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(Redirected from Pine grosbeak)
The 'Pine Grosbeak', ''Pinicola enucleator'', is a large finch. It is the only member of its genus and represents an ancient divergence of the ancestors of the bullfinches (Arnaiz-Villena ''et al.'', 2001), diverging perhaps a dozen mya during the Clarendonian. Given that the radiation of the bullfinches (which are only found in Eurasia) and the mountain finches (also closely related: Marten & Johnson, 1986) started approximately at the same time in the interior of Asia, it is possible that the Pine Grosbeak evolved in North America; possibly, its ancestors were wind-blown individuals of a proto-bullfinch which arrived via the northern Pacific as at that time the Bering Land Bridge was widely inundated.
Adults have a long forked black tail, black wings with white wing bars and a large bill. Adult males have a rose red head, back and rump. Adult females are olive-yellow on the head and rump and grey on the back and underparts.
Their breeding habitat is coniferous woods across Canada, Alaska and the western mountains of the United States, and in northern Fennoscandia. They nest on a horizontal branch or in a fork of a conifer.
This bird is a permanent resident through most of its range; in the extreme north or when food sources are scarce, they may migrate further south.
This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.
These birds forage in trees and bushes. They mainly eat seeds, buds, berries and insects. Outside of the nesting season, they often feed in flocks.
The Pine Grosbeak was depicted on the 1986 series Canadian $1000 bill.
★ 'Arnaiz-Villena', A.; Guillén, J.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; Lowy, E.; Zamora, J.; Varela, P.; Stefani, D. & Allende, L. M. (2001): Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. ''Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences'' '58': 1159–1166. PDF fulltext
★ Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
★ 'Groth', J. G. 1994. A mitochondrial cytochrome b phylogeny of cardueline finches. Journal für Ornithologie, 135: 31.
★ 'Groth', J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.
★ 'Marten', Jill A. & 'Johnson', Ned K. (1986): Genetic relationships of North American cardueline finches. ''Condor'' '88'(4): 409-420. PDF fulltext
★ Pine Grosbeak - ''Pinicola enucleator'' - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
★ Pine Grosbeak Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding
★ Pine Grosbeak Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
★ Pine Grosbeak photo gallery VIREO
★ Adkisson, C. S. 1999. ''Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 456 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
★ Adkisson CS. Ph.D. (1972). ''AN ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND VOCAL GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN NORTH AMERICAN PINE GROSBEAKS, PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR (AVES)''. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
★ Adkisson CS. (1977). ''Morphological Variation in North American Pine Grosbeaks''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '89', no 3. p. 380-395.
★ Adkisson CS. (1981). ''Geographic Variation in Vocalizations and Evolution of North American Pine Grosbeaks Pinicola-Enucleator''. Condor. vol '83', no 4. p. 277-288.
★ Arnaiz-Villena A, Guillen J, Ruiz-de-Valle V, Lowy E, Zamora J, Varela P, Stefani D & Allende LM. (2001). ''Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches''. Cell Mol Life Sci. vol '58', no 8. p. 1159-1166.
★ Babenko VG & Redkin YA. (1999). ''Ornithogeographical characteristics of the Low Amur basin''. Zool Zhurnal. vol '78', no 3. p. 398-408.
★ Boev Z. (1999). ''Earliest finds of crossbills (genus Loxia) (Aves: Fringillidae) from Varshets (NW Bulgaria)''. Geologica Balcanica. vol '29', no 3-4. p. 51-57.
★ Brotons L, Monkkonen M, Huhta E, Nikula A & Rajasarkka A. (2003). ''Effects of landscape structure and forest reserve location on old-growth forest bird species in Northern Finland''. Landscape Ecology. vol '18', no 4. p. 377-393.
★ Davies C & Sharrock JTR. (2000). ''The European Bird Report: Passerines''. British Birds. vol '93', no 9. p. 415-427.
★ Desgranges JL & Rondeau G. (1995). ''CHANGES IN THE BIRD COMMUNITIES OF A BALSAM FIR WHITE BIRCH FOREST FOLLOWING AN INSECT PEST EPIDEMIC''. For Chron. vol '71', no 2. p. 201-210.
★ Dunn EH. (1989). ''Are Pine Grosbeaks Increasing at Bird Feeders in Ontario Canada''. Ontario Birds. vol '7', no 3. p. 87-91.
