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Aristotle's '''Poetics''' (c.335 BCE)[1] aims to give an account of what he calls 'poetry' (for him, the term includes the lyric, the epos, and the drama). Aristotle attempts to explain 'poetry' through 'first principles' and by discerning its different genres and component elements. His analysis of tragedy constitutes the core of his discussion.[2] "Although Aristotle's ''Poetics'' is universally acknowledged in Western critical tradition," Marvin Carlson explains, "almost every detail about his seminal work has aroused divergent opinions."[3]
Aristotle taught that poetry could be divided into three genres: Tragedy, Comedy, and Epic verse. ''Poetics'' focuses mainly on tragedy, while a second work by Aristotle focusing on comedy has been lost. It has been speculated that the Tractatus coislinianus was an outline of his lectures on the subject, or notes from a philosopher in the Aristotelian tradition.
The surviving text of ''Poetics'' is most likely not the entire text. The existing text was most likely transcribed by one of his students. Evidence suggests the existence of a more complete work. Many of Aristotle's texts were transcribed by his students. The clearest example of this is Nicomachean Ethics which is named after Nicomachus who is credited with editing the text.[4] However, it is also possible that the name of the "Nicomachean Ethics" derives from Aristotle's father, Nicomachus, whom he credits for much of his early understanding of ethics.
The centerpiece of Aristotle's surviving work is his examination of tragedy:
::''Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper catharsis of these emotions.''[5]
This work combined with the ''Rhetoric'' make up Aristotle's works on aesthetics.
''Poetics'' was not influential in its time, and was generally understood to coincide with the more famous ''Rhetoric''. This is because in Aristotle's time, rhetoric and poetry were not as separated as they later became and were in a sense different versions of the same thing. In later times, ''Poetics'' became hugely influential. The conception of tragedy during the Enlightenment especially owes much to ''Poetics''.
The Arabic version of Aristotle’s Poetics that influenced the Middle Ages was translated from a Greek manuscript dating from before the year 700. This manuscript was transmitted from Greek to Syriac and is independent of the currently accepted eleventh-century source designated “Paris 1741.”
The Syriac source used for the Arabic translations departed widely in vocabulary from the original Poetics, and it initiated a misinterpretation of Aristotelian thought that continued through the Middle Ages.[6]
There are two different Arabic interpretations of Aristotle’s Poetics in commentaries by Abu Nasr al-Farabi and Averroes (i.e., Abu al-Walid Ibn Rushd).
Al-Farabi’s treatise endeavors to establish poetry as a logical faculty of expression, giving it validity in the Islamic world. Averroes’ commentary attempts to harmonize his assessment of the Poetics with al-Farabi’s, but he is ultimately unable to reconcile his ascription of moral purpose to poetry with al-Farabi’s logical interpretation.
However, Averroes' interpretation of the Poetics was accepted by the West because of its relevance to their humanistic viewpoints, and at times, the philosophers of the Middle Ages even preferred Averroes’ commentary over Aristotle's actual meaning. This resulted in the survival of Aristotle’s Poetics through the Arabic literary tradition.
The ''Poetics'' -- both the existent first book and the lost second book -- figure prominently in Umberto Eco's novel ''The Name of the Rose''.
1. Dukore (1974, 31).
2. ''Poetics'': 1447a13
3. Carlson (1993, 16).
4. http://nicomacheanethics.net/
5. From Chapter 6 of ''Poetics'':1449b24-29, SH Butcher transl.
6. Hardison, 81.
★ ''Aristotle's Poetics'': Perseus Digital Library edition.
★ Thomas Twining, 1789
★ Samuel Henry Butcher, 1902: full text
★ Ingram Bywater, 1909: full text
★ William Hamilton Fyfe, 1926: full text
★ L. J. Potts, 1953
★ G. M. A. Grube, 1958
★ Richard Janko, 1986
★ librivox.org audio recording
Seven parallel translations of Poetics: russian, english, french
★ Carlson, Marvin. 1993. ''Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present.'' Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801481546.
★ Dukore, Bernard F. 1974. ''Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski''. Florence, KY: Heinle & Heinle. ISBN 0030911524.
