PEDRO DAMIANO

'Pedro Damiano' (in Portuguese, 'Pedro Damião'; ''Damiano'' is the Italian form, much like the Latin ''Damianus'') was a Portuguese chess player who lived from 1480-1544. A native of Odemira, he was a pharmacist by profession. He wrote ''Questo libro e da imparare giocare a scachi et de li partiti,'' published in Rome, Italy in 1512; it went through eight editions in the sixteenth century. Damiano describes the rules of the game, offers advice on strategy, presents a selection of chess problems (see diagram), and analyzes a few openings. It is the oldest book that definitely states that the square on the right of the row closest to each player must be white. He also offers advice regarding blindfold chess principally focused on the need to master notation based on numbering the squares 1-64 .
In his opening analysis, he suggests that after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 the reply 2...Nc6 is best and 2...d6 (now called the Philidor Defence) is not as good. Damiano rightly condemned 2...f6 as the worst defence, but ironically and unfairly this opening has been given his name (Damiano Defence). He states that 1.e4 and 1.d4 are the only first moves and that 1.e4 is better. He examines the Giuoco Piano, the Petroff Defense, and the Queen's Gambit Accepted.
In this book Damiano suggested chess was invented by Xerxes which would be the reason why it was known in Portuguese as ''Xadrez'' and in Spanish as ''Ajedrez''. In fact, these words come from old Persian ''chaturanga'' via Arabic ''xaţrandj''.

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