POLISH CATHEDRAL STYLE

The 'Polish Cathedral' style of North-American Catholic church is a genre of church architecture found throughout the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions as well as in parts of New England in North America.^[1] These churches are not necessarily cathedrals (seats of bishops), or seats of their respective dioceses, but rather monumentally grand churches. One of the finest examples being St. Adalbert's Church in Buffalo, New York.
Key characteristics distinguish churches of the 'Polish Cathedral Style' from other architectural styles represented in North-American church buildings. The most visible is the large amount of ornamentation used in decorating both the exterior and interior, comparable only to the more famous Churrigueresque or Spanish Baroque style.^[2] The decorations used reflect the tastes of the Polish immigrants to these regions in both the symbols and saintly cults prominently displayed throughout. Additionally there is a heavy proclivity towards ornamention drawn from the Renaissance and Baroque periods as well as modeling designs after famous churches in Poland.^[3] The claim of different 'architectural styles' of Europe ascribed to these churches is misleading, as most of them are already labeled by art historians as examples of Eclecticism and Historicism, characterized by the various Architectural Revivals found in styles of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In these churches are found a mixture of architectural traits from numerous past eras characteristic of Europe and the Americas.

Contents

Difficulties with European nomenclature

Criticism by other religious groups

List of churches built in the "Polish Cathedral" style

See also

References

External links

Difficulties with European nomenclature

Skerrett says Polish churches surpassed other immigrant’s churches in size, and their style promoted their vision of Polish identity. Sacred Space, , Ellen, SKERRETT, , ,
Kantowicz writes in ''The Archdiocese of Chicago: A Journey of Faith'': "The preference of the Polish League for Renaissance and Baroque forms seems more clear cut. The glory days of the Polish Commonwealth came in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when it formed the largest state in Europe... The architectural style of Chicago's Polish churches in Chicago reflect this, particularly the magnificent edifices of Worthmann and Steinbach built along Milwaukee Avenue on the Northwest Side, reflected the renaissance glory of Polish Catholicism".
Peter Williams in his book ''Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States'' on p.179 writes "in Detroit and Chicago especially, a distinctive genre of church building emerged among Polish communities, the "Polish Cathedral". Where most Catholic churches were built in grander or humbler variations and Gothic and Romanesque themes popular across the country, the ambitious prelates in the Great Lakes Polonias often chose to make monumental statements in the Renaissance style of their mother country. The scale of these structures was often enormous, both in the great size of these parishes and the episcopal ambitions of their clerical leaders... Still visible from the freeways, many of these "cathedrals" such as St. Stanislaus Kostka in Chicago now serve African-American or Latino constituencies while others have been closed by their Archbishops as no longer econmically viable".
There's a good deal of literature on the topic, and the churches are a major tourist attractions in Chicago with tours devoted exclusively to them.^[4][5] The Chicago Architecture Foundation's ArchiCenter also held an exhibit on these treasures titled ''Chicago's Polish Churches'' in May of 1980. Given the widespread colloquial use of the term every neighborhood patriot with a historic Polish church in Chicago will tell you that "their church" is "The Polish Cathedral".
These ornate temples were largely built by the working poor in these regions in the era spanning the period from the end of the American Civil War until the end of World War II.^[6][7]

Criticism by other religious groups

These stylistically exaggerated churches were criticized by many of Chicago's Protestant elites as "ostentatious" in comparison with the "plainer" style in vogue for Protestant houses of worship at that time.^[8] Catholic Church authorities such as Most Rev. John Lancaster Spalding, first Bishop of Peoria, responded by comparing the churches financed by the immigrants to the pyramids of Egypt built by slaves.^[8]
The influence of nationalism and the need for identity is evident in the unique architecture of the Polish Cathedral Style, which is associated often with the religious order of the Congregation of the Resurrection in addition to the architectural stylings of the Renaissance and Baroque periods.^[10][11] Both in scale and scope these edifices were seen as attempts to contradict the marginal status that the Polish immigrants found themselves in, once as a stateless people whose culture was systematically attacked in its homeland, as well as their low position on the economic ladder in the turn of the century industrial centers to which they had immigrated.^[12] The location of these churches greatly influenced the development of neighborhoods that surrounded them. World views brought by the Polish immigrants from the Old World as well as their creative adaptation into the New World shaped the landscape of the rapidly growing industrial regions to which they came.^[13]

