PACIFIC HIGHWAY (AUSTRALIA)

'Pacific Highway'
''Brisbane CBD-Eight Mile Plains (As Pacific Motorway):''
Metroad 3
''Formerly''
''Eight Mile Plains-Bilinga (As Pacific Motorway):''
National Route M1
''Formerly''
''Bilinga-Hexham:''
''Hexham-Doyalson:''
State Route 111
''Doyalson-Wahroonga:''
State Route 83
''Wahroonga-Artarmon:''
Metroad 1
''Formerly''
''Artarmon-Crows Nest:''
Metroad 10
''Crows Nest-North Sydney:''
'Length'	1025 kilometres
'General direction:'	North-South
'From:'	Coolangatta, Queensland
'To:'	North Sydney, New South Wales''
'Towns along highway:'	Ballina, Grafton, Coffs Harbour, Kempsey, Taree, Newcastle, Gosford, Wahroonga

The 'Pacific Highway' is a major transport route in eastern
Australia and is part of Australia's Highway 1. It is 1,025 km long and links Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, to Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, along the coast, via Gosford, Newcastle, Taree, Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Coffs Harbour, Grafton, Ballina and the Gold Coast. It is known as a dangerous piece of road due to the higher-than-average death toll. In 2016, the whole Pacific Highway will be re-named the "North Coast Motorway" when it is 100% dual carriageway. Today, only 40% or 250 km is dual carriageway and 10% or 78 km is under construction.

Contents

History

The Pacific Highway today

The four "big" Pacific Highway plans

Track

Speed limits (south to north)

Cities and towns

Grafton is a beautiful and gracious city. It has wide streets, elegant Victorian buildings, a superb location on the banks of the wide Clarence River and many ornamental parks. The city is particularly proud of the jacarandas which line almost every street and are spectacular when in full bloom during November, when the Jacaranda Festival is held.

See also

History

Initially, the primary mode of transport of the North Coast, New South Wales towns was sea transport. The road linking Tweed Heads and Newcastle was only partly sealed, flood-prone and had many river crossings without bridges (using ferries). This was designated the North Coast Highway in 1928. It was renamed the Pacific Highway in 1931 .
Most freight traffic between New South Wales and Queensland passed along the New England Highway instead, due to the easier topography of the Northern Tablelands it traverses. From 1950 through to 1967, traffic quadrupled as the North Coast became an attractive retirement and tourist destination. The highway was subsequently improved, the last section to be sealed was in 1958 at Koorainghait south of Taree, and the last road ferry crossing was replaced by the Harwood Bridge over the South Channel of the Clarence River in 1966 (the north channel had been bridged in 1931).
However it is still hilly and winding in many stretches. With increases in traffic, towns and villages are gradually being bypassed. As late as 1977, overtaking lanes or climbing lanes were rare, hence traffic slowed down in peak seasons. The increase in traffic during holidays combined with the dangerous stretches resulted in many fatalities.
Two major coach accidents on the Pacific Highway in 1989 near Grafton (in which 20 people died) and at Clybucca near Kempsey (in which 35 people died) resulted in a public outcry over the poor quality of the road and its high fatality rate [1]. It did not examine the question of why the North Coast railway had failed to be improved to handle increased economic development on the North Coast, and the consequent overloading of the road system with long distance freight and passenger traffic. It was clear that the road, built when the North Coast was merely an agricultural area, could not handle the amount of traffic in the rapidly growing region. The Pacific Highway was never part of the Federally funded system of National Highways. This appears to be because when the Commonwealth funding of the 'national highway' system began in 1974, the New England Highway was chosen rather than the Pacific Highway as the Sydney-Brisbane link due to its easier topography and consequent lower upgrade costs.
Yet the highway was undeniably heavily used by interstate traffic and its upgrade was beyond the resources of the New South Wales Government alone. The NSW Government and the Commonwealth Government argued for years about how the responsibility for funding the highway's upgrade should be divided between themselves, only coming up with a mutually acceptable upgrade package just after the 1996/1997 financial year. The Highway is now part of the 'AusLink National Network' and new projects are funded 50/50 by the Federal and State governments.

