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(Redirected from Papiamentu)
'Papiamento', or 'Papiamentu', is the primary language spoken on the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (the so-called ABC islands).
Papiamento is a creole language whose lexicon is drawn firstly from Portuguese and Spanish (about 60%) and from Dutch (about 25%). The remainder (15%) comes from West African languages, Arawak, and other languages.
The historical origins of Papiamento are still not very well known. It is still disputed whether Papiamento originated from Portuguese or from Spanish. Due to the resemblance between Spanish and Portuguese, it is difficult to tell whether a particular word came from one or from the other. In addition, some Arubans claim Papiamentu to be of Arawak-Spanish origin and developed mostly in Aruba, while others maintain it to be an Afro-Iberian language that developed first on Curaçao and then spread to Aruba. While such discussions often are based on historical evidence selectively interpreted for nationalist purposes, they nevertheless further complicate the debate on the origins of Papiamento.
However, historical constraints, core vocabulary and grammatical features that Papiamento shares with Cape Verdean Creole suggest that the first ingredients were Portuguese and languages of West Africa, and that the Dutch and Spanish influence occurred at a later time (17th and 18th century, respectively). The name of the language itself comes from ''papear'' ("to chat", "to talk"), a word present in both Portuguese and Spanish; compare with ''Papiá Kristang'' ("Christian talk"), a Portuguese-based creole of Indonesia, and the Cape Verdean Creole word ''papiâ'' ("to talk"). Spain claimed dominion over the islands in the 16th century, but made little use of them. In 1634 the Dutch-based West India Company (WIC) took possession of the islands, deporting their small Arawak and Spanish population to the continent, and turned them into the hub of the Dutch slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean. An outline of the competing theories is provided below.
There are various local development theories. One such theory proposes that Papiamento developed in the Caribbean from a Portuguese-African pidgin used for communication between African slaves and Portuguese-speaking slave traders.
For religious and political reasons, the traders were mostly Jews of Portuguese origin.
The Judaeo-Portuguese population of the ABC islands increased substantially after 1654, when the Portuguese recovered the Dutch-held territories in Northeast Brazil — causing most of the Portuguese-speaking Jews in those lands to flee, for fear of being punished as Dutch collaborators.
The precise role of Sephardic Jews in the early development is unclear, but it is certain that Jews play a prominent role in the later development of Papiamento. It is certain that Papiamento is linguistically similar to Ladino, the language of early Portuguese/Spanish Sephardic communities. Many early residents of Curaçao were Sephardic Jews either from Portugal, Spain, or Portuguese Brazil. Therefore, it can be assumed that Ladino was brought to the island of Curaçao, where it gradually spread to other parts of the community. As the Jewish community became the prime merchants and traders in the area, business and everyday trading was conducted in Papiamento/Ladino. As various nations owned the island and official languages changed with ownership, Papiamento/Ladino became the constant language of the residents.
A more recent theory holds that the origins of Papiamento lie in the Afro-Portuguese creoles that arose almost a century earlier, in the west coast of Africa and in the Cape Verde islands. From the 16th to the late 17th century, most of the slaves taken to the Caribbean came from Portuguese trading posts ("factories") in those regions. Around those ports there developed several Portuguese-African pidgins and creoles, such as Guinea-Bissau Creole, Mina, Cape Verdean Creole, Angolar, and Guene. The latter bears strong resemblances to Papiamento. According to this theory, Papiamento was derived from those pre-existing pidgins/creoles, especially Guene, which were brought to the ABC islands by slaves and/or traders from Cape Verde and West Africa.
Some specifically claim that Afro-Portuguese mother language of Papiamentu arose from a mixture of the Mina pidgin/creole (a mixture of Cape Verdean pidgin/creole with Twi) and the Angolar creole (derived from languages of Angola and Congo).Proponents of this theory of Papiamento contend that it can easily be compared and linked with other Portuguese creoles, especially the African ones (namely Forro, Guinea-Bissau Creole, and the Cape Verdean Creole). For instance, Compare ''mi'' ("I" in Cape Verdean Creole and Papiamento) or ''bo'' (meaning ''you'' in both creoles). ''Mi'' is from the Portuguese ''mim'' (IPA: [mĩ], me) and ''bo'' is from Portuguese ''vós'' (you) [1]. The use of "b" instead of "v" is very common in the African Portuguese Creoles due to their relation with Northern Portugal dialects.
