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(Redirected from Polish Literature)
'Polish literature' is the literary tradition of Poland. The majority of Polish literature was written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland over the centuries (including Latin, Yiddish, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and German) have also contributed to Polish literary traditions.
The earliest monuments of Polish literature date to the Middle Ages. Most were religious tracts transcribed by local copyists from Latin works popular in western (i.e. Christian) Europe. The first substantial books were created about the 11th century, when the first scriptoria were founded on Polish soil.
The first recorded sentence in the Polish language reads: "day ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai" ("let me grind, and you take a rest") and was a paraphrase of the Latin "Sine, ut ego etiam molam". The circumstances in which this phrase was written reflected the cultural conditions in early Poland. The sentence appears in the Latin chronicle ''Liber fundationis'', the history of the Cistercian monastery in Henryków, Silesia, written between 1269 and 1273 by a German abbot, known simply as Piotr (Peter), and referred to an event almost 100 years earlier, supposedly uttered by a Bohemian settler, Bogwal ("Bogwalus Boemus"), a subject of Bolesław the Tall, when he felt compassion for his wife who "very often stood grinding by the quern-stone." [1]
Notable works of literature from the medieval period include:
★ Chronicle of the Bavarian Geographer (11th century)
★ The Holy Cross Annals (early 12th century)
★ Chronicles of Gallus Anonymus
★ The Chronicles of Wincenty Kadłubek (13th century)
★ The Chronicle of Janko of Czarnków (14th century)
★ The Czerwińsk Breviary
★ The Holy Cross Sermons: the oldest extant manuscripts of fine prose in the Polish language.
★ Queen Zofia's Bible (earliest Polish-language Bible)
★ The Puławy Psalter
★ Saint Florian's Breviary (late 14th century, partially in Polish)
★ ''Bogurodzica'': a hymn in praise of the Virgin Mary, written down in the 14th century though popular at least a century before; one of the earliest texts printed in Polish.
★ Statua synodalia Wratislaviensia (1475): a printed collection of Polish and Latin prayers
★ Jan Długosz's Chronicle (15th century)
★ Jan Długosz's ''Catalogus archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium''
Several short Polish texts of the period were influenced heavily by western literature. These include ''Bogurodzica'' (Mother of God), a short hymn praising the Virgin Mary, which served as a national anthem, and ''Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią'' (Master Polikarp's conversation with death).
In the early 1470s the first printing houses were set up in Kraków and Wrocław. Twenty years later, the first Cyrillic printing house was founded in Kraków by Eastern Orthodox Church hierarchs.
The most famous Polish works of the late medieval/early renaissance period are the Latin Missal of Bishop Ciołek and Olbracht's Gradual.
With the advent of the Renaissance, the Polish language was finally accepted on an equal footing with Latin. Polish culture and art flourished under Jagiellonian rule, and many foreign poets and writers settled in Poland, bringing with them new literary trends. Such writers included Kallimach (Filip Buonaccorsi) and Konrad Celtis. Many other Polish writers studied abroad or at the Kraków Academy, which became a melting pot for new ideas and currents. In 1488 the Nadwiślańskie Bractwo Literackie (Vistula Literary Guild), the world's first writers' club, was created at Kraków.
One of the last Polish writers to use Latin as his principal vehicle of expression was Klemens Janicki (''Ianicius''), who became one of the most notable Latin poets of his time and was laureled by the Pope. Other writers such as Mikołaj Rej and Jan Kochanowski laid the foundations for a Polish literary language and modern Polish grammar.
Notable Polish writers and poets active in the 16th century included:
★ The Gradual of King John I Olbracht of Poland
★ Missal of Erazm Ciołek (ca. 1515)
★ Florian Ungler (Hortulus Animae (1513): the first book printed entirely in Polish)
★ Jan Łaski (''Communae Poloniae Regni privilegium'')
★ Mikołaj Rej (1505-1569)
★ Jan Kochanowski (1530-1584)
★ Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski (1503-1572)
★ Johannes Dantiscus (1485-1548)
★ Klemens Janicki ''Ianicius'' (1516-1542)
★ Andrzej Krzycki (1482-1537)
★ Szymon Szymonowic (1558-1629)
★ Łukasz Górnicki (1524-1603)
★ Piotr Skarga (1536-1612)
★ Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595-1640)
★ Mikołaj Hussowski ''Hussowczyk'' (died ca. 1533)
''Main article:'' List of Polish language authors
Writers in chronological order of birth:
★ Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801)
★ Jan Potocki (1761–1815)
★ Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887)
★ Eliza Orzeszkowa (1842–1910)
★ Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916), Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905
★ Bolesław Prus (1847–1912)
★ Stefan Żeromski (1864–1925)
★ Władysław Reymont (1867–1925), Nobel Prize in Literature in 1924
★ Zofia Nałkowska (1885–1954)
★ Maria Dąbrowska (1889–1965)
★ Bruno Schulz (1892–1942)
★ Józef Mackiewicz (1902–1985)
★ Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969)
★ Eugeniusz Żytomirski (1911–1975)
★ Stanisław Lem (1921–2006)
★ Tadeusz Konwicki (
★ 1926)
★ Janusz A. Zajdel (1938–1985)
★ Andrzej Sapkowski (
★ 1948)
★ Andrzej Stasiuk (
★ 1960)
★ Olga Tokarczuk (
★ 1962)
★ Rafal A. Ziemkiewicz (
★ 1964)
★ Andrzej Majewski (
★ 1966)
★ Daniel Koziarski (
★ 1979)
★ Dorota Masłowska (
★ 1983)
''Main article:'' List of Polish language poets
★ Biernat of Lublin (1465? – after 1529).
★ Mikołaj Rej of Nagłowice (1505–1569)
★ Jan Kochanowski (1530–1584)
★ Klemens Janicki (''Janicius'') (1516–1543)
★ Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801)
★ Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855)
★ Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849)
★ Zygmunt Krasiński (1812–1859)
★ Cyprian Kamil Norwid (1821–1883)
★ Antoni Lange (1863-1928)
★ Franciszek Nowicki (1864–1935)
★ Bolesław Leśmian (ca. 1877 –1937)
★ Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska (1891–1945)
★ Jan Brzechwa (1900–1966)
★ Tadeusz Różewicz (b. 1921)
★ Miron Białoszewski (1922–1983)
★ Julian Tuwim (1894–1953)
★ Władysław Broniewski (1897–1962)
★ Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński (1905–1953)
★ Czesław Miłosz (June 