The Pacific Highway today

Predominantly single carriageway sections from Tweed Heads to Newcastle have been converted to Freeway/motorway or dual carriageway standards mostly by deviating the highway slightly. Numerous sections of single carriageway road have been upgraded by the addition of extensive sections of overtaking lane and pavement widening. Many towns have been bypassed by motorway-standard stretches, though the highway still snakes through several large towns such as Coffs Harbour and Kempsey. Overall the highway has become safer and travelling times have been substantially reduced particularly during holiday periods. However, about 60% (323 km) of the Pacific Hwy is still only one lane in each direction with some form of overtaking opportunity occasionally (or three lanes undivided on occasions), 40% (263 km) is dual carriageway and a further 10% (78km) of dual carriageway is under construction [2]. From time to time, there are proposals in the media for the private sector to build a fully controlled-access high-speed tollway between Newcastle and the Queensland border, possibly using the BOT system of infrastructure provision. Nothing has eventuated from these proposals [3].

The Pacific Highway was replaced by the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway as the national route between Sydney and Hexham (near Newcastle)in sections between 1965 and 1992. Dual carriageway extends from the end of the freeway at Black Hill (near Hexham) north to a point 1 kilometre north of the Myall Way intersection [4]. Construction work is underway, just north of between Myall Way, bypassing Nerong to 1 km south of Booral Road intersection [5] opening in 2009 with dual carriageway extending all the way to South Bulahdelah - Joining the "approved" Bulahdelah bypass [6] [7] The Bulahdelah dual carriageway bypass "approval" was granted in July 2007 [8]
[9]
[10]
. Today, from north Bulahdelah the highway is dual carriageway as far north as Port Macquarie at the Oxley Highway Interchange, the section between north Coopernook to Herons Creek - Where dual carriageway conditions are getting constructed, providing dual carriageway conditions between north Bulahdelah to Port Macquarie, opening in 2009, bypassing Moorland, Johns River and Kew [11] [12] [13]. Beyond this are dual carriageway sections from Herons Creek to Port Macquarie (3 km north of Kew), Eungai-Warrell Creek, North Urunga to Coffs Harbour (bypassing Bonville [14]) and through to Coffs Harbour urban area (not freeway stardard - But still 4 lanes) and at Ewingsdale interchange (the Byron Bay exit) to Brisbane is dual carriageway [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] (apart from Barona Point or Sextons Hill with just one traffic signal - But still 4 lanes), planning an EIS/SIS (environmental impact statement and the species impact statement) are both underway for this 2 km deviation section to "eliminate" the traffic signal [20]. Currently, major contruction projects are underway on the; 7 km Tugun Bypass, which opens in June 2008 [21]; the 12 km Ballina bypass, no date for construction completion, the 10 km Bonville deviation/duplication opening in 2008, the 23 km Karuah to Bulahdelah deviation/duplication (sections 2 and 3) opening in 2009 [22] and the 33 km devation from north Coopernook to Herons Creek also opening in 2009 [23] [24] [25]. These will result in continuous dual carriageway from Sydney to Port Macquarie, (apart from the section in Bulahdelah soon to have the Bulahdelah bypass, which contruction work yet to commence with a Tender [26], funding and project approvals from July, 2007 [27] [28] [29] [30]
[31] and the Coopernook to Herons Creek, awarded to Thiess in April 2007, where dual carrageways are under contruction [32] [33] [34], North Urunga-Coffs Harbour, Ewingsdale-Brisbane (apart from Barona Point or Sextons Hill with just one traffic signal) [35] [36] [37] [38] [39], planning an EIS/SIS (environmental impact statement and the species impact statement) are both underway for this 2 km deviation section to "eliminate" the traffic signal [40] and with other isolated sections of dual carriageway.
Current major investigations are for; the Tintenbar to Ewingsdale upgrade [41], Ballina bypass [42], Port Macquarie-Urunga and the proposed Ballina to Coffs Harbour dual carriageway alignment, proposed "inland" corridors [43]. Preferred routes have been identified for upgrading the Port Macquarie (north of the Oxley Highway interchange) to Kempsey, the Coffs Harbour bypass is currently in planning [44] and a traffic master plan for Tweed. In 2025, widening will take place within the plans of provision from four lanes to six lanes. "RTA and Tweed Council traffic master plan" Including;

★ Barona Point deviation (2.5 km) - In 2010-2015

★ 4-way ( full diamond) access ramps of Kirkwook Road - In 2015-2020

★ Tugun Bypass (7 km) and Tweed Heads bypass (5 km)/(totalling 12 km) widening to six lanes (3 lanes in each direction) - In 2020-2025.
These projects form part of a 2009 through to 2016 program jointly on a 50-50 basis by the Commonwealth and NSW governments to upgrade the Hexham-Gold Coast stretch of the Pacific Highway to motorway standard.

