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::''This article focuses on optical/chemical printing. For non-optical digital printing, see Digital printing.''
'Photographic printing' is the process of producing a final image for viewing, usually on sensitized paper from a previously prepared photographic negative.
The process consists of three major steps, performed in a photographic darkroom or within an automated photo printing machine:
# ''Exposure'' of the image onto the sensitized paper using a contact printer or enlarger
# ''Processing'' of the latent image through a multistep chemical immersion process.
## ''Development'' of the exposed image.
## Optionally ''Stopping'' development by neutralizing, diluting or removing developing agent.
## ''Fixing'' the final print by dissolving remaining unexposed/undeveloped light-sensitive emulsion.
## ''Washing'' thoroughly to remove chemicals used in processing, protecting the finished print from fading and decay.
# If made on glossy paper, ferrotyping to enhance the reflective gloss.
# Optional ''Toning'' of the print through additional chemical processes.
# ''Texturing and drying'' of the final print.
Standard photographic print sizes are often denoted with a code of the format '''n''R', where the number ''n'' represents the length of the shorter edge in inches. In the normal series, the long edge is the length of the short edge plus 2 inches (10" or less) or 3 inches (11" and above). The alternative 'Super' series, denoted 'S''n''R' has an aspect ratio of 2:3 (or as close as possible) and thus provides a better fit for standard 135 film (35mm) at sizes of 8 inches or above.
★ List of photographic processes
★ Film developing
★ Gelatin-silver process
★ Enlarger
★ Contact print
★ Photographic print toning
★ Photographic paper
'Photographic printing' is the process of producing a final image for viewing, usually on sensitized paper from a previously prepared photographic negative.
The process consists of three major steps, performed in a photographic darkroom or within an automated photo printing machine:
# ''Exposure'' of the image onto the sensitized paper using a contact printer or enlarger
# ''Processing'' of the latent image through a multistep chemical immersion process.
## ''Development'' of the exposed image.
## Optionally ''Stopping'' development by neutralizing, diluting or removing developing agent.
## ''Fixing'' the final print by dissolving remaining unexposed/undeveloped light-sensitive emulsion.
## ''Washing'' thoroughly to remove chemicals used in processing, protecting the finished print from fading and decay.
# If made on glossy paper, ferrotyping to enhance the reflective gloss.
# Optional ''Toning'' of the print through additional chemical processes.
# ''Texturing and drying'' of the final print.
| Contents |
| Standard print sizes |
| See also |
Standard print sizes
Standard photographic print sizes are often denoted with a code of the format '''n''R', where the number ''n'' represents the length of the shorter edge in inches. In the normal series, the long edge is the length of the short edge plus 2 inches (10" or less) or 3 inches (11" and above). The alternative 'Super' series, denoted 'S''n''R' has an aspect ratio of 2:3 (or as close as possible) and thus provides a better fit for standard 135 film (35mm) at sizes of 8 inches or above.
| Code | Size (in.) | Size (mm) | Aspect ratio | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3R | 3½" × 5" | 89 × 127 mm | 7:10 (0.70) | |
| 4R | 4" × 6" | 102 × 152 mm | 2:3 (0.67) | Standard consumer print size |
| 5R | 5" × 7" | 127 × 178 mm | 5:7 (0.71) | |
| 6R | 6" × 8" | 152 × 203 mm | 3:4 (0.75) | |
| 8R | 8" × 10" | 203 × 254 mm | 4:5 (0.80) | Most common print size for medium and large format |
| S8R | 8" × 12" | 203 × 305 mm | 2:3 (0.67) | Closest approximation to A4 |
| 10R | 10" × 12" | 254 × 305 mm | 5:6 (0.83) | |
| S10R | 10" × 15" | 254 × 381 mm | 2:3 (0.67) | |
| 11R | 11" × 14" | 279 × 356 mm | 11:14 (0.79) | |
| S11R | 11" × 17" | 279 × 432 mm | 11:17 (0.65) | |
| 12R | 12" × 15" | 305 × 381 mm | 4:5 (0.80) | |
| S12R | 12" × 18" | 305 × 465 mm | 2:3 (0.67) |
See also
★ List of photographic processes
★ Film developing
★ Gelatin-silver process
★ Enlarger
★ Contact print
★ Photographic print toning
★ Photographic paper
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