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(Redirected from Pillage)
'Looting' (which derives via the Urdu ''lut'' from Hindi/Sanskrit ''lung'', to rob), 'sacking', 'plundering', or 'pillaging' is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting.[3] The term is also used in a broader (some would argue metaphorical) sense, to describe egregious instances of theft and embezzlement, such as the "plundering" of private or public assets by corrupt or overly greedy corporate executives or government authorities. The proceeds of all these activities can be described as 'loot', 'plunder', or 'pillage'.
Looting originally referred primarily to the plundering of villages and cities not only by victorious troops during warfare, but also by civilian members of the community (for example, see War and Peace,[4] which describes widespread looting by Moscow's citizens before Napoleon's troops enter the town, and looting by French troops elsewhere; also note the looting of art treasures by the Nazis during WWII[5]). Piracy is form of looting organized by ships on the high seas outside the control of a sovereign government. With the enactment of the Hague Convention of 1907 and the Geneva Convention of 1949, it is a crime to take or destroy real or personal property during an occupation unless it is "absolutely necessary".
During a disaster, police and military authorities are sometimes unable to prevent looting when they are overwhelmed by humanitarian or combat concerns, or cannot be summoned due to damaged communications infrastructure. Especially during natural disasters, some people find themselves forced to take what is not theirs in order to survive. How to respond to this is often a dilemma for the authorities.[6] In other cases, looting may be tolerated or even encouraged by authorities for political or other reasons.
Looting is often opportunistic, the apparent lapse in authority enabling willing persons to thieve with impunity. Looting also cascades through a group of people as one person believes that his contribution to the crime is lessened because someone else is looting. People may also believe that if the goods are not stolen, then they will simply be wasted, and see their act as a lesser of two evils. Finally, a looter may believe that if he doesn't steal the property, it will simply be stolen by someone else and there will therefore be no benefit from his obedience. Looters are usually locals of the site of the disaster, and as such, may have lost a lot of their own property. This further encourages them to steal as it is reducing the negative impact of the disaster.
In extreme circumstances, looting may be the only way for a person to procure necessities for themselves and their loved ones. Many see this as an act of survival, rather than taking advantage of unfortunate events. Looting can be carried out by many individuals for essentials for survivals, as well as those who exploit the emergency to get free luxuries. In some circumstances, the maintaining of essential services requires "looting": for example, during the Hurricane Katrina disaster, police were required to "loot" gasoline out of "abandoned" cars in order to continue to operate their squad cars, and doctors had to obtain medical supplies from abandoned drugstores under armed police guard:[7]
In many countries, even in Western democracies that otherwise ban the death penalty, extraordinary measures may be taken against looters, during times of crisis. Looters may be summarily shot by the police, army, or property owners. Extraordinary measures, combined with an impressive show of force, help to discourage looting and to disperse crowds that would otherwise find a normal show of force non-threatening. This is also common police practice in discouraging potential riots, which are often associated with looting, from escalating.
The shooting of looters may also prevent further damage to the economy. One perspective is that this also shows the relative value of economy vs. "human life" in some societies.
★ Following the death of Valentinian III in 455, the Vandals invaded and extensively looted the city of Rome.
★ In 1664 the Maratha leader Shivaji sacked and looted Surat. Surat was under sack for nearly three weeks, in which the army looted all possible wealth from Mughal and Portuguese trading centers.
★ During the American Civil War, the New York Draft Riots (July 13-17, 1863) began as protests against President Abraham Lincoln's Enrollment Act of Conscription drafting men to fight in the ongoing war. Considered by some to be the worst civil unrest in American history, the riots included 50,000 participants and lasted several days, claiming hundreds of lives and destroying millions of dollars in property. The violent demonstration could not be contained by the civil police force, and required the intervention of regiments of the New York State Militia, who marched back to New York from the battlefield of Gettysburg, to restore civil order.
★ During World War II, both Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan engaged in massive and systematic looting of valuables worth tens of billions of dollars. See:
★
★ Nazi plunder
★
★ Yamashita's gold
★ In 1977 the New York Blackout resulted in massive rioting and looting throughout the city of New York.
★ In 1992, during the Rodney King riots, widespread looting occurred in Los Angeles, California. Some store owners guarded their stores with personal firearms.
★ During the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997-98, lootings occurred in many parts of Indonesia.
★ After the United States occupied Iraq, the absence of Iraqi police and the reluctance of the US to act as a police force enabled looters to raid homes and businesses, especially in Baghdad, most notably the Iraqi National Museum. During the looting, many hospitals were stripped of nearly all supplies. However, upon investigation many of the looting claims were in fact exaggerated. Most notably the Iraqi National Museum in which many curators had stored important artifacts in the museum vault and then flooded the entrance.[8] Looting also occurred on a grand scale at a number of archaeological sites across Iraq. Sites were allegedly being destroyed and objects removed numbering in the tens or hundreds of thousands.