List of churches built in the "Polish Cathedral" style

The following is a list of churches representing 'Polish Cathedral' style in the city of Chicago:
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|- align="center"
! colspan=3 bgcolor="#CECECE" |'Churches in the 'Polish Cathedral' style in the city of Chicago'
|- align="center"
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Church'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Location'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Architectural Style'
|-
|1) Church of St. Adalbert
|{Lower West Side}
|Neoclassical
|-
|2) Church of St. Barbara
|{Bridgeport}
|Renaissance
|-
|3) Covenant Presbyterian Church of Chicago (formerly All Saints Polish National Catholic Cathedral)
|{Logan Square}
|Gothic
|-
|4) Church of St. Hedwig
|{Logan Square}
|Renaissance Revival
|-
|5) Church of the Holy Innocents
|{West Town}
|Romanesque with Byzantine flourishes
|-
|6) Church of the Holy Trinity
|{West Town}
|Renaissance
|-
|7) Basilica of St. Hyacinth
|{Avondale}
|Renaissance
|-
|8) Church of Immaculate Conception
|{South Chicago}
|Renaissance
|-
|9) Church of Our Lady of Tepeyac (formerly St. Casimir)
|{Lower West Side}
|
|-
|10) Church of St. John Cantius
|{West Town}
|Baroque
|-
|11) Church of St. John of God (CLOSED)
|{Back of the Yards}
|Baroque
|-
|12) Church of St. Joseph (Shrine)
|{Back of the Yards)
|Baroque
|-
|13) Church of St. Josaphat
|{Lincoln Park}
|Romanesque
|-
|14) Church of St. Mary of the Angels
|{Logan Square}
|Neoclassical
|-
|15) Church of St. Mary of Perpetual Help
|{Bridgeport}
|Romanesque-Byzantine
|-
|16) Church of St. Michael
|{South Chicago}
|Gothic
|-
|17) Salem Baptist Church of Chicago (formerly St. Salomea)
|{Pullman}
|Gothic
|-
|18) Church of St. Stanislaus Kostka
|{West Town}
|Renaissance
|- align="center"
! colspan=3 bgcolor="#CECECE" |'Churches in the 'Polish Cathedral' style in Chicago's suburbs'
|- align="center"
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Church'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Location'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Architectural Style'
|-
|1. Church of St. Andrew the Apostle
|{Calumet City}
|Renaissance
|-
|2. Church of Ss. Cyril and Methodius
|{Lemont}
|Renaissance
|-
|3. Church of St. Mary of Częstochowa
|{Cicero}
|Gothic
|}
Polish Cathedral Style Churches outside Chicago
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|- align="center"
! colspan=3 bgcolor="#CECECE" |'Churches in the 'Polish Cathedral' style in surburban Detroit, Michigan'
|- align="center"
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Church'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Location'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Architectural Style'
|-
|1. Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
|{Wyandotte}
|Renaissance
|-
|2. Church of St. Florian
|{Hamtramck}
|Gothic
|- align="center"
! colspan=3 bgcolor="#CECECE" |'Churches in the 'Polish Cathedral' style in Cleveland, Ohio'
|- align="center"
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Church'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Location'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Architectural Style'
|-
|1. Church of St. Stanislaus
|{Slavic Village}
|Renaissance
|-
|2. Church of St. John Cantius
|{Tremont}
|Baroque
|- align="center"
! colspan=3 bgcolor="#CECECE" |'Churches in the 'Polish Cathedral' style in Milwaukee, Wisconsin'
|- align="center"
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Church'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Location'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Architectural Style'
|-
|1. Church of St. Stanislaus
|{South Side}
|Renaissance
|-
|2. Church of St. Adalbert
|{South Side}
|Romanesque Revival
|-
|3. St. Josaphat Basilica
|{South Side}
|Baroque
|- align="center"
! colspan=3 bgcolor="#CECECE" |'Churches in the 'Polish Cathedral' style in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania'
|- align="center"
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Church'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Location'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Architectural Style'
|-
|1. Church of St. Stanislaus Kostka
|{Strip District}
|Renaissance
|-
|2. Immaculate Heart of Mary
|{Polish Hill}
|Baroque
|- align="center"
! colspan=3 bgcolor="#CECECE" |'Churches in the 'Polish Cathedral' style in Winona, Minnesota'
|- align="center"
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Church'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Location'
! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 'Architectural Style'
|-
|1. Church of St. Stanislaus Kostka
|{downtown Winona}
|Romanesque
|}

See also

★ Eclecticism

★ Eclecticism in art

★ Jozef Mazur, Polish-American painter and stained-glass artist

★ Tadeusz Żukotyński, Polish Catholic fine art painter and mural artist

★ Sr. Maria Stanisia, Polish-American fine art painter and restoration artist

★ Czesław Dźwigaj, Polish Catholic artist and sculptor

★ Holy Cross in Chicago, an ornately decorated church founded by Lithuanians in Chicago's Back of the Yards, which displays architectural affinities with the architecture of ''Polish Cathedrals''.

★ Polish Americans

★ Poles in Chicago

★ Polish Roman Catholic Union of America

★ Roman Catholicism in Poland

References

1. Williams, Peter W., ''"Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States"'' pages 157, 179-180 University of Illinois Press; Reprint edition (2000)
2. ''"Polish churches along the Kennedy Expressway"'' by Lilien, Marya, pages 18-29, Spring 1980
3. The Archdiocese of Chicago: A Journey of Faith by Kantowicz, Edward pages 27-29, Booklink, Ireland 2006
4. Tour Guide to "Polish cathedral"
5. Chicago Special Interest: "Polish cathedral"
6. ''Chicago's Polish Downtown'' Victoria Granacki in association with the Polish Museum of America pages 7-11, 14-16, 18-23 Arcadia Publishing 2004
7. Williams, Peter W., ''"Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States"'' page 178 University of Illinois Press; Reprint edition (2000)
8. ''Catholicism, Chicago Style'' by Skerrett, Ellen, Kantowicz Edward R., and Avella, Steven M., page 147 Loyola University Press 1993
9. ''Catholicism, Chicago Style'' by Skerrett, Ellen, Kantowicz Edward R., and Avella, Steven M., page 147 Loyola University Press 1993
10. ''Ethnic Chicago: A Mulicultural Portrait'' edited by Melvin G. Holli and Peter D'A Jones pages 178-179, 595-596 William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company 1995
11. Swiderski, Klara and Robert, ''"Basilica of St. Hyacinth: Inside Religion"'' pages 3-8 Ex Libris Galeria Polskiej Ksiazki (2005)
12. Piatkowska Danuta'' Polskie Koscioly W Nowym Jorku (The Polish Churches of New York [in Polish])'', pages 19-27, 559-561 Wydawnictwa Swietego Krzyza, 2002
13. ''Catholicism, Chicago Style'' by Skerrett, Ellen, Kantowicz Edward R., and Avella, Steven M., pages 139-140, 146-150, 152-162 Loyola University Press 1993

External links

★ The Polish Churches of Milwaukee/