accused Skorzeny. They were charged with participating in the improper use of American uniforms by entering into combat disguised therewith and treacherously firing upon and killing members of the armed forces of the United States."
"All accused were acquitted of all charges"
6. A la caza del ultimo Nazi Félix Martinez
★ Otto Skorzeny, David Johnson transl. ''My Commando Operations: The Memoirs of Hitler's Most Daring Commando'' (reprint Schiffer Publishing, 1995) ISBN 0-88740-718-8
★ Otto Skorzeny, ''Skorzeny's Special Missions'' (Greenhill Books, 1997) ISBN 1-85367-291-2
★ Charles Foley, ''Commando Extraordinary'' (Arms & Armour, 1987) ISBN 0-85368-824-9
★ Charles Whiting, ''Skorzeny: "The Most Dangerous Man in Europe"'' (DaCapo Press, 1998) ISBN 0-938289-94-2
★ Annussek, G. ''Hitler's Raid To Save Mussolini'', De Capo Press, 2005. ISBN 0-306-81396-3
★ Operation Paperclip Involvement
★ Trial of Otto Skorzeny and Others, General Military Government Court of the U.S. Zone of Germany, 18 August to 9 September, 1947
★ Summary of KV 2/403 a British intelligence file Declassified in July 2001 it details the post war debriefing of Otto Skorzeny on Operation Werewolf and other matters
★ [3] Description of Operation Eiche
'Otto Skorzeny' (June 12 1908 – July 6 1975[1]) was an Standartenführer[2] in the German Waffen-SS during World War II. After fighting on the Eastern Front, he is known as the commando leader who rescued Benito Mussolini from imprisonment after his overthrow. He also was the initiator of Operation Greif, for which he was judged after the war: this special operation involved false flag tactics, that is wearing the uniform of the enemy to confuse him and advance into his lines. He also helped train the Werwolves, a Nazi stay-behind organisation which tried to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Allies, and organized the Nazi "ratlines", which formed the basis of the ''ODESSA'' network after the war, which helped exfiltrate Nazi war criminals to Francoist Spain and other friendly countries (in particular South America). After creating the Paladin Group in 1970, he died a few months before Franco himself, in July 1975.
Before the war
Otto Skorzeny was born in Vienna into a middle-class Austrian family which had a long history of military service. He naturally spoke German, as well as excellent French and English.[3] He was a noted fencer as a student in Vienna in the 1920s. He engaged in fifteen personal duels. The tenth resulted in a wound that left a dramatic scar (known in fencing as a smite) on his cheek.
He joined the Austrian Nazi Party in 1931 and soon he joined the Nazi SA. A charismatic figure, Skorzeny played a minor role in the Anschluss on March 12 1938, when he saved the Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas from being shot by Nazi roughnecks.
The Eastern Front
After the 1939 invasion of Poland, Skorzeny, then working as a civil engineer, volunteered for service in the ''Luftwaffe'' (German Air Force) but was turned down because he was over the age of 30. Failing that, he turned to the Waffen-SS. On February 21 1940, Skorzeny went off to war with one of its most famous units, the ''Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler'' and fought with distinction in the campaigns against the Soviet Union in 1941 and 1942 before being wounded and returning to Germany in December of 1942, a winner of the Iron Cross for bravery under fire.
The liberation of Mussolini
After Skorzeny had recovered from his wounds, a friend in the SS recommended him to the German military leadership as a possible leader of commando forces which Hitler wanted to create. In this role, in July 1943, he was personally selected by Hitler, from among 6 Luftwaffe and Army special agents, to lead the operation to rescue Benito Mussolini, the dictator of Italy and a friend of Hitler's, who had been removed from power and imprisoned by the Italian government [4].
Almost two months of cat-and-mouse followed, as the Italians moved Mussolini from place to place in order to frustrate any would-be rescuers. Finally, with information on Mussolini's location and its topographical features found by Herbert Kappler and air reconnaissance by Skorzeny himself, on September 12 Skorzeny took part as a guest in ''Unternehmen Eiche'', a daring glider-based assault on the Campo Imperatore Hotel at Gran Sasso, and rescued Mussolini without firing a single bullet. Skorzeny escorted Mussolini to Rome and later to Berlin. The exploit earned Skorzeny worldwide fame, promotion to major and the Knight's Cross, a higher order of the Iron Cross.