Trophy Art Bibliography[9] is a database concerning the international literature on the fate of cultural treasures displaced as trophies by the Red Army from Germany to the USSR as a result of World War II.
In the Persian Gulf War there was massive looting by Iraq in Kuwait.[10]
Viking warriors were famous for their raids on their neighbors in Europe.
2006 East Timor has seen widespread examples of people looting.
For an interesting article relating to looting and the British army/imperialism, see; ''Empire and authority: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899–1905''. Michael Carrington. A Ph.D (British Library).
The media in Hurricane Katrina have been accused of portraying identical acts as justifiable "finding" or deplorable "looting" depending on the race of the perpetrator.[11] However the reports have been defended as simply factual and coincidental based on an interpretation of "looting" as personally removing goods from a business versus "finding" defined as collecting goods floating in the street.[12]
★ Amber Room
★ Looting (gaming)
★ Nazi Plunder
★ Pirate loot problem
★ Ramraiding
★ Robbery
1. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2941733.stm
2. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/262848.stm
3. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1722584.stm
4. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2600
5. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/2291481.stm
6. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/136582.stm
7. http://counterpunch.org/henderson09012005.html
8. http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/iraq/update.shtml
9. http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/b-kunst.htm
10. http://www.kuwait.kw/diwan/emain/Story_Of_Kuwait/Occupation/Iraqi_regime_Crimes/theft.html
11. http://counterpunch.org/floyd09012005.html
12. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2005/09/01/photo_controversy/
★ Abudu, Margaret, et al., "Black Ghetto Violence: A Case Study Inquiry into the Spatial Pattern of Four Los Angeles Riot Event-Types," 44 ''Social Problems'' 483 (1997)
★ Curvin, Robert and Bruce Porter, ''Blackout Looting'' (1979)
★ Dynes, Russell & Enrico L. Quarantelli, "What Looting in Civil Disturbances Really Means," in ''Modern Criminals'' 177 (James F. Short, Jr. ed. 1970)
★ Green, Stuart P., "Looting, Law, and Lawlessness," 81 ''Tulane Law Review'' 1129 (2007)
★ Mac Ginty, "Looting in the Context of Violent Conflict: A Conceptualisation and Typology," 25 ''Third World Quarterly'' 857 (2004)
'Looting' (which derives via the Urdu ''lut'' from Hindi/Sanskrit ''lung'', to rob), 'sacking', 'plundering', or 'pillaging' is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting.[3] The term is also used in a broader (some would argue metaphorical) sense, to describe egregious instances of theft and embezzlement, such as the "plundering" of private or public assets by corrupt or overly greedy corporate executives or government authorities. The proceeds of all these activities can be described as 'loot', 'plunder', or 'pillage'.
Looting originally referred primarily to the plundering of villages and cities not only by victorious troops during warfare, but also by civilian members of the community (for example, see War and Peace,[4] which describes widespread looting by Moscow's citizens before Napoleon's troops enter the town, and looting by French troops elsewhere; also note the looting of art treasures by the Nazis during WWII[5]). Piracy is form of looting organized by ships on the high seas outside the control of a sovereign government. With the enactment of the Hague Convention of 1907 and the Geneva Convention of 1949, it is a crime to take or destroy real or personal property during an occupation unless it is "absolutely necessary".
During a disaster, police and military authorities are sometimes unable to prevent looting when they are overwhelmed by humanitarian or combat concerns, or cannot be summoned due to damaged communications infrastructure. Especially during natural disasters, some people find themselves forced to take what is not theirs in order to survive. How to respond to this is often a dilemma for the authorities.[6] In other cases, looting may be tolerated or even encouraged by authorities for political or other reasons.
| Contents |
| Reasons behind looting during disasters |
| Measures against looting |
| Looting around the world |
| Looting as an act of warfare |
| Political and media controversy about looting |
| See also |
| References |
| Sources |
Reasons behind looting during disasters
Looting is often opportunistic, the apparent lapse in authority enabling willing persons to thieve with impunity. Looting also cascades through a group of people as one person believes that his contribution to the crime is lessened because someone else is looting. People may also believe that if the goods are not stolen, then they will simply be wasted, and see their act as a lesser of two evils. Finally, a looter may believe that if he doesn't steal the property, it will simply be stolen by someone else and there will therefore be no benefit from his obedience. Looters are usually locals of the site of the disaster, and as such, may have lost a lot of their own property. This further encourages them to steal as it is reducing the negative impact of the disaster.
