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EspañolPHONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF ENGLISH HIGH FRONT VOWELS
(Redirected from Phonological history of the high front vowels)
The 'high front vowels of English' have undergone a variety of changes over time, which may vary from dialect to dialect.
The 'weak vowel merger' (or 'Lennon-Lenin merger') is a phonemic merger of (schwa) with unstressed (sometimes written as , and occasionally called "schwi" by analogy with "schwa") in certain dialects of English. As a result of this merger the words ''abbot'' and ''rabbit'' rhyme; in accents without the merger they are distinct. The merger is complete in the Southern Hemisphere accents and variable in General American and Hiberno-English. Accents of English, , John C., Wells, Cambridge University Press, 1982,
This merger is not usually stigmatized. Dictionaries usually represent the distinction and not the merger. While there are some dialects that have a variable distinction, there are very few dialects that maintain a complete distinction.
For people with the distinction is used in words spelled with ''i'' or ''e'' in an unstressed syllable. In accents with the distinction, the ''-ible'' and ''-able'' endings are distinct as and . Also the following words do not end the same way:
★ Lennon, Lenin
★ ribbon, cabin
★ carrot, merit
★ Rosa's, roses
The 'kit-bit split' is a split of EME found in South African English, where ''kit'' and ''bit'' do not rhyme.[1] It is not clear whether this is a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable: is used adjacent to velars (''kiss, gift, lick, big, sing, kit''), after (''hit''), word-initially (''inn''), generally before (''fish''), and by some speakers before ; is used elsewhere (''limb, dinner, limited, bit''). Nevertheless because of the phonetic similarity of the two vowels in a word like ''dinner'' , they may belong to the same phoneme , while the vowel of ''kiss, big, hit, inn'' etc. belongs to the phoneme .
The kit-bit split is perhaps the most distinctive feature of South African English, as many of its other features are also found in New Zealand English. In New Zealand English, however, a centralized realization of as is general: there is no split and the vowels of ''kit'' and ''bit'' are pronounced identically.
Because of the centralized realization of the vowel in some words in South African English, South Africans are often stereotyped as pronouncing "woman" and "women" the same way, as "women" has the vowel . In reality, they are distinct in South African English. "woman" is and "women" is , so they are distinct and never confused.
The 'pin-pen merger' is a conditional merger of and before the nasal consonants , , and [2][3][4][5] The social and linguistic history of a merger: /i/ and /e/ before nasals in Southern American English, , Vivian, Brown, Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A & M University, 1990, [6] The Atlas of North American English, , William, Labov, Mouton de Gruyter, 2006, ISBN 3-11-016746-8 . The merged vowel is usually closer to than to . The merger is widespread in Southern American English, and is also found in many speakers in the Midland region immediately north of the South, as well as in less densely populated inland areas of the Western United States, particularly in Bakersfield, California. It is also a characteristic of African American Vernacular English.
Although this merger was not complete in the South even in fairly recent times, there is very little variation throughout the Southern States in general, except that Savannah, Miami, and New Orleans are excluded from the merger. The area of consistent merger includes southern Virginia, most of the South Midland, and extends westward to include all of Texas.
The northern limit of the merged area shows a number of irregular curves. Central and southern Indiana is dominated by the merger, but there is very little evidence of it in Ohio, and northern Kentucky shows a solid area of distinction around Louisville.
In the west, there is sporadic representation of merged speakers in Washington, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado. But the most striking concentration of merged speakers in the west is around Bakersfield, California, a pattern that may reflect the trajectory of migrant workers from the Ozarks westward.
The pin-pen merger is one of the most widely recognized features of Southern speech. A study of the written responses of Civil War veterans from Tennessee, together with data from the ''Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States'' and the ''Linguistic Atlas of the Middle South Atlantic States'', show that the merger was at a very low level through the first sixty years of the 19th century, but then rose steeply to 90% in the middle of the 20th century.
Outside the South, the majority of North American English speakers maintain a solid distinction in perception and production, though there are in almost every region of the United States—and even a few places in Canada—a certain number of speakers that perceive the pairs of words as close or pronounce them acoustically closely.
People that have the merger will often use terms like ''ink pen'' and ''stick pin'' to make a clear distinction between the two words that are otherwise homophonous.
The term '''happy tensing''' refers to the process in which final lax becomes tense in words like ''happ'y'''. Happy tensing is absent from many varieties of British English and, traditionally at least, from Southern American English. Other realizations of the final vowel are also possible, such as in Scottish English. The history of happy tensing is difficult to pin down; the fact that it is uniformly present in South African English, Australian English, and New Zealand English implies that it was present in southern British English already at the beginning of the 19th century. Yet it is not mentioned by descriptive phoneticians until the early 20th century, and even then at first only in American English.