The four "big" Pacific Highway plans

★ 1. Four lanes from Brisbane to Ewingsdale Interchange (Byron Bay exit), by 2007 [45] [46]

★ 2. Four lanes from north Urunga to Coffs Harbour, by 2008 [47].

★ 3. Four lanes from Sydney to Oxley Highway Interchange (Port Macquarie exit), by 2010 [48].

★ 4. Four lanes from the Oxley Highway Interchange (Port Macquarie exit) to the Ewingsdale Interchange (Byron Bay exit), by 2016 .

Track

From Sydney the Pacific Highway starts as the continuation of the Bradfield Highway at the northern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, immediately north of the Sydney Central Business District and is the main route as far as the suburb of Wahroonga. From the Harbour Bridge to the Gore Hill Freeway at Artarmon it is designated as Sydney Metroad 8 and from the Gore Hill Freeway to Wahroonga it is designated as Metroad 1. From Wahroonga to Hexham near Newcastle the Pacific Highway has been superseded by the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway, known formerly and until today colloquially as the 'F3'. The present designation of this road is National Highway 1. The freeway ends at John Renshaw Drive at Beresfield, from which a coonector road leads to the New England Highway (national highway 15) between Hexham and Maitland. Northbound traffic turns right onto a short section John Renshaw Drive then connect via an overpass to the New England Highway towards Newcastle, to rejoin the Pacific Highway at Hexham interchange.
Back at Wahroonga, the Pacific Highway itself is located mostly parallel to the freeway until Kariong (at which point it diverts into the Central Coast through Gosford and Wyong). It continues along this route (designated 'state route 83') until Doyalson. The section of the highway from Cowan to Kariong follows a scenic winding route. The section of what was formerly the Pacific Highway from the Wiseman's Ferry Road junction at Somersby, through to the Pacific Hwy exit at Gosford (adjacent to Brian McGowan Bridge), has been rebadged as the Central Coast Highway, still carrying 'State Route 83'.
Between 1925 and 1930 the then-Main Roads Board reconstructed a route between Hornsby and Calga that had been abandoned some forty years earlier, in order to provide a direct road link between Sydney and Newcastle. In addition a replacement route from Calga into the gorge of Mooney Mooney Creek and up to the ridge at Kariong above Gosford, was also required. This new Sydney-Newcastle route via Calga and Gosford was some 80 km shorter than the previous route via Parramatta, McGraths Hill, Maroota, Wisemans Ferry, Wollombi and Cessnock. At first Peats Ferry was reinstituted to cross the Hawkesbury River, with construction of the bridge not beginning until 1938, due to the Great Depression. Due to the onset of World War II, the bridge was not completed until May 1945. Currently the highway is closed between the Calga interchange and the Somersby interchange due to a part of the road collapsing as a result of the floods that hit the Central Coast and Newcastle region.[49]
The highway recommences as 'state route 83' in Gosford and continues north through the Central Coast towns of Ourimbah and Wyong as a regional route before meeting with a spur of the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway near Doyalson numbered as 'state route 111'. At this point the Pacific Highway becomes 'state route 111', and is a four-lane regional highway passing Lake Macquarie and on through the suburbs of Newcastle before rejoining national route 1 at Hexham.
From Bennetts Green to Sandgate it is supplemented by state highway 13 (marked as state route 123), through New Lambton and Jesmond. Two lengths of this route (Gateshead-Kotara Heights and Jesmond-Shortland) have been replaced by freeway.
From Hexham, the Pacific Highway (now 'national route 1' again) passes along the NSW North Coast and across the state border into Queensland at Tweed Heads, on the southern fringe of the Gold Coast, Queensland. From here, the Highway is a divided four-lane urban arterial to Billinga, where it becomes the Pacific Motorway. the former route of the Pacifc Highway through Burleigh Heads, Surfers Paradise and Southport has been renamed the Gold Coast Highway. This section is very congested with traffic, the Tugun Bypass will finish in June 2008 (AbiGroup source) [50], abolishing a bad traffic snaled section [51].