Papiamento is, in some degree, intelligible with Cape Verdean creoles and could be explained by the immigration of Portuguese Sephardic Jews from Cape Verde to these Caribbean islands, although this same fact could also be used by dissenters to explain a later Portuguese influence on an already existing Spanish-based creole [2]. Another comparison is the use of the verb ''ta'' and ''taba ta'' from vernacular Portuguese ''tá'' (an aphesis of ''estar'', "to be" or ''está'', "it is") with verbs where Portuguese does and with others where it does not use it: "''Mi ta'' + verb" or "''Mi taba ta'' + verb", also the rule in the Cape Verdean Creoles. These issues can also be seen in other Portuguese Creoles (Martinus 1996; see also Fouse 2002 and McWhorter 2000).
Many Papiamento speakers are also able to speak Dutch, English and Spanish. Venezuelan Spanish is a constant influence today, especially in Aruba. In the Netherlands Antilles, Papiamentu was made an official language on March 7, 2007.[3]
Papiamento has three main dialects, one per island: Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire.
Most Papiamento vowels are based on Ibero-Romance vowels, but some are also based on Dutch vowels like : 'ee', 'ui', 'ie', 'oe', 'ij', 'ei', 'oo', and 'aa'.
Most of the vocabulary is derived from Portuguese and Spanish, and most of the time the real origin is unknown due to the great similarity between the two Iberian languages and the adaptations required by Papiamentu.
Linguistic studies have shown that roughly two thirds of the words in Papiamentu's present vocabulary are of Iberian origin, a quarter are of Dutch origin, and the rest come from other tongues.
Examples of words of Iberian origin, which are impossible to label as either Portuguese or Spanish:
★ Por fabor = Please - Portuguese/Spanish ''por favor''
★ Señora = Mrs, Madam, - Portuguese ''Senhora'', Spanish ''Señora''
★ Kua? = Which? - Portuguese, ''Qual''; Spanish, ''Cuál''
★ Kuantu? = How much? - Portuguese, ''Quanto''; Spanish, ''Cuánto''
While the presence of word-final can easily be traced to Portuguese, the diphthongization of some vowels is characteristic of Spanish. The use of (rather than ) is difficult to interpret; although the two are separate phonemes in standard Portuguese, they merge in the dialects of northern Portugal, just like they do in Spanish. Also, a sound-shift could have occurred in the direction of Spanish, whose influence on Papiamento came later than that of Portuguese.
Other words can have dual origin, and certainly dual influence. For instance: ''subrino'' (nephew): ''sobrinho'' in Portuguese, ''sobrino'' in Spanish. The pronunciation of "o" as is traceable to Portuguese, while the use of "n" instead of "nh" (IPA ) in the ending "-no", relates to Spanish.
''Portuguese origin words:''
★ sapato = shoes - Portuguese ''sapato'', Spanish, ''zapato''
★ cacho = dog - Portuguese ''cachorro'' (dog or puppy), Spanish, ''cachorro (puppy)''
★ bisiña = neighbour - Portuguese ''vizinho'', ''vizinha'', Spanish, ''vecino'', ''vecina''
''Spanish origin words:''
★ ciudat = city - Spanish ''ciudad'', Portuguese ''cidade''
★ sombre = hat - Spanish ''sombrero''
★ carson = trousers - Spanish ''calzón'', Portuguese ''calção''
''Dutch origin words:''
★ apel = apple - Dutch ''appel''
★ blou = blue - Dutch ''blauw''
★ buki = book - Dutch ''boekje''
★ lesa = to read - Dutch ''lezen''
★ Mansur, Jossy M. (1991) Dictionary English-Papiamento Papiamento-English. Oranjestad: Edicionnan Clasico Diario
★ Betty Ratzlaff (1992) Papiamentu-Ingles, Dikshonario Bilingual. Bonaire: TWR Dictionary Foundation
★ Papiamento – English Dictionary
There are two orthographies: a more phonetic one called Papiamentu (in Curaçao and Bonaire), and the etymological spelling used in Aruba (and formerly used on all three islands).