★ Ari Hiltunen, 2001, ''Aristotle in Hollywood'', Intellect Books, ISBN 1-84150-060-7
★ Hardison, O.B., Jr. “Averroes.” ''Medieval Literary Criticism: Translations and Interpretations''. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co. 1987. 81-88.
| Contents |
| Core terms |
| Content of the work |
| Influence of the work |
| In popular culture |
| Notes |
| References |
| Primary sources |
| In Greek |
| In English translation |
| Other translation |
| Secondary sources |
Core terms
★ ''Mimesis'' or 'imitation', 'representation' ★ ''Katharsis'' or, variously, 'purgation', 'purification', 'clarification' ★ ''Peripeteia'' or 'reversal' ★ ''Anagnorisis'' or 'recognition' ★ ''Hamartia'' or 'miscalculation' (understood in Romanticism as 'tragic flaw') | ★ ''Mythos'' or 'plot' ★ ''Ethos'' or 'character' ★ ''Dianoia'' or 'thought', 'theme' ★ ''Lexis'' or 'diction', 'speech' ★ ''Melos'' or 'melody' ★ ''Opsis'' or 'spectacle' |
Content of the work
Aristotle taught that poetry could be divided into three genres: Tragedy, Comedy, and Epic verse. ''Poetics'' focuses mainly on tragedy, while a second work by Aristotle focusing on comedy has been lost. It has been speculated that the Tractatus coislinianus was an outline of his lectures on the subject, or notes from a philosopher in the Aristotelian tradition.
The surviving text of ''Poetics'' is most likely not the entire text. The existing text was most likely transcribed by one of his students. Evidence suggests the existence of a more complete work. Many of Aristotle's texts were transcribed by his students. The clearest example of this is Nicomachean Ethics which is named after Nicomachus who is credited with editing the text.[4] However, it is also possible that the name of the "Nicomachean Ethics" derives from Aristotle's father, Nicomachus, whom he credits for much of his early understanding of ethics.
The centerpiece of Aristotle's surviving work is his examination of tragedy:
::''Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper catharsis of these emotions.''[5]
This work combined with the ''Rhetoric'' make up Aristotle's works on aesthetics.
Influence of the work
''Poetics'' was not influential in its time, and was generally understood to coincide with the more famous ''Rhetoric''. This is because in Aristotle's time, rhetoric and poetry were not as separated as they later became and were in a sense different versions of the same thing. In later times, ''Poetics'' became hugely influential. The conception of tragedy during the Enlightenment especially owes much to ''Poetics''.
The Arabic version of Aristotle’s Poetics that influenced the Middle Ages was translated from a Greek manuscript dating from before the year 700. This manuscript was transmitted from Greek to Syriac and is independent of the currently accepted eleventh-century source designated “Paris 1741.”
The Syriac source used for the Arabic translations departed widely in vocabulary from the original Poetics, and it initiated a misinterpretation of Aristotelian thought that continued through the Middle Ages.[6]
There are two different Arabic interpretations of Aristotle’s Poetics in commentaries by Abu Nasr al-Farabi and Averroes (i.e., Abu al-Walid Ibn Rushd).
Al-Farabi’s treatise endeavors to establish poetry as a logical faculty of expression, giving it validity in the Islamic world. Averroes’ commentary attempts to harmonize his assessment of the Poetics with al-Farabi’s, but he is ultimately unable to reconcile his ascription of moral purpose to poetry with al-Farabi’s logical interpretation.
However, Averroes' interpretation of the Poetics was accepted by the West because of its relevance to their humanistic viewpoints, and at times, the philosophers of the Middle Ages even preferred Averroes’ commentary over Aristotle's actual meaning. This resulted in the survival of Aristotle’s Poetics through the Arabic literary tradition.
In popular culture
The ''Poetics'' -- both the existent first book and the lost second book -- figure prominently in Umberto Eco's novel ''The Name of the Rose''.
Notes
1. Dukore (1974, 31).
2. ''Poetics'': 1447a13
3. Carlson (1993, 16).
4. http://nicomacheanethics.net/
5. From Chapter 6 of ''Poetics'':1449b24-29, SH Butcher transl.
6. Hardison, 81.
References
Primary sources
In Greek
★ ''Aristotle's Poetics'': Perseus Digital Library edition.
In English translation
★ Thomas Twining, 1789
★ Samuel Henry Butcher, 1902: full text
★ Ingram Bywater, 1909: full text
★ William Hamilton Fyfe, 1926: full text
★ L. J. Potts, 1953
★ G. M. A. Grube, 1958
★ Richard Janko, 1986
★ librivox.org audio recording
Other translation
Seven parallel translations of Poetics: russian, english, french
Secondary sources
★ Carlson, Marvin. 1993. ''Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present.'' Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801481546.
★ Dukore, Bernard F. 1974. ''Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski''. Florence, KY: Heinle & Heinle. ISBN 0030911524.
★ Ari Hiltunen, 2001, ''Aristotle in Hollywood'', Intellect Books, ISBN 1-84150-060-7
★ Hardison, O.B., Jr. “Averroes.” ''Medieval Literary Criticism: Translations and Interpretations''. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co. 1987. 81-88.
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