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A 'planetary ring' is a ring of dust and other small particles orbiting around a planet in a flat disc-shaped region.
The most spectacular and famous planetary rings are those around Saturn, but the other three gas giants of the solar system (Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune) possess ring systems of their own.
The origin of planetary rings is not precisely known, but they are thought to be unstable and dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years. As a result, current ring systems must be of modern origin, possibly formed of debris from a moon that suffered a large impact or was disrupted by the parent planet's gravity when it passed within the Roche limit.
The composition of ring particles varies; they can be either silicate or icy dust. Larger rocks and boulders can also be present.
Sometimes rings will have "'shepherd'" 'moons', small moons that orbit near the outer edges of rings or within gaps in the rings.
The gravity of shepherd moons serves to maintain a sharply defined edge to the ring; material that drifts closer to the shepherd moon's orbit is either deflected back into the body of the ring, ejected from the system, or accreted onto the moon itself.
Several of Jupiter's small innermost moons, namely Metis and Adrastea, are within Jupiter's ring system and are also within Jupiter's Roche limit. It is possible that these rings are composed of material that is being pulled off of these two bodies by Jupiter's tidal forces, possibly facilitated by impacts of ring material on their surfaces. A moon inside the Roche limit is held together only by its mechanical strength rather than by its gravity, and so loose material on its surface would simply "fall off" to join the rings.
Neptune's rings are very unusual in that they first appeared to be composed of incomplete arcs in Earth-based observations, but Voyager 2's images showed them to be complete rings with bright clumps. It is thought that the gravitational influence of the shepherd moon Galatea and possibly other as-yet undiscovered shepherd moons are responsible for this clumpiness.
Pluto is not known to have any ring systems. However, some astronomers think that the New Horizons probe might find a ring system when it visits in 2015.[1]
It is also predicted that Phobos, a moon of Mars, will break up and form into a planetary ring in about 50 million years due to its low orbit.[2]
★ ''Shepherd Moons'' is the name of a 1991 album by Irish singer Enya
★ Rings of Jupiter
★ Rings of Saturn
★ Rings of Uranus
★ Rings of Neptune
★ USGS/IAU Ring and Ring Gap Nomenclature
1. First Constraints on Rings in the Pluto System, , Andrew J., Steffl, ,
2. Gürtler, J. & Dorschner, J: "''Das Sonnensystem''", Barth (1993), ISBN 3-335-00281-4
The most spectacular and famous planetary rings are those around Saturn, but the other three gas giants of the solar system (Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune) possess ring systems of their own.
| Contents |
| Overview |
| References in pop culture |
| See also |
| External links |
| Notes |
Overview
The origin of planetary rings is not precisely known, but they are thought to be unstable and dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years. As a result, current ring systems must be of modern origin, possibly formed of debris from a moon that suffered a large impact or was disrupted by the parent planet's gravity when it passed within the Roche limit.
The composition of ring particles varies; they can be either silicate or icy dust. Larger rocks and boulders can also be present.
Sometimes rings will have "'shepherd'" 'moons', small moons that orbit near the outer edges of rings or within gaps in the rings.
The gravity of shepherd moons serves to maintain a sharply defined edge to the ring; material that drifts closer to the shepherd moon's orbit is either deflected back into the body of the ring, ejected from the system, or accreted onto the moon itself.
Several of Jupiter's small innermost moons, namely Metis and Adrastea, are within Jupiter's ring system and are also within Jupiter's Roche limit. It is possible that these rings are composed of material that is being pulled off of these two bodies by Jupiter's tidal forces, possibly facilitated by impacts of ring material on their surfaces. A moon inside the Roche limit is held together only by its mechanical strength rather than by its gravity, and so loose material on its surface would simply "fall off" to join the rings.
Neptune's rings are very unusual in that they first appeared to be composed of incomplete arcs in Earth-based observations, but Voyager 2's images showed them to be complete rings with bright clumps. It is thought that the gravitational influence of the shepherd moon Galatea and possibly other as-yet undiscovered shepherd moons are responsible for this clumpiness.
Pluto is not known to have any ring systems. However, some astronomers think that the New Horizons probe might find a ring system when it visits in 2015.[1]
It is also predicted that Phobos, a moon of Mars, will break up and form into a planetary ring in about 50 million years due to its low orbit.[2]
References in pop culture
★ ''Shepherd Moons'' is the name of a 1991 album by Irish singer Enya
See also
★ Rings of Jupiter
★ Rings of Saturn
★ Rings of Uranus
★ Rings of Neptune
External links
★ USGS/IAU Ring and Ring Gap Nomenclature
Notes
1. First Constraints on Rings in the Pluto System, , Andrew J., Steffl, ,
2. Gürtler, J. & Dorschner, J: "''Das Sonnensystem''", Barth (1993), ISBN 3-335-00281-4
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