NOTE: These examples are from the Aruban Papiamento, not the other Papiamentu
★ Bon bini! = Welcome!, Portuguese
★ Bon dia = Good morning, Portuguese ''Bom dia''; Spanish
★ Moru = The short way of saying "Good morning" from Dutch "(Goede) morgen"
★ Bon tardi = Good afternoon, Portuguese ''Boa tarde'', Spanish ''buenas tardes''
★ Bon nochi = Good night (Portuguese, ''Boa noite''; Spanish, ''Buenas noches'')
★ Kon ta bai? ''or'' Kon ta c'e bida? = How are you? ''or'' How is life?, Portuguese, ''Como vai?/Como está a vida?'', Spanish ''¿Cómo te va?''
★ Mi ta bon, danki = I'm fine, thank you.
★ Tur cos ta bon = everything is alright, Portuguese ''tudo está bem (bom)'' (kos = ''coisa'')
★ Hopi bon ''or'' Tremendo = I'm allright or I feel very bad
★ Trankilo = calm, Portuguese ''tranqüilo'', Spanish ''tranquilo''
★ Hopi kalor = very hot/warm, Portuguese/Spanish ''calor/caliente'' (hopi = Dutch ''hoop'', lit. a heap, a lot)
★ Kon yama bo? ''or'' Con bo nomber ta? = What's your name?, Portuguese/Spanish ''Como você se chama? / Como te llamas?''
★ Ami yama Raul ''or'' Mi nomber ta Raul = My name is Raul, Portuguese, ''Me Chamo Raul / Meu nome é Raul''; Spanish, ''Mi nombre es Raul''/''Me llamo Raul''
★ Di unda bo ta? = Where are you from?, Portuguese, ''De onde você vem?''
★ Mi ta bin(i) di… = I come from…, Portuguese ''Eu venho de…''
★ Mi ta biba na… = I live in…, Portuguese ''Eu vivo na…'', Spanish ''Yo vivo en…''
★ Por fabor = Please, Portuguese/Spanish ''por favor''
★ Danki = Thank you, Dutch, ''Dank u''
★ Di nada! = it was no trouble at all! (or it was nothing!), Portuguese/Spanish ''De nada''
★ Hende homber = Male, Portuguese, ''Homem''; Spanish ''Hombre''
★ Hende muhe = Female, Portuguese ''Mulher''; Spanish ''Mujer''
★ Hende = mankind, or people, Spanish "gente"in Papiamento "female" and "male" attribute is referred externally
★ Si = Yes, Spanish ''Sí''; Portuguese ''Sim''
★ No = No, Spanish ''No''; Portuguese ''Não''
★ Ainda no = Not yet, Portuguese ''Ainda não''
★ Ayo! = Goodbye!, Portuguese ''Adeus''; Spanish ''Adiós''
★ Te otro biaha! = until next time!, Portuguese ''Até outro dia''
★ Te awero (Te' oro) = See you later!
★ Mi ta sinti bo falta! = I miss you!, Portuguese ''Eu sinto vossa falta!'', Spanish ''me haces falta''
★ Mi (ta) stima bo = I love you, Portuguese ''Eu (te) estimo (você)'' / ''Eu te amo''
★ Awor / Aworaki = Now, Portuguese ''Agora''; Spanish ''Ahora''
★ Ayera = Yesterday, Spanish ''Ayer''
★ Mi tin hamber = I am hungry, from Spanish ''Tengo hambre''
★ Mi tin sed = I am thirsty, Spanish ''Tengo sed'', Portuguese ''Tenho sede''
★ Laga nos ban sali! = Let's go out!, Spanish ''¡Vamos a salir!''