Operation Rösselsprung
On May 25 1944, he was assigned to ''Operation Rösselsprung'', a paratroop commando operation aimed at capturing Yugoslav Partisan leader Tito at his headquarters near Drvar. Hitler knew that Tito was getting allied support and was aware that either British or American troops could land in Dalmatia with support of the communist NOVJ, the partisan People's Liberation Army Of Yugoslavia. Hence, killing or capturing Tito would not only have prevented this scenario, but also given a badly needed morale boost to the frustrated Axis forces in the Balkans. Skorzeny was involved in the planning of operation Rösselsprung and was supposed to command it but gave up on it after visiting Zagreb. Skorzeny became aware that the secrecy of the operation was compromised and that a serious leak of information occurred due to the incompetence of German partners in NDH or the Independent State of Croatia. The Operation turned out to be a complete disaster. The first wave of paratroopers, following heavy bombardment by the Luftwaffe, fell in between the area of the cave, Tito's hideout, and the town of Drvar. The paratroopers landed on open ground and many were gunned down by members of the partisan HQ Escort Battalion, a company numbering less than 100 soldiers. The second wave of paratroopers missed their target and landed a few miles out of town. Tito was long gone when the paratroopers captured the cave. Right next to the cave's exit there was a path leading to a railroad where Tito boarded a train that took him to safety to the town of Jajce. In the meantime, the partisan 3rd Lika Brigade arrived after 12 miles of forced march and took on the Brandenburg Waffen SS battalion, destroying it almost completely during this operation.
The July 20 1944 plot against Hitler
On July 20 1944, Skorzeny was in Berlin when an attempt on Hitler's life was made, with German officials trying to seize control of Germany's main decision centers before Hitler recovered from his injuries. Skorzeny helped put down the rebellion in Berlin, spending 36 hours in charge of the German army's central command center before being relieved.
Hungary and Operation Panzerfaust
In October 1944, Hitler sent Skorzeny to Hungary when he received word that Hungary's Regent, Miklós Horthy was secretly negotiating his country's surrender with the Red Army. This surrender would have cut off a million German troops fighting in the Balkan peninsula. Skorzeny, in another daring "snatch" codenamed Operation Panzerfaust, kidnapped Horthy's son Nicholas and forced his father to abdicate as Regent. A pro-German government was installed in Hungary which fought alongside Germany until German troops were driven out of Hungary by the Red Army in April 1945.
Operation Greif and Eisenhower
Otto Skorzeny
On October 21, Hitler, inspired by an American subterfuge which had put three captured German tanks flying German colours to devastating use at Aachen, summoned Skorzeny to Berlin and assigned him to lead a panzer brigade. As planned by Skorzeny in Operation Greif, about two dozen German soldiers, most of them in captured American army Jeeps and disguised as American soldiers, penetrated American lines in the early hours of the Battle of the Bulge and sowed disorder and confusion behind the Allied lines. A handful of his men were captured by the Americans and spread a rumour that Skorzeny was leading a raid on Paris to kill or capture General Eisenhower. The effect of this disinformation had Eisenhower confined to his headquarters for weeks and Skorzeny was labelled "the most dangerous man in Europe".
Skorzeny spent January and February 1945 commanding regular troops in the defence of the German provinces of Prussia and Pomerania as an acting major general. Fighting at Schwedt on the Oder River, he also received orders to sabotage a bridge on the Rhine at Remagen, but his frogmen failed. For his actions there, primarily in the defence of Frankfurt, Hitler awarded him one of Germany's highest military honours, the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.
Werwolves and Surrender
With the defeat of Nazi Germany inevitable, Skorzeny trained, until March 1945, recruits for the stay-behind Nazi organisation, the Werwolves, which engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Allies. However, Skorzeny quickly realized that the Werwolves were too few in number to become an effective fighting force. Instead of this, they were used for the Nazi "ratlines", a secret "Underground railroad" which helped Nazi war criminals escape trial after Germany's surrender.
Beside this organisation of the "ratlines," which would form the basis of the supposed ''ODESSA'' network after the war, Skorzeny had been employed since August 1944 by high-ranking Nazis and German industrialists to hide money and to loot property, documents, etc., some of which were buried in the mountains of Bavaria, and others shipped overseas.
Skorzeny finally decided to surrender to the Allies in May 1945, feeling that he could potentially be of use to the Americans in the forthcoming Cold War. On May 16, 1945, he emerged from the Austrian woods near Salzburg and surrendered to a lieutenant of the US Thirtieth Infantry Regiment. He was held as a prisoner of war for more than two years before being tried as a war criminal at the Dachau Trials for his false flag actions in the Battle of the Bulge. However, Skorzeny was acquitted because although he had ordered his men to use American uniforms as a ruse, it could not be proven that he had given orders to fight in them.[5] Nevertheless he was detained until he escaped from a prison camp on July 27 1948.