In extreme circumstances, looting may be the only way for a person to procure necessities for themselves and their loved ones. Many see this as an act of survival, rather than taking advantage of unfortunate events. Looting can be carried out by many individuals for essentials for survivals, as well as those who exploit the emergency to get free luxuries. In some circumstances, the maintaining of essential services requires "looting": for example, during the Hurricane Katrina disaster, police were required to "loot" gasoline out of "abandoned" cars in order to continue to operate their squad cars, and doctors had to obtain medical supplies from abandoned drugstores under armed police guard:[7]
Measures against looting
In many countries, even in Western democracies that otherwise ban the death penalty, extraordinary measures may be taken against looters, during times of crisis. Looters may be summarily shot by the police, army, or property owners. Extraordinary measures, combined with an impressive show of force, help to discourage looting and to disperse crowds that would otherwise find a normal show of force non-threatening. This is also common police practice in discouraging potential riots, which are often associated with looting, from escalating.
The shooting of looters may also prevent further damage to the economy. One perspective is that this also shows the relative value of economy vs. "human life" in some societies.
Looting around the world
★ Following the death of Valentinian III in 455, the Vandals invaded and extensively looted the city of Rome.
★ In 1664 the Maratha leader Shivaji sacked and looted Surat. Surat was under sack for nearly three weeks, in which the army looted all possible wealth from Mughal and Portuguese trading centers.
★ During the American Civil War, the New York Draft Riots (July 13-17, 1863) began as protests against President Abraham Lincoln's Enrollment Act of Conscription drafting men to fight in the ongoing war. Considered by some to be the worst civil unrest in American history, the riots included 50,000 participants and lasted several days, claiming hundreds of lives and destroying millions of dollars in property. The violent demonstration could not be contained by the civil police force, and required the intervention of regiments of the New York State Militia, who marched back to New York from the battlefield of Gettysburg, to restore civil order.
★ During World War II, both Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan engaged in massive and systematic looting of valuables worth tens of billions of dollars. See:
★
★ Nazi plunder
★
★ Yamashita's gold
★ In 1977 the New York Blackout resulted in massive rioting and looting throughout the city of New York.
★ In 1992, during the Rodney King riots, widespread looting occurred in Los Angeles, California. Some store owners guarded their stores with personal firearms.
★ During the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997-98, lootings occurred in many parts of Indonesia.
★ After the United States occupied Iraq, the absence of Iraqi police and the reluctance of the US to act as a police force enabled looters to raid homes and businesses, especially in Baghdad, most notably the Iraqi National Museum. During the looting, many hospitals were stripped of nearly all supplies. However, upon investigation many of the looting claims were in fact exaggerated. Most notably the Iraqi National Museum in which many curators had stored important artifacts in the museum vault and then flooded the entrance.[8] Looting also occurred on a grand scale at a number of archaeological sites across Iraq. Sites were allegedly being destroyed and objects removed numbering in the tens or hundreds of thousands.
Looting as an act of warfare
Trophy Art Bibliography[9] is a database concerning the international literature on the fate of cultural treasures displaced as trophies by the Red Army from Germany to the USSR as a result of World War II.
In the Persian Gulf War there was massive looting by Iraq in Kuwait.[10]
Viking warriors were famous for their raids on their neighbors in Europe.
2006 East Timor has seen widespread examples of people looting.
Political and media controversy about looting
For an interesting article relating to looting and the British army/imperialism, see; ''Empire and authority: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899–1905''. Michael Carrington. A Ph.D (British Library).
The media in Hurricane Katrina have been accused of portraying identical acts as justifiable "finding" or deplorable "looting" depending on the race of the perpetrator.[11] However the reports have been defended as simply factual and coincidental based on an interpretation of "looting" as personally removing goods from a business versus "finding" defined as collecting goods floating in the street.[12]
See also
★ Amber Room
★ Looting (gaming)
★ Nazi Plunder
★ Pirate loot problem
★ Ramraiding
★ Robbery
References
1. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2941733.stm
2. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/262848.stm
3. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1722584.stm
4. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2600
5. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/2291481.stm
6. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/136582.stm
7. http://counterpunch.org/henderson09012005.html
8. http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/iraq/update.shtml
9. http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/b-kunst.htm
10. http://www.kuwait.kw/diwan/emain/Story_Of_Kuwait/Occupation/Iraqi_regime_Crimes/theft.html
11. http://counterpunch.org/floyd09012005.html
12. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2005/09/01/photo_controversy/
Sources
★ Abudu, Margaret, et al., "Black Ghetto Violence: A Case Study Inquiry into the Spatial Pattern of Four Los Angeles Riot Event-Types," 44 ''Social Problems'' 483 (1997)
★ Curvin, Robert and Bruce Porter, ''Blackout Looting'' (1979)
★ Dynes, Russell & Enrico L. Quarantelli, "What Looting in Civil Disturbances Really Means," in ''Modern Criminals'' 177 (James F. Short, Jr. ed. 1970)
★ Green, Stuart P., "Looting, Law, and Lawlessness," 81 ''Tulane Law Review'' 1129 (2007)
★ Mac Ginty, "Looting in the Context of Violent Conflict: A Conceptualisation and Typology," 25 ''Third World Quarterly'' 857 (2004)
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