★ Te mañan!, Te mas awero! (Te' oro), Te despues! =Until tomorrow!, see you later!, Till the next time!, Portuguese ''Até amanhã, Até logo, Até depois'')
★ Pabien! = Happy birthday! (also means congratulations!), Portuguese ''Parabéns!''
★ Bon Aña! = Happy new year!, Portuguese ''Feliz ano novo'' or ''Bom ano''; Spanish ''Feliz año nuevo''
★ Bon pascu (di nasemento)! Bon pasco (di resurecion) = Merry Christmas! Happy Easter!, Portuguese, ''Boa Páscoa''
★ No lubida! = Don't forget!, Spanish, ''No olvides''
★ Korda skibi mi bek mas lihe posibel! = Write me back as soon as possible!
★ Mener = Mister, Portuguese ''Senhor''; Spanish ''Señor''; Dutch ''Meneer''
★ Señora = Mrs, Madam, Portuguese ''Senhora'', Spanish ''Señora''
★ Jufrouw = Miss, Ms., Dutch, ''juffrouw''
★ Mi number di telefon ta… = my phone number is…, Portuguese ''Meu número de telefone é…'', Spanish ''Mi número de teléfono es…''
★ Yama'mi = Call me (by telephone); Spanish Llámame.
★ Oloshi = Clock /watch, Dutch: "horloge", Spanish: "reloj", Portuguese: "relógio"
★ Mi ta stimabo = I love you.
★ Masha contentu di conoshebo = Nice to meet you (not sure of the translation).
★ Bo mama ta masha simpatica = Your mother is nice.
This section provides a comparison of the vocabularies of Portuguese, Papiamento and the Portuguese creoles of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde.
★ Santiago variant
★
★ Writing system adopted in this example: ALUPEC
★
★
★ Portuguese word used in Creole;
1. E.F. Martinus (1996) A Kiss of the Slave: Papiamentu and its West African Connections
2. McWorter (2002) The Missing Spanish Creoles. Berkeley: University of California Press http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8709/8709.ch2.pdf
3. http://www.nieuws.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=&c=1478
★ Efraim Frank Martinus (1996) The Kiss of a Slave: Papiamentu's West-African Connections. University of Amsterdam Press.
★ Gary Fouse (2002) The Story of Papiamentu. New York: University Press of America
★ John H. Holm (1989) Pidgins and Creoles Volume One. Theory and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
★ John McWhorter (2000) The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Language. Berkeley: University of California Press.
★ Creole language
★ Linguistics
★ Palenquero
★ Afro-Latin American
★ Papiamentu: Ethnologue report on Papiamentu.
★ Papiamento – English Dictionary
★ Newspaper from Aruba
★ La Prensa A Leading Curaçao Newspaper in Papiamentu
★ Hasibokos I-News in Papiamento (and Dutch)
★ Radio Curom Listen to Papiamentu Radio
★ Papiamentu - history and grammatical features
★ Papiamentu origins
★ Bible Excerpt in Papiamentu
★ Papiamentu Translator a simple online translation English - Papiamentu
★ For a discussion about the origins of Papiamentu, see "Papiamentu facts", an essay by Attila Narin.
'Papiamento', or 'Papiamentu', is the primary language spoken on the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (the so-called ABC islands).
Papiamento is a creole language whose lexicon is drawn firstly from Portuguese and Spanish (about 60%) and from Dutch (about 25%). The remainder (15%) comes from West African languages, Arawak, and other languages.
History
The historical origins of Papiamento are still not very well known. It is still disputed whether Papiamento originated from Portuguese or from Spanish. Due to the resemblance between Spanish and Portuguese, it is difficult to tell whether a particular word came from one or from the other. In addition, some Arubans claim Papiamentu to be of Arawak-Spanish origin and developed mostly in Aruba, while others maintain it to be an Afro-Iberian language that developed first on Curaçao and then spread to Aruba. While such discussions often are based on historical evidence selectively interpreted for nationalist purposes, they nevertheless further complicate the debate on the origins of Papiamento.