★ Fuiimaki Y, Toda A & Yoshida S. (1979). ''Rosy Finch Leucosticte-Arctoa New-Record and Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator New-Record from Hidaka Mountains Central Hokkaido Japan''. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. vol '11', no 1. p. 67-69.
★ Kinch B. (2006). ''Northern Shrike preys on Pine Grosbeak''. Ontario Birds. vol '24', no 3. p. 160-161.
★ Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). ''Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds''. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol '70', no 4. p. 609-620.
★ Mikaelian I, Ley DH, Claveau R, Lemieux M & Berube J-P. (2001). ''Mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in Quebec''. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol '37', no 4. p. 826-830.
★ Mills A. (1986). ''Correlations among Winter Finch Numbers at Ottawa Canada 1958-1983''. Ontario Birds. vol '4', no 1. p. 30-32.
★ Peck MK, Coady G, Binsfeld G & Konze KR. (2004). ''First documented nest record of Pine Grosbeak in Ontario''. Ontario Birds. vol '22', no 1. p. 2-8.
★ Pittaway R. (1989). ''Pine Grosbeaks Using Bird Feeders''. Ontario Birds. vol '7', no 2. p. 65-67.
★ Pittaway R. (1998). ''Two song types of the pine grosbeak''. Ontario Birds. vol '16', no 1. p. 38-39.
★ Pruitt WO, Jr. (2005). ''Why and how to study a snowcover''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '119', no 1. p. 118-128.
★ Pulliainen E. (1979). ''On the Breeding of the Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator in Northeastern Finland''. Ornis Fennica. vol '56', no 4. p. 156-162.
★ Pulliainen E, Saari L & Tunkkari P. (2002). ''Life strategy of Finnish pine grosbeaks Pinicola enucleator''. Aquilo Ser Zoologica. vol '30', p. 83-96.
★ Spicer GS. (1978). ''A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae''. Journal of Parasitology. vol '64', no 5. p. 891-894.
★ Stephen LJ & Walley WJ. (2000). ''Alcohol intoxication contributing to mortality in Bohemian Waxwings and a Pine Grosbeak''. Blue Jay. vol '58', no 1. p. 33-35.
★ Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). ''Separation and identification of carotenoids in bird's plumage by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection''. Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Applications. vol '670', no 2. p. 337-348.
★ Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). ''SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN BIRDS PLUMAGE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY DIODE-ARRAY DETECTION''. J Chromatogr B-Biomed Appl. vol '670', no 2. p. 337-348.
★ Stradi R, Pini E & Celentano G. (2001). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: the complement of red pigments in the plumage of wild and captive bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula)''. Comp Biochem Physiol B-Biochem Mol Biol. vol '128', no 3. p. 529-535.
★ Stradi R, Rossi E, Celentano G & Bellardi B. (1996). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: The pattern in three Loxia species and in Pinicola enucleator''. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology B. vol '113', no 2. p. 427-432.
★ Svingen D & Rogers TH. (1994). ''Winter Season: December 1, 1993 - February 28, 1994: Idaho/Western Montana Region''. National Audubon Society Field Notes. vol '48', no 2. p. 228-229.
★ Taylor P. (1979). ''Interspecific Vocal Mimicry by Pine Grosbeaks Pinicola-Enucleator''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '93', no 4. p. 436-437.
★ Taylor P. (1996). ''Winter songs of the Pine Grosbeak''. Blue Jay. vol '54', no 2. p. 82-84.
★ Topp CM. (2004). ''EPSCoR graduate fellowship phase I, Alaska genomic diversity (2003-2004)''. Arctic Science Conference Abstracts. vol '55', no September 29.
★ Virkkala R. (1987). ''Effects of Forest Management on Birds Breeding in Northern Finland''. Annales Zoologici Fennici. vol '24', no 4. p. 281-294.
★ Virkkala R. (1991). ''Population Trends of Forest Birds in a Finnish Lapland Landscape of Large Habitat Blocks Consequences of Stochastic Environmental Variation or Regional Habitat Alteration''. Biological Conservation. vol '56', no 2. p. 223-240.
★ Wolfe DFG. (1996). ''Opportunistic winter water acquisition by Pine Grosbeaks''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '108', no 1. p. 186-187.