After World War II
He settled in Spain with a passport granted by its leader, Francisco Franco, and resumed his prewar occupation as an engineer. In 1952, he was declared ''entnazifiziert'' (denazified) in absentia by a German government arbitration board, which let him travel abroad. Before the declaration, he could have been interned in Germany or Austria until he had convinced the authorities that he had seen the error of his beliefs. He spent part of his time in Ireland between 1959-1969 where he bought Martinstown House, a 200 acre farm in County Kildare.
Protected by Franco, Otto Skorzeny was a key figure in the organisation of the secret ex-Nazi escape network ''ODESSA''. According to the Spanish newspaper ''El Mundo'', he was a key figure in organizing one of ODESSA's largest bases, which was located in Spain.[6] According to ''El Mundo'', some of his henchmen helped Aribert Heim (aka "Doctor Death", found to be living in Spain in October 2005) escape from justice.
He also founded the Paladin Group in 1970, a neo-fascist organisation which gathered former French members of the OAS, of the SAC, etc., and considered it the spearhead of the anti-Communist struggle. Later, he worked as a consultant to the Egyptian President Gamel Abdel Nasser and the Argentine President Juan Peron. In 1963 while he stayed in Egypt he was allegedly recruited by the Mossad to deliver information about the German scientists that worked in the Egyptian missile program[1].
Death
In 1970, a tumor was discovered on Skorzeny's spine. Two cancerous tumors were removed in Hamburg, leaving him paralyzed from the waist down. Vowing to walk again, Skorzeny spent long hours with a physical therapist, and within six months was back on his feet. The years following therapy were hard for Skorzeny, as the cancer reminded him that his final days were fast approaching . Otto Skorzeny finally succumbed to the cancer on 7 July, 1975 in Madrid, a few months before Franco himself. He was cremated, his ashes were later brought to Vienna and interred in the Skorzeny family grave at Döblinger Friedhof.
Cultural references
★ Skorzeny is a key figure in Harry Turtledove's alternate history series ''Worldwar'', and in John Birmingham's ''Axis of Time ''series
★ Skorzeny appears in considerable parts of Newt Gingrich and William Forstchen's alternate history novel ''1945'' in which he raids Oak Ridge and tangles with Alvin York (see [2])
★ Skorzeny is depicted as a monster constructed from human corpses in the comic ''Stalin Vs. Hitler''
★ Skorzeny also makes an appearance in ''The Berkut'', a novel by Joseph Heywood
★ Skorzeny is also referenced in the Brotherhood of War (book series) novels by W.E.B. Griffin
★ Skorzeny is also a key figure in the World War II fictional thriller by Mark Frost entitled ''The Second Objective'', set against the Battle of the Bulge.
★ In the Jack Higgins novel ''The Eagle Has Landed'', Skorzeny's liberation of Mussolini inspires Hitler to order a similar raid to kidnap Winston Churchill.
References
1. "Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie", Band 9 Schmidt - Theyer, K.G. Sauer, München 1998, ISBN 3-598-23169-5
2. www.vho.org/D/DGG/Preradovich31_2.html
3. http://www.coastcomp.com/artkramer/Skorzeny.htm
4. Otto Skorzeny's Memoirs: "Skorzeny's Special Missions: The Memoirs of the Most Dangerous Man in Europe" ISBN 978-1853676840
5.
Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. United Nations War Crimes Commission. Vol. IX, 1949, pages 90-94.
"The ten accused involved in this trial were all officers in the 150th Panzer Brigade commanded by the accused Skorzeny. They were charged with participating in the improper use of American uniforms by entering into combat disguised therewith and treacherously firing upon and killing members of the armed forces of the United States."
"All accused were acquitted of all charges"
6. A la caza del ultimo Nazi Félix Martinez
Bibliography
★ Otto Skorzeny, David Johnson transl. ''My Commando Operations: The Memoirs of Hitler's Most Daring Commando'' (reprint Schiffer Publishing, 1995) ISBN 0-88740-718-8
★ Otto Skorzeny, ''Skorzeny's Special Missions'' (Greenhill Books, 1997) ISBN 1-85367-291-2
★ Charles Foley, ''Commando Extraordinary'' (Arms & Armour, 1987) ISBN 0-85368-824-9
★ Charles Whiting, ''Skorzeny: "The Most Dangerous Man in Europe"'' (DaCapo Press, 1998) ISBN 0-938289-94-2
★ Annussek, G. ''Hitler's Raid To Save Mussolini'', De Capo Press, 2005. ISBN 0-306-81396-3
External links
★ Operation Paperclip Involvement
★ Trial of Otto Skorzeny and Others, General Military Government Court of the U.S. Zone of Germany, 18 August to 9 September, 1947
★ Summary of KV 2/403 a British intelligence file Declassified in July 2001 it details the post war debriefing of Otto Skorzeny on Operation Werewolf and other matters
★ [3] Description of Operation Eiche
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