However, historical constraints, core vocabulary and grammatical features that Papiamento shares with Cape Verdean Creole suggest that the first ingredients were Portuguese and languages of West Africa, and that the Dutch and Spanish influence occurred at a later time (17th and 18th century, respectively). The name of the language itself comes from ''papear'' ("to chat", "to talk"), a word present in both Portuguese and Spanish; compare with ''Papiá Kristang'' ("Christian talk"), a Portuguese-based creole of Indonesia, and the Cape Verdean Creole word ''papiâ'' ("to talk"). Spain claimed dominion over the islands in the 16th century, but made little use of them. In 1634 the Dutch-based West India Company (WIC) took possession of the islands, deporting their small Arawak and Spanish population to the continent, and turned them into the hub of the Dutch slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean. An outline of the competing theories is provided below.
Local development theory
There are various local development theories. One such theory proposes that Papiamento developed in the Caribbean from a Portuguese-African pidgin used for communication between African slaves and Portuguese-speaking slave traders.
For religious and political reasons, the traders were mostly Jews of Portuguese origin.
The Judaeo-Portuguese population of the ABC islands increased substantially after 1654, when the Portuguese recovered the Dutch-held territories in Northeast Brazil — causing most of the Portuguese-speaking Jews in those lands to flee, for fear of being punished as Dutch collaborators.
The precise role of Sephardic Jews in the early development is unclear, but it is certain that Jews play a prominent role in the later development of Papiamento. It is certain that Papiamento is linguistically similar to Ladino, the language of early Portuguese/Spanish Sephardic communities. Many early residents of Curaçao were Sephardic Jews either from Portugal, Spain, or Portuguese Brazil. Therefore, it can be assumed that Ladino was brought to the island of Curaçao, where it gradually spread to other parts of the community. As the Jewish community became the prime merchants and traders in the area, business and everyday trading was conducted in Papiamento/Ladino. As various nations owned the island and official languages changed with ownership, Papiamento/Ladino became the constant language of the residents.
African origin theory
A more recent theory holds that the origins of Papiamento lie in the Afro-Portuguese creoles that arose almost a century earlier, in the west coast of Africa and in the Cape Verde islands. From the 16th to the late 17th century, most of the slaves taken to the Caribbean came from Portuguese trading posts ("factories") in those regions. Around those ports there developed several Portuguese-African pidgins and creoles, such as Guinea-Bissau Creole, Mina, Cape Verdean Creole, Angolar, and Guene. The latter bears strong resemblances to Papiamento. According to this theory, Papiamento was derived from those pre-existing pidgins/creoles, especially Guene, which were brought to the ABC islands by slaves and/or traders from Cape Verde and West Africa.
Some specifically claim that Afro-Portuguese mother language of Papiamentu arose from a mixture of the Mina pidgin/creole (a mixture of Cape Verdean pidgin/creole with Twi) and the Angolar creole (derived from languages of Angola and Congo).Proponents of this theory of Papiamento contend that it can easily be compared and linked with other Portuguese creoles, especially the African ones (namely Forro, Guinea-Bissau Creole, and the Cape Verdean Creole). For instance, Compare ''mi'' ("I" in Cape Verdean Creole and Papiamento) or ''bo'' (meaning ''you'' in both creoles). ''Mi'' is from the Portuguese ''mim'' (IPA: [mĩ], me) and ''bo'' is from Portuguese ''vós'' (you) [1]. The use of "b" instead of "v" is very common in the African Portuguese Creoles due to their relation with Northern Portugal dialects.
Papiamento is, in some degree, intelligible with Cape Verdean creoles and could be explained by the immigration of Portuguese Sephardic Jews from Cape Verde to these Caribbean islands, although this same fact could also be used by dissenters to explain a later Portuguese influence on an already existing Spanish-based creole [2]. Another comparison is the use of the verb ''ta'' and ''taba ta'' from vernacular Portuguese ''tá'' (an aphesis of ''estar'', "to be" or ''está'', "it is") with verbs where Portuguese does and with others where it does not use it: "''Mi ta'' + verb" or "''Mi taba ta'' + verb", also the rule in the Cape Verdean Creoles. These issues can also be seen in other Portuguese Creoles (Martinus 1996; see also Fouse 2002 and McWhorter 2000).