The 'Pine Grosbeak', ''Pinicola enucleator'', is a large finch. It is the only member of its genus and represents an ancient divergence of the ancestors of the bullfinches (Arnaiz-Villena ''et al.'', 2001), diverging perhaps a dozen mya during the Clarendonian. Given that the radiation of the bullfinches (which are only found in Eurasia) and the mountain finches (also closely related: Marten & Johnson, 1986) started approximately at the same time in the interior of Asia, it is possible that the Pine Grosbeak evolved in North America; possibly, its ancestors were wind-blown individuals of a proto-bullfinch which arrived via the northern Pacific as at that time the Bering Land Bridge was widely inundated.
Adults have a long forked black tail, black wings with white wing bars and a large bill. Adult males have a rose red head, back and rump. Adult females are olive-yellow on the head and rump and grey on the back and underparts.
Their breeding habitat is coniferous woods across Canada, Alaska and the western mountains of the United States, and in northern Fennoscandia. They nest on a horizontal branch or in a fork of a conifer.
This bird is a permanent resident through most of its range; in the extreme north or when food sources are scarce, they may migrate further south.
This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.
The Pine Grosback on the back of the Canadian $1000 bill.
These birds forage in trees and bushes. They mainly eat seeds, buds, berries and insects. Outside of the nesting season, they often feed in flocks.
The Pine Grosbeak was depicted on the 1986 series Canadian $1000 bill.
| Contents |
| References |
| External links |
| Further reading |
| Book |
| Thesis |
| Articles |
References
★ 'Arnaiz-Villena', A.; Guillén, J.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; Lowy, E.; Zamora, J.; Varela, P.; Stefani, D. & Allende, L. M. (2001): Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. ''Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences'' '58': 1159–1166. PDF fulltext
★ Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
★ 'Groth', J. G. 1994. A mitochondrial cytochrome b phylogeny of cardueline finches. Journal für Ornithologie, 135: 31.
★ 'Groth', J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.
★ 'Marten', Jill A. & 'Johnson', Ned K. (1986): Genetic relationships of North American cardueline finches. ''Condor'' '88'(4): 409-420. PDF fulltext
External links
★ Pine Grosbeak - ''Pinicola enucleator'' - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
★ Pine Grosbeak Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding
★ Pine Grosbeak Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
★ Pine Grosbeak photo gallery VIREO
Further reading
Book
★ Adkisson, C. S. 1999. ''Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 456 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Thesis
★ Adkisson CS. Ph.D. (1972). ''AN ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND VOCAL GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN NORTH AMERICAN PINE GROSBEAKS, PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR (AVES)''. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
Articles
★ Adkisson CS. (1977). ''Morphological Variation in North American Pine Grosbeaks''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '89', no 3. p. 380-395.
★ Adkisson CS. (1981). ''Geographic Variation in Vocalizations and Evolution of North American Pine Grosbeaks Pinicola-Enucleator''. Condor. vol '83', no 4. p. 277-288.
★ Arnaiz-Villena A, Guillen J, Ruiz-de-Valle V, Lowy E, Zamora J, Varela P, Stefani D & Allende LM. (2001). ''Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches''. Cell Mol Life Sci. vol '58', no 8. p. 1159-1166.
★ Babenko VG & Redkin YA. (1999). ''Ornithogeographical characteristics of the Low Amur basin''. Zool Zhurnal. vol '78', no 3. p. 398-408.
★ Boev Z. (1999). ''Earliest finds of crossbills (genus Loxia) (Aves: Fringillidae) from Varshets (NW Bulgaria)''. Geologica Balcanica. vol '29', no 3-4. p. 51-57.
★ Brotons L, Monkkonen M, Huhta E, Nikula A & Rajasarkka A. (2003). ''Effects of landscape structure and forest reserve location on old-growth forest bird species in Northern Finland''. Landscape Ecology. vol '18', no 4. p. 377-393.
★ Davies C & Sharrock JTR. (2000). ''The European Bird Report: Passerines''. British Birds. vol '93', no 9. p. 415-427.
★ Desgranges JL & Rondeau G. (1995). ''CHANGES IN THE BIRD COMMUNITIES OF A BALSAM FIR WHITE BIRCH FOREST FOLLOWING AN INSECT PEST EPIDEMIC''. For Chron. vol '71', no 2. p. 201-210.
