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The 'Pentarchy', a Greek word meaning "government of five", designates the Five Great Sees or early Patriarchates, which were the five major centres of the Christian church in Late Antiquity. The respective cities with their presumed apostolic founders (i.e. patriarchs) and modern-day countries are:
★ Rome (Sts. Peter and Paul), the only Pentarch in the Western Roman Empire (now Italy).
★ Constantinople (St. Andrew), in the Eastern Roman Empire (now Turkey)
★ Alexandria (St. Mark), in the Eastern Roman Empire (now Egypt)
★ Antioch (St. Peter), in the Eastern Roman Empire (now Turkey)
★ Jerusalem (St. James), in the Eastern Roman Empire (now Israel)
In the 4th century (that is, in the era when Christianity was first beginning to gain political support from the Roman state) these constituted the four most important cities of the Roman Empire, plus Jerusalem. Some traditions see this as a process of development: At first, only the church leaders in Rome, Alexandria and Antioch were widely acknowledged as having spiritual and juridical authority in the Christian church; the position of Jerusalem gained importance at the First Council of Nicaea and Constantinople at the Council of Chalcedon (Catholic Encyclopedia). The Council of Nicea also established the supremacy of honor of the apostolic sees as follows: Rome, followed by Alexandria, followed by Antioch, followed by Jerusalem. This hierarchy was only one of honor among four equal Apostolic Sees.
After the 7th century Arab conquests, and the Byzantine loss of the Rome-Ravenna corridor, only Constantinople remained securely within a state calling itself the "Roman Empire", whereas Rome became independent (see Gregory the Great), Jerusalem and Alexandria fell under Muslim rule, and Antioch was on the front lines of hundreds of years of recurring border warfare between the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Caliphate. These historical-political changes, combined with the northward shift of the center of gravity of Christendom during the Middle Ages, and the fact that the majority of Christians in Muslim-ruled Egypt and Syria were Non-Chalcedonians who refused to recognize the authority of either Rome or Constantinople, meant that the original ideal of five great co-operating centers of administration of the whole Christian church grew ever more remote from practical reality.
Today it would be difficult to identify a leading claimant to the patriarchate of Antioch. There are five claimants to the patriarchal throne of Jerusalem dating from the time of the Crusades. These include Maronite Catholics, Melkite Catholics, Syriac Catholics, Eastern Orthodox and Syriac Orthodox.
When in 1589 the metropolitan see of Moscow became an independent patriarchate (and so was no longer directly subordinated to the formerly Byzantine Ecumenical patriarchate of Constantinople), some Orthodox counted it as being part of a new pentarchy, consisting of Constantinople, Moscow (in place of Catholic Rome), and the Greek Orthodox-recognized claimants to Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria. However, the office of Patriarch of Moscow was left vacant after 1700, and formally abolished on 25 January 1721. In more recent centuries, multiple autocephalous patriarchates (each heading a national branch of the Orthodox church) have been created.
In its most general use, the word "Pentarchy" can be used to refer to five rulers or powers:
★ In 19th-century Italy, the liberal pentarchy was a group of five parliamentary leaders of the Republican and Extreme Radical wings of the left in the chamber after the introduction of universal suffrage: Crispi, Cairoli, Nicotera, Zanardelli and Baccarini, all assuming an attitude of bitter hostility to Depretis, the Right.
★ The five great European powers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia), as recognized in the Congress system.
★ The five principal powers of India's Maratha Confederacy (the Peshwas of Desh, the Sindhias of Gwalior, the Bhonsles of Nagpur, the Gaekwads of Baroda, and the Holkars of Indore) in the 18th and 19th centuries.
★ Catholicos
★ East-West Schism for some relevant background discussion.
★ Dyarchy, Heptarchy, Tetrarchy
★ Primate (religion)
★ Patriarch and Patriarchate (Catholic Encyclopedia)
★ Rome (Sts. Peter and Paul), the only Pentarch in the Western Roman Empire (now Italy).
★ Constantinople (St. Andrew), in the Eastern Roman Empire (now Turkey)
★ Alexandria (St. Mark), in the Eastern Roman Empire (now Egypt)
★ Antioch (St. Peter), in the Eastern Roman Empire (now Turkey)
★ Jerusalem (St. James), in the Eastern Roman Empire (now Israel)
In the 4th century (that is, in the era when Christianity was first beginning to gain political support from the Roman state) these constituted the four most important cities of the Roman Empire, plus Jerusalem. Some traditions see this as a process of development: At first, only the church leaders in Rome, Alexandria and Antioch were widely acknowledged as having spiritual and juridical authority in the Christian church; the position of Jerusalem gained importance at the First Council of Nicaea and Constantinople at the Council of Chalcedon (Catholic Encyclopedia). The Council of Nicea also established the supremacy of honor of the apostolic sees as follows: Rome, followed by Alexandria, followed by Antioch, followed by Jerusalem. This hierarchy was only one of honor among four equal Apostolic Sees.
After the 7th century Arab conquests, and the Byzantine loss of the Rome-Ravenna corridor, only Constantinople remained securely within a state calling itself the "Roman Empire", whereas Rome became independent (see Gregory the Great), Jerusalem and Alexandria fell under Muslim rule, and Antioch was on the front lines of hundreds of years of recurring border warfare between the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Caliphate. These historical-political changes, combined with the northward shift of the center of gravity of Christendom during the Middle Ages, and the fact that the majority of Christians in Muslim-ruled Egypt and Syria were Non-Chalcedonians who refused to recognize the authority of either Rome or Constantinople, meant that the original ideal of five great co-operating centers of administration of the whole Christian church grew ever more remote from practical reality.
Today it would be difficult to identify a leading claimant to the patriarchate of Antioch. There are five claimants to the patriarchal throne of Jerusalem dating from the time of the Crusades. These include Maronite Catholics, Melkite Catholics, Syriac Catholics, Eastern Orthodox and Syriac Orthodox.
| Contents |
| 17th-century Eastern Orthodox pentarchy |
| Other meanings |
| See also |
| External links |
17th-century Eastern Orthodox pentarchy
When in 1589 the metropolitan see of Moscow became an independent patriarchate (and so was no longer directly subordinated to the formerly Byzantine Ecumenical patriarchate of Constantinople), some Orthodox counted it as being part of a new pentarchy, consisting of Constantinople, Moscow (in place of Catholic Rome), and the Greek Orthodox-recognized claimants to Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria. However, the office of Patriarch of Moscow was left vacant after 1700, and formally abolished on 25 January 1721. In more recent centuries, multiple autocephalous patriarchates (each heading a national branch of the Orthodox church) have been created.
Other meanings
In its most general use, the word "Pentarchy" can be used to refer to five rulers or powers:
★ In 19th-century Italy, the liberal pentarchy was a group of five parliamentary leaders of the Republican and Extreme Radical wings of the left in the chamber after the introduction of universal suffrage: Crispi, Cairoli, Nicotera, Zanardelli and Baccarini, all assuming an attitude of bitter hostility to Depretis, the Right.
★ The five great European powers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia), as recognized in the Congress system.
★ The five principal powers of India's Maratha Confederacy (the Peshwas of Desh, the Sindhias of Gwalior, the Bhonsles of Nagpur, the Gaekwads of Baroda, and the Holkars of Indore) in the 18th and 19th centuries.
See also
★ Catholicos
★ East-West Schism for some relevant background discussion.
★ Dyarchy, Heptarchy, Tetrarchy
★ Primate (religion)
External links
★ Patriarch and Patriarchate (Catholic Encyclopedia)
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