Present status
Many Papiamento speakers are also able to speak Dutch, English and Spanish. Venezuelan Spanish is a constant influence today, especially in Aruba. In the Netherlands Antilles, Papiamentu was made an official language on March 7, 2007.[3]
Dialects
Papiamento has three main dialects, one per island: Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire.
Sounds
Most Papiamento vowels are based on Ibero-Romance vowels, but some are also based on Dutch vowels like : 'ee', 'ui', 'ie', 'oe', 'ij', 'ei', 'oo', and 'aa'.
Grammar
Vocabulary
Most of the vocabulary is derived from Portuguese and Spanish, and most of the time the real origin is unknown due to the great similarity between the two Iberian languages and the adaptations required by Papiamentu.
Linguistic studies have shown that roughly two thirds of the words in Papiamentu's present vocabulary are of Iberian origin, a quarter are of Dutch origin, and the rest come from other tongues.
Examples of words of Iberian origin, which are impossible to label as either Portuguese or Spanish:
★ Por fabor = Please - Portuguese/Spanish ''por favor''
★ Señora = Mrs, Madam, - Portuguese ''Senhora'', Spanish ''Señora''
★ Kua? = Which? - Portuguese, ''Qual''; Spanish, ''Cuál''
★ Kuantu? = How much? - Portuguese, ''Quanto''; Spanish, ''Cuánto''
While the presence of word-final can easily be traced to Portuguese, the diphthongization of some vowels is characteristic of Spanish. The use of (rather than ) is difficult to interpret; although the two are separate phonemes in standard Portuguese, they merge in the dialects of northern Portugal, just like they do in Spanish. Also, a sound-shift could have occurred in the direction of Spanish, whose influence on Papiamento came later than that of Portuguese.
Other words can have dual origin, and certainly dual influence. For instance: ''subrino'' (nephew): ''sobrinho'' in Portuguese, ''sobrino'' in Spanish. The pronunciation of "o" as is traceable to Portuguese, while the use of "n" instead of "nh" (IPA ) in the ending "-no", relates to Spanish.
''Portuguese origin words:''
★ sapato = shoes - Portuguese ''sapato'', Spanish, ''zapato''
★ cacho = dog - Portuguese ''cachorro'' (dog or puppy), Spanish, ''cachorro (puppy)''
★ bisiña = neighbour - Portuguese ''vizinho'', ''vizinha'', Spanish, ''vecino'', ''vecina''
''Spanish origin words:''
★ ciudat = city - Spanish ''ciudad'', Portuguese ''cidade''
★ sombre = hat - Spanish ''sombrero''
★ carson = trousers - Spanish ''calzón'', Portuguese ''calção''
''Dutch origin words:''
★ apel = apple - Dutch ''appel''
★ blou = blue - Dutch ''blauw''
★ buki = book - Dutch ''boekje''
★ lesa = to read - Dutch ''lezen''
Dictionaries
★ Mansur, Jossy M. (1991) Dictionary English-Papiamento Papiamento-English. Oranjestad: Edicionnan Clasico Diario
★ Betty Ratzlaff (1992) Papiamentu-Ingles, Dikshonario Bilingual. Bonaire: TWR Dictionary Foundation
★ Papiamento – English Dictionary
Writing system
There are two orthographies: a more phonetic one called Papiamentu (in Curaçao and Bonaire), and the etymological spelling used in Aruba (and formerly used on all three islands).