The 'meet-meat merger' is the merger of the Early Modern English vowel (usually spelt ''ea'', as in ''meat'', ''peace'', ''sea'', ''receive'') with the vowel (as in ''meet'', ''piece'', ''see'', ''believe''). Orreight mi ol', , D, Alexander, ALD, 2001, ISBN 1-901587-18-5 English Dialects: An Introduction, , M. F., Wakelin, The Athlone Press, 1977, The merger is complete outside the British Isles and virtually complete within them. Some speakers in Northern England distinguish in the first group of words from or in the second group. Old-fashioned varieties of Hiberno-English and the West Country dialects preserve the Early Modern English – contrast, but it is rare in these accents nowadays. A handful of words (such as ''break, steak, great'') escaped the merger in the standard accents and thus have the same vowel as words like ''brake, stake, grate'' in almost all varieties of English. The word ''threat'' rhymes with neither ''meat'' or ''great'', due to early shortening (see "Bred-bread merger" below), although all three words once rhymed.
In some dialects that preserve the distinction, things are more complicated than simply all words in the ''meat'' set having . In those accents, some (but not all) words in the ''meat'' set actually have a sound resembling as in ''eight''.
In Alexander (2001), a book about the traditional Sheffield dialect, the spelling "eigh" is used for the vowels of ''eat'' and ''meat'' but the spelling "eea" is used for the vowels of ''team'' and ''cream''. In Calderdale accents ''eat'' and ''meat'' rhyme with ''eight''.[7] These Yorkshire accents generally have a weight-wait distinction, so the rhyme of ''meat'' with ''eight'' does not mean that ''meat'' and ''mate'' are homophonous in those accents.
The words ''team'' and ''cream'', which have in the traditional Yorkshire accents, have original long vowels, going back to Old English ''tēam'' and French ''crème'' respectively, while ''eat'' (< OE ''etan'') and ''meat'' (< OE ''mete'') have vowels that were originally short but lengthened by Middle English open syllable lengthening. This is the origin of the Yorkshire distinction.
In accents with the distinction, the vowels and are usually represented by the spellings ''ea'' and ''ei'', as in ''team'' and ''receive'', and the vowel is usually represented by the spellings ''ee'', ''ie'', ''eCe'' and ''iCe'' as in ''feet'', ''thief'', ''complete'', and ''suite''.
The 'mitt-meet merger' is a phenomenon occurring in Malaysian English and Singaporean English where the phonemes and are both pronounced . As a result, pairs like "mitt" and "meet", "bit" and "beat", "bid" and "bead" etc. are homophones.http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:dRqKKxBEWLMJ:www.waseda.jp/ocw/AsianStudies/9A-77WorldEnglishSpring2005/LectureNotes/03_HKE_TonyH/HKE_unit3.pdf
The 'met-mat merger' is a phenomenon occurring in Malaysian English and Singaporean English where the phonemes and are both pronounced . For some speakers, this only occurs in front of voiceless consonants, so that pairs like "met", "mat", "bet", "bat" are homophones, but "bed", "bad" or "med", "mad" are kept distinct. For others, it occurs in all positions.
The 'met-mate merger' is phenomenon occurring for some speakers of Zulu English where and are both pronounced . As a result, the words "met" and "mate" are homophonous as . [8]
The 'bred-bread merger' is process that occurred in Middle English that caused Middle English to be shortened in some words. As a result, "bred" and "bread" became homophones as which were previously distinguished as and . The shortening of occurred mostly before and , and sometimes elsewhere.
'Idea-smoothing' is a process that occurs in many dialects of British English where bisyllabic becomes the diphthong in certain words, leading to pronunciations like , and for "vehicle", "theatre/theater" and "idea" respectively. The words which have the to may vary depending on dialect. Dialects that have idea-smoothing usually also have the diphthong in words like "beer", "deer" and "fear" which are pronounced , and in those dialects.
The 'bit-bet merger' is a merger of and (both sounding like ) occurring for some speakers of Newfoundland English (Wells Pg. 500). As a result, ''bit'' and ''bet'' are homophones as .
★ Phonological history of the English language
★ Phonological history of English vowels
1. http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/KITetc.htm
2. http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/maps/Map3.html
3. http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Features/Merger.html
4. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States, , Hans, Kurath, University of Michigan Press, 1961, ISBN 0-8173-0129-1
5. North Carolina accents, , Lucia C., Morgan, Southern Speech Journal, 1969
6.