Speed limits (south to north)

'Hexham to Port Macquarie'

★ Hexham bridges - 80 km/h northbound, 60 km/h southbound

★ Hexham to Tomago - 100 km/h northbound, 90 km/h southbound

★ Tomago to Heatherbrae - 80 km/h

★ Heatherbrae to Raymond Terrace bypass - 70 km/h

★ Raymond Terrace bypass to Karuah bends - 100 km/h

★ Karuah bends to just south of Myall Way - 110 km/h

★ Myall Way at-grade intersection - 90 km/h

★ Myall Way to South Bulahdelah - 60 km/h (''constructing dual carriageways from Myall Way to Booral Road, opens July 2009 [52]'')

★ South Bulahdelah - 80 km/h

★ Bulahdelah - 60 km/h

★ Bulahdelah bypass - 110 km/h (''no date provided for Bulahdelah bypass opening [53]'')

★ North bulahdelah - 90 km/h

★ North Bulahdelah to just south of Coolongolook - 110 km/h

★ South of Coolongolook to Coolongnook - 100 km/h

★ Coolongolook - 80 km/h (''no 110 km/h bypass proposed/planned'')

★ Coolongolook to Possum Brush - 100 km/h

★ Trittion Road to Stills Road, northbound - 100 km/h (southbound 110 km/h)

★ Possum Brush to North Coopernook - 110 km/h

★ North Coopernook to Herons Creek - 60km/h (''constructing dual carriageways from north Coppernook to Herons Creek, opens December 2009 [54]'')

★ Herons Creek to Stills Road, northbound - 100 km/h (southbound 110 km/h)

★ Herons Creek to Oxley Hwy interchange (Port Macquarie exit) - 110 km/h
'Port Macquarie to Coffs Harbour'

★ (list incomplete)
'Coffs Harbour to Ballina'

★ (list incomplete)
'Ballina to Brisbane'

★ Brisbane CBD to South Bank (Riverside Expressway) - 70 km/h

★ South Bank to Greenslopes - 90 km/h

★ Greenslopes to Beenleigh - 100 km/h

★ Beenleigh to Nerang - 110 km/h

★ Nerang to Tugun - 100 km/h

★ Tugun bypass - 100 km/h (''opens June 2008'')

★ Tugun to Tweed Heads (Gold Coast Highway) - 70 km/h

★ Tweed Heads Bypass - 100 km/h

★ North Barona Point - 80 km/h

★ Barona Point - 70 km/h (''EIS/SIS underway for the Barona Point upgrade'')

★ North Chinderah to Barona Point - 90 km/h

★ North Chinderah to Ewingsdale interchage (Byron Bay exit) - 110 km/h

★ Ewingsdale interchage (Byron Bay exit) to north Bangalow - 70 km/h

★ Bangalow Bypass - 110 km/h

★ South Bangalow to Tintenbar (north Ballina) - 80km/h

★ Ballina - 60 km/h

★ Ballina bypass - 110 km/h (''no date provided for Ballina bypass opening [55]'')

Cities and towns

The Pacific Highway passes through some of Australia's fastest growing regions, the NSW's Central Coast and North Coast and also the Brisbane-Gold Coast corridor, with tourism and leisure being the primary economic activity. Hence the traffic is heavy, particularly during holiday seasons, resulting in major congestion. For direct Sydney-Brisbane travel, the New England Highway is preferred as it passes through fewer major towns and carries less local traffic.
Major cities and towns along the Pacific Highway include: Gosford, Wyong, Newcastle, Taree, Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Coffs Harbour, Grafton, Ballina and Byron Bay, all in New South Wales; and Gold Coast in Queensland.
=== Gosford ===
Gosford is the commercial centre of the Central Coast, New South Wales, Australia's ninth largest urban area at the 2001 census. Gosford is located on Brisbane Water which is an inlet off Broken Bay. The Central Coast has a moderate climate, good beaches and pretty bushland areas. It includes popular holiday resorts such as Terrigal, The Entrance and Ettalong Beach. A small section of 7 kilometres between the F3 Freeway at Kariong to West Gosford is now called the Central Coast Highway from 9 August 2006 it was previosly once part of the Pacific Highway [56]. This section is now known as the "missing Pacific Highway link".
=== Newcastle ===
Newcastle is the second largest city in New South Wales and the seventh largest in Australia with a population of 450,000. It is the gateway to the Hunter Valley and is the commercial, administrative and industrial centre of the region. Once a major industrial city, now an elegant destination full of historic buildings, beaches, interesting sights and cultural activities.
The preferred method of reaching Newcastle from the freeway is to take the Newcastle Link Road (the Newcastle/Wallsend exit) from the Newcastle Freeway. Alternatively, Newcastle may be reached by taking the Doyalson exit from the Freeway and following the Pacific Highway (route 111), or by continuing to the end of the freeway and turning right onto John Renshaw Drive and then the New England Highway, travelling through Hexham.
=== Bulahdelah ===
Bulahdelah is about 80 kilometres (64 miles) north of Newcastle with a population just over 1,000 and Bulahdelah is the last town that is yet to be bypassed (between Hexham and Port Maquarie). "Joint planning and funding approval" for the 8.5 kilometre bypass of the township of Bulahdelah was given on 9 July, 2007. [57] [58] [59] [60] [61]
=== Taree ===
Taree is a major North Coast town. It is a major service centre and stopover point rather than a tourist destination. Among the attractions apart from forests and waterways is the 'Big Oyster'. The Highway now passes to the east of the town, following the opening of a bypass in 1998.
=== Port Macquarie ===
Port Macquarie is the major resort on the Mid North Coast. It is located slightly off the Pacific Highway via the Oxley Highway. It was first settled in 1821 and has historic buildings, a fine museum, superb nature reserves, good surfing beaches, good fishing locations and a good variety of accommodation.
=== Kempsey ===
Kempsey is a large town located on the beautiful Macleay River halfway between Sydney and the Gold Coast, making it a popular stopping point for people making the journey along the Pacific Highway. Akubra Hats are made in Kempsey and it was the home town of Slim Dusty.