Examples
Phrase samples
NOTE: These examples are from the Aruban Papiamento, not the other Papiamentu
★ Bon bini! = Welcome!, Portuguese
★ Bon dia = Good morning, Portuguese ''Bom dia''; Spanish
★ Moru = The short way of saying "Good morning" from Dutch "(Goede) morgen"
★ Bon tardi = Good afternoon, Portuguese ''Boa tarde'', Spanish ''buenas tardes''
★ Bon nochi = Good night (Portuguese, ''Boa noite''; Spanish, ''Buenas noches'')
★ Kon ta bai? ''or'' Kon ta c'e bida? = How are you? ''or'' How is life?, Portuguese, ''Como vai?/Como está a vida?'', Spanish ''¿Cómo te va?''
★ Mi ta bon, danki = I'm fine, thank you.
★ Tur cos ta bon = everything is alright, Portuguese ''tudo está bem (bom)'' (kos = ''coisa'')
★ Hopi bon ''or'' Tremendo = I'm allright or I feel very bad
★ Trankilo = calm, Portuguese ''tranqüilo'', Spanish ''tranquilo''
★ Hopi kalor = very hot/warm, Portuguese/Spanish ''calor/caliente'' (hopi = Dutch ''hoop'', lit. a heap, a lot)
★ Kon yama bo? ''or'' Con bo nomber ta? = What's your name?, Portuguese/Spanish ''Como você se chama? / Como te llamas?''
★ Ami yama Raul ''or'' Mi nomber ta Raul = My name is Raul, Portuguese, ''Me Chamo Raul / Meu nome é Raul''; Spanish, ''Mi nombre es Raul''/''Me llamo Raul''
★ Di unda bo ta? = Where are you from?, Portuguese, ''De onde você vem?''
★ Mi ta bin(i) di… = I come from…, Portuguese ''Eu venho de…''
★ Mi ta biba na… = I live in…, Portuguese ''Eu vivo na…'', Spanish ''Yo vivo en…''
★ Por fabor = Please, Portuguese/Spanish ''por favor''
★ Danki = Thank you, Dutch, ''Dank u''
★ Di nada! = it was no trouble at all! (or it was nothing!), Portuguese/Spanish ''De nada''
★ Hende homber = Male, Portuguese, ''Homem''; Spanish ''Hombre''
★ Hende muhe = Female, Portuguese ''Mulher''; Spanish ''Mujer''
★ Hende = mankind, or people, Spanish "gente"in Papiamento "female" and "male" attribute is referred externally
★ Si = Yes, Spanish ''Sí''; Portuguese ''Sim''
★ No = No, Spanish ''No''; Portuguese ''Não''
★ Ainda no = Not yet, Portuguese ''Ainda não''
★ Ayo! = Goodbye!, Portuguese ''Adeus''; Spanish ''Adiós''
★ Te otro biaha! = until next time!, Portuguese ''Até outro dia''
★ Te awero (Te' oro) = See you later!
★ Mi ta sinti bo falta! = I miss you!, Portuguese ''Eu sinto vossa falta!'', Spanish ''me haces falta''
★ Mi (ta) stima bo = I love you, Portuguese ''Eu (te) estimo (você)'' / ''Eu te amo''
★ Awor / Aworaki = Now, Portuguese ''Agora''; Spanish ''Ahora''
★ Ayera = Yesterday, Spanish ''Ayer''
★ Mi tin hamber = I am hungry, from Spanish ''Tengo hambre''
★ Mi tin sed = I am thirsty, Spanish ''Tengo sed'', Portuguese ''Tenho sede''
★ Laga nos ban sali! = Let's go out!, Spanish ''¡Vamos a salir!''
★ Te mañan!, Te mas awero! (Te' oro), Te despues! =Until tomorrow!, see you later!, Till the next time!, Portuguese ''Até amanhã, Até logo, Até depois'')
★ Pabien! = Happy birthday! (also means congratulations!), Portuguese ''Parabéns!''
★ Bon Aña! = Happy new year!, Portuguese ''Feliz ano novo'' or ''Bom ano''; Spanish ''Feliz año nuevo''
★ Bon pascu (di nasemento)! Bon pasco (di resurecion) = Merry Christmas! Happy Easter!, Portuguese, ''Boa Páscoa''
★ No lubida! = Don't forget!, Spanish, ''No olvides''
★ Korda skibi mi bek mas lihe posibel! = Write me back as soon as possible!