★ Dunn EH. (1989). ''Are Pine Grosbeaks Increasing at Bird Feeders in Ontario Canada''. Ontario Birds. vol '7', no 3. p. 87-91.
★ Fuiimaki Y, Toda A & Yoshida S. (1979). ''Rosy Finch Leucosticte-Arctoa New-Record and Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator New-Record from Hidaka Mountains Central Hokkaido Japan''. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. vol '11', no 1. p. 67-69.
★ Kinch B. (2006). ''Northern Shrike preys on Pine Grosbeak''. Ontario Birds. vol '24', no 3. p. 160-161.
★ Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). ''Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds''. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol '70', no 4. p. 609-620.
★ Mikaelian I, Ley DH, Claveau R, Lemieux M & Berube J-P. (2001). ''Mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in Quebec''. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol '37', no 4. p. 826-830.
★ Mills A. (1986). ''Correlations among Winter Finch Numbers at Ottawa Canada 1958-1983''. Ontario Birds. vol '4', no 1. p. 30-32.
★ Peck MK, Coady G, Binsfeld G & Konze KR. (2004). ''First documented nest record of Pine Grosbeak in Ontario''. Ontario Birds. vol '22', no 1. p. 2-8.
★ Pittaway R. (1989). ''Pine Grosbeaks Using Bird Feeders''. Ontario Birds. vol '7', no 2. p. 65-67.
★ Pittaway R. (1998). ''Two song types of the pine grosbeak''. Ontario Birds. vol '16', no 1. p. 38-39.
★ Pruitt WO, Jr. (2005). ''Why and how to study a snowcover''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '119', no 1. p. 118-128.
★ Pulliainen E. (1979). ''On the Breeding of the Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator in Northeastern Finland''. Ornis Fennica. vol '56', no 4. p. 156-162.
★ Pulliainen E, Saari L & Tunkkari P. (2002). ''Life strategy of Finnish pine grosbeaks Pinicola enucleator''. Aquilo Ser Zoologica. vol '30', p. 83-96.
★ Spicer GS. (1978). ''A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae''. Journal of Parasitology. vol '64', no 5. p. 891-894.
★ Stephen LJ & Walley WJ. (2000). ''Alcohol intoxication contributing to mortality in Bohemian Waxwings and a Pine Grosbeak''. Blue Jay. vol '58', no 1. p. 33-35.
★ Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). ''Separation and identification of carotenoids in bird's plumage by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection''. Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Applications. vol '670', no 2. p. 337-348.
★ Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). ''SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN BIRDS PLUMAGE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY DIODE-ARRAY DETECTION''. J Chromatogr B-Biomed Appl. vol '670', no 2. p. 337-348.
★ Stradi R, Pini E & Celentano G. (2001). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: the complement of red pigments in the plumage of wild and captive bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula)''. Comp Biochem Physiol B-Biochem Mol Biol. vol '128', no 3. p. 529-535.
★ Stradi R, Rossi E, Celentano G & Bellardi B. (1996). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: The pattern in three Loxia species and in Pinicola enucleator''. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology B. vol '113', no 2. p. 427-432.
★ Svingen D & Rogers TH. (1994). ''Winter Season: December 1, 1993 - February 28, 1994: Idaho/Western Montana Region''. National Audubon Society Field Notes. vol '48', no 2. p. 228-229.
★ Taylor P. (1979). ''Interspecific Vocal Mimicry by Pine Grosbeaks Pinicola-Enucleator''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '93', no 4. p. 436-437.
★ Taylor P. (1996). ''Winter songs of the Pine Grosbeak''. Blue Jay. vol '54', no 2. p. 82-84.
★ Topp CM. (2004). ''EPSCoR graduate fellowship phase I, Alaska genomic diversity (2003-2004)''. Arctic Science Conference Abstracts. vol '55', no September 29.
★ Virkkala R. (1987). ''Effects of Forest Management on Birds Breeding in Northern Finland''. Annales Zoologici Fennici. vol '24', no 4. p. 281-294.
★ Virkkala R. (1991). ''Population Trends of Forest Birds in a Finnish Lapland Landscape of Large Habitat Blocks Consequences of Stochastic Environmental Variation or Regional Habitat Alteration''. Biological Conservation. vol '56', no 2. p. 223-240.
★ Wolfe DFG. (1996). ''Opportunistic winter water acquisition by Pine Grosbeaks''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '108', no 1. p. 186-187.
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