=== Coffs Harbour ===
Coffs Harbour is the commercial and administrative centre of the Mid North Coast and is the major resort of the NSW North Coast. With a subtropical climate, Coffs Harbour is popular with retirees and tourists. This is evident from its suburban development, more akin to big cities than North Coast towns. It is also famous for its banana plantations, celebrated by 'The Big Banana' tourist destination. Apart from banana growing fishing is important here. The Jetty area of the city includes a marina, a large harbour with an accessible jetty, shops, restaurants and cafes, as well as the Muttonbird Island reserve, famous for its muttonbird population. South is Sawtell, which is a fast-developing coastal resort with attractive beaches and its famous main street with cafes, clubs and shops. To the north of Coffs Harbour is Woolgoolga, which has similar attractions, and has two temples serving a large local Sikh population..
=== Grafton

Grafton is a beautiful and gracious city. It has wide streets, elegant Victorian buildings, a superb location on the banks of the wide Clarence River and many ornamental parks. The city is particularly proud of the jacarandas which line almost every street and are spectacular when in full bloom during November, when the Jacaranda Festival is held.

Ballina ===

Ballina is a major town, attracting large numbers of retirees. It is located among sugarcane plantations at the mouth of the Richmond River. It is also holiday destination. A famous piece of kitsch, 'The Big Prawn' advertises Ballina as a desirable fishing spot. The proposed Ballina bypass is a challenging upgrade task to date, regarding the RTA, quoting; "pre-construction". [62] [63].
=== Tweed Heads ===
Tweed Heads is the major commercial centre of the southern part of the Gold Coast, which extends as far south as Chinderah in NSW. It was known as a 'twin town' along with Coolangatta, Queensland before they coalesced with other towns to form the suburbia of the Gold Coast.
=== Gold Coast ===
Coolangatta to Beenleigh is within the City of Gold Coast. The city has a population of 500,000 and is Australia's sixth-largest city. The oceanside parts of the Gold Coast are characterised by high-rises, residential canal developments, a casino, theme parks, amusement parks and numerous tourist attractions, whilst its inland suburbs are leafy and well kept, looking much like the newer suburbia of other large Australian cities. The Gold Coast attracts tourists from around the world and is one of Australia's leading tourist destinations. Most of the city is bypassed by the Pacific Motorway (M1 Motorway) which continues to Logan City in Brisbane, where its designation becomes Metroad 3. From there, this section of the Pacific Motorway (known before 2003 as the South East Freeway) continues directly into Brisbane city centre. The Gold Coast Highway is very congested with traffic, the Tugun Bypass will finish in June 2008 (AbiGroup source) [64], abolishing a bad traffic snaled section [65].
The former route of the Pacific Highway through the Gold Coast has been renamed as the Gold Coast Highway, and the former route of the highway from Logan to Wooloongabba in Brisbane is now Logan Road, which was the name it had prior to becoming part of the Pacific Highway in 1931.

See also

★ 'Pacific Motorway'

★ Highways in Australia

★ List of highways in New South Wales

★ List of highways in Queensland