★ Mener = Mister, Portuguese ''Senhor''; Spanish ''Señor''; Dutch ''Meneer''
★ Señora = Mrs, Madam, Portuguese ''Senhora'', Spanish ''Señora''
★ Jufrouw = Miss, Ms., Dutch, ''juffrouw''
★ Mi number di telefon ta… = my phone number is…, Portuguese ''Meu número de telefone é…'', Spanish ''Mi número de teléfono es…''
★ Yama'mi = Call me (by telephone); Spanish Llámame.
★ Oloshi = Clock /watch, Dutch: "horloge", Spanish: "reloj", Portuguese: "relógio"
★ Mi ta stimabo = I love you.
★ Masha contentu di conoshebo = Nice to meet you (not sure of the translation).
★ Bo mama ta masha simpatica = Your mother is nice.
Comparison of Vocabularies
This section provides a comparison of the vocabularies of Portuguese, Papiamento and the Portuguese creoles of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde.
| English | Portuguese | Papiamento | Guinea-Bissau | Cape Verdean ★ ★ ★ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Welcome | Bem-vindo | Bon Bini | Bem-vindo ★ ★ ★ | Bem-vindo ★ ★ ★ |
| Good day | Bom Dia | Bon dia | Bon dia | Bon dia |
| Thank you | Obrigado | Danki | Obrigadu | Obrigadu |
| How are you? | Como vai? | Con ta bai? | Kumá ku bo na bai? | Módi ki bu sa ta bai? |
| Very good | Muito bom | Hopi bon | Mutu bon | Mutu bon |
| I am fine | Eu estou bem | Mi ta bon | N' sta bon | N sta dretu |
| I, I am | Eu, Eu Sou | Mi, Mi ta | N', Mi i | N, Mi e |
| Have a nice day | Tenha um bom dia | Pasa un bon dia | Pasa un bon dia | Pasa un bon dia |
| See you later | Vejo você depois, Até logo | Te aworo | N' ta odjá-u dipus | N ta odjâ-u dipôs |
| Food | Comida | Cuminda | Bianda | Kumida |
| Bread | Pão | Pan | Pon | Pon |
| Juice | Suco, Refresco, Sumo | Refresco | Sumu | Sumu |
| I love Aruba | Eu amo Aruba | Mi stima Aruba | N' gosta di Aruba | N gosta di Aruba |
★ Santiago variant
★
★ Writing system adopted in this example: ALUPEC
★
★
★ Portuguese word used in Creole;
References
1. E.F. Martinus (1996) A Kiss of the Slave: Papiamentu and its West African Connections
2. McWorter (2002) The Missing Spanish Creoles. Berkeley: University of California Press http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8709/8709.ch2.pdf
3. http://www.nieuws.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=&c=1478
Bibliography
★ Efraim Frank Martinus (1996) The Kiss of a Slave: Papiamentu's West-African Connections. University of Amsterdam Press.
★ Gary Fouse (2002) The Story of Papiamentu. New York: University Press of America
★ John H. Holm (1989) Pidgins and Creoles Volume One. Theory and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
★ John McWhorter (2000) The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Language. Berkeley: University of California Press.
See also
★ Creole language
★ Linguistics
★ Palenquero
★ Afro-Latin American
External links
★ Papiamentu: Ethnologue report on Papiamentu.
★ Papiamento – English Dictionary
★ Newspaper from Aruba
★ La Prensa A Leading Curaçao Newspaper in Papiamentu
★ Hasibokos I-News in Papiamento (and Dutch)
★ Radio Curom Listen to Papiamentu Radio
★ Papiamentu - history and grammatical features
★ Papiamentu origins
★ Bible Excerpt in Papiamentu
★ Papiamentu Translator a simple online translation English - Papiamentu
★ For a discussion about the origins of Papiamentu, see "Papiamentu facts", an essay by Attila Narin.
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