7. http://members.aol.com/calderdale/mmp132.html
8. http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/wade_ch4.html
The 'high front vowels of English' have undergone a variety of changes over time, which may vary from dialect to dialect.
| Contents |
| Weak vowel merger |
| Kit-bit split |
| Pin-pen merger |
| Happy tensing |
| Meet-meat merger |
| Mitt-meet merger |
| Met-mat merger |
| Met-mate merger |
| Bred-bread merger |
| Idea-smoothing |
| Bit-bet merger |
| See also |
| References |
Weak vowel merger
The 'weak vowel merger' (or 'Lennon-Lenin merger') is a phonemic merger of (schwa) with unstressed (sometimes written as , and occasionally called "schwi" by analogy with "schwa") in certain dialects of English. As a result of this merger the words ''abbot'' and ''rabbit'' rhyme; in accents without the merger they are distinct. The merger is complete in the Southern Hemisphere accents and variable in General American and Hiberno-English. Accents of English, , John C., Wells, Cambridge University Press, 1982,
This merger is not usually stigmatized. Dictionaries usually represent the distinction and not the merger. While there are some dialects that have a variable distinction, there are very few dialects that maintain a complete distinction.
For people with the distinction is used in words spelled with ''i'' or ''e'' in an unstressed syllable. In accents with the distinction, the ''-ible'' and ''-able'' endings are distinct as and . Also the following words do not end the same way:
★ Lennon, Lenin
★ ribbon, cabin
★ carrot, merit
★ Rosa's, roses
Kit-bit split
The 'kit-bit split' is a split of EME found in South African English, where ''kit'' and ''bit'' do not rhyme.[1] It is not clear whether this is a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable: is used adjacent to velars (''kiss, gift, lick, big, sing, kit''), after (''hit''), word-initially (''inn''), generally before (''fish''), and by some speakers before ; is used elsewhere (''limb, dinner, limited, bit''). Nevertheless because of the phonetic similarity of the two vowels in a word like ''dinner'' , they may belong to the same phoneme , while the vowel of ''kiss, big, hit, inn'' etc. belongs to the phoneme .
The kit-bit split is perhaps the most distinctive feature of South African English, as many of its other features are also found in New Zealand English. In New Zealand English, however, a centralized realization of as is general: there is no split and the vowels of ''kit'' and ''bit'' are pronounced identically.
Because of the centralized realization of the vowel in some words in South African English, South Africans are often stereotyped as pronouncing "woman" and "women" the same way, as "women" has the vowel . In reality, they are distinct in South African English. "woman" is and "women" is , so they are distinct and never confused.
Pin-pen merger
The merger of ''pin'' and ''pen'' in American English. The areas marked in purple are where the merger is complete for most speakers. Based on Labov, Ash, and Boberg 2006: 68.
The 'pin-pen merger' is a conditional merger of and before the nasal consonants , , and [2][3][4][5] The social and linguistic history of a merger: /i/ and /e/ before nasals in Southern American English, , Vivian, Brown, Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A & M University, 1990, [6] The Atlas of North American English, , William, Labov, Mouton de Gruyter, 2006, ISBN 3-11-016746-8 . The merged vowel is usually closer to than to . The merger is widespread in Southern American English, and is also found in many speakers in the Midland region immediately north of the South, as well as in less densely populated inland areas of the Western United States, particularly in Bakersfield, California. It is also a characteristic of African American Vernacular English.
Although this merger was not complete in the South even in fairly recent times, there is very little variation throughout the Southern States in general, except that Savannah, Miami, and New Orleans are excluded from the merger. The area of consistent merger includes southern Virginia, most of the South Midland, and extends westward to include all of Texas.
The northern limit of the merged area shows a number of irregular curves. Central and southern Indiana is dominated by the merger, but there is very little evidence of it in Ohio, and northern Kentucky shows a solid area of distinction around Louisville.
In the west, there is sporadic representation of merged speakers in Washington, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado. But the most striking concentration of merged speakers in the west is around Bakersfield, California, a pattern that may reflect the trajectory of migrant workers from the Ozarks westward.
The pin-pen merger is one of the most widely recognized features of Southern speech. A study of the written responses of Civil War veterans from Tennessee, together with data from the ''Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States'' and the ''Linguistic Atlas of the Middle South Atlantic States'', show that the merger was at a very low level through the first sixty years of the 19th century, but then rose steeply to 90% in the middle of the 20th century.
Outside the South, the majority of North American English speakers maintain a solid distinction in perception and production, though there are in almost every region of the United States—and even a few places in Canada—a certain number of speakers that perceive the pairs of words as close or pronounce them acoustically closely.
People that have the merger will often use terms like ''ink pen'' and ''stick pin'' to make a clear distinction between the two words that are otherwise homophonous.
Happy tensing
The term '''happy tensing''' refers to the process in which final lax becomes tense in words like ''happ'y'''. Happy tensing is absent from many varieties of British English and, traditionally at least, from Southern American English. Other realizations of the final vowel are also possible, such as in Scottish English. The history of happy tensing is difficult to pin down; the fact that it is uniformly present in South African English, Australian English, and New Zealand English implies that it was present in southern British English already at the beginning of the 19th century. Yet it is not mentioned by descriptive phoneticians until the early 20th century, and even then at first only in American English.
Meet-meat merger
The 'meet-meat merger' is the merger of the Early Modern English vowel (usually spelt ''ea'', as in ''meat'', ''peace'', ''sea'', ''receive'') with the vowel (as in ''meet'', ''piece'', ''see'', ''believe''). Orreight mi ol', , D, Alexander, ALD, 2001, ISBN 1-901587-18-5 English Dialects: An Introduction, , M. F., Wakelin, The Athlone Press, 1977, The merger is complete outside the British Isles and virtually complete within them. Some speakers in Northern England distinguish in the first group of words from or in the second group. Old-fashioned varieties of Hiberno-English and the West Country dialects preserve the Early Modern English – contrast, but it is rare in these accents nowadays. A handful of words (such as ''break, steak, great'') escaped the merger in the standard accents and thus have the same vowel as words like ''brake, stake, grate'' in almost all varieties of English. The word ''threat'' rhymes with neither ''meat'' or ''great'', due to early shortening (see "Bred-bread merger" below), although all three words once rhymed.
In some dialects that preserve the distinction, things are more complicated than simply all words in the ''meat'' set having . In those accents, some (but not all) words in the ''meat'' set actually have a sound resembling as in ''eight''.
In Alexander (2001), a book about the traditional Sheffield dialect, the spelling "eigh" is used for the vowels of ''eat'' and ''meat'' but the spelling "eea" is used for the vowels of ''team'' and ''cream''. In Calderdale accents ''eat'' and ''meat'' rhyme with ''eight''.[7] These Yorkshire accents generally have a weight-wait distinction, so the rhyme of ''meat'' with ''eight'' does not mean that ''meat'' and ''mate'' are homophonous in those accents.
The words ''team'' and ''cream'', which have in the traditional Yorkshire accents, have original long vowels, going back to Old English ''tēam'' and French ''crème'' respectively, while ''eat'' (< OE ''etan'') and ''meat'' (< OE ''mete'') have vowels that were originally short but lengthened by Middle English open syllable lengthening. This is the origin of the Yorkshire distinction.
In accents with the distinction, the vowels and are usually represented by the spellings ''ea'' and ''ei'', as in ''team'' and ''receive'', and the vowel is usually represented by the spellings ''ee'', ''ie'', ''eCe'' and ''iCe'' as in ''feet'', ''thief'', ''complete'', and ''suite''.
Mitt-meet merger
The 'mitt-meet merger' is a phenomenon occurring in Malaysian English and Singaporean English where the phonemes and are both pronounced . As a result, pairs like "mitt" and "meet", "bit" and "beat", "bid" and "bead" etc. are homophones.http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:dRqKKxBEWLMJ:www.waseda.jp/ocw/AsianStudies/9A-77WorldEnglishSpring2005/LectureNotes/03_HKE_TonyH/HKE_unit3.pdf
Met-mat merger
The 'met-mat merger' is a phenomenon occurring in Malaysian English and Singaporean English where the phonemes and are both pronounced . For some speakers, this only occurs in front of voiceless consonants, so that pairs like "met", "mat", "bet", "bat" are homophones, but "bed", "bad" or "med", "mad" are kept distinct. For others, it occurs in all positions.
Met-mate merger
The 'met-mate merger' is phenomenon occurring for some speakers of Zulu English where and are both pronounced . As a result, the words "met" and "mate" are homophonous as . [8]
Bred-bread merger
The 'bred-bread merger' is process that occurred in Middle English that caused Middle English to be shortened in some words. As a result, "bred" and "bread" became homophones as which were previously distinguished as and . The shortening of occurred mostly before and , and sometimes elsewhere.
Idea-smoothing
'Idea-smoothing' is a process that occurs in many dialects of British English where bisyllabic becomes the diphthong in certain words, leading to pronunciations like , and for "vehicle", "theatre/theater" and "idea" respectively. The words which have the to may vary depending on dialect. Dialects that have idea-smoothing usually also have the diphthong in words like "beer", "deer" and "fear" which are pronounced , and in those dialects.
Bit-bet merger
The 'bit-bet merger' is a merger of and (both sounding like ) occurring for some speakers of Newfoundland English (Wells Pg. 500). As a result, ''bit'' and ''bet'' are homophones as .
See also
★ Phonological history of the English language
★ Phonological history of English vowels
References
1. http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/KITetc.htm
2. http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/maps/Map3.html
3. http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Features/Merger.html
4. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States, , Hans, Kurath, University of Michigan Press, 1961, ISBN 0-8173-0129-1
5. North Carolina accents, , Lucia C., Morgan, Southern Speech Journal, 1969
6.
7. http://members.aol.com/calderdale/mmp132.html
8. http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/wade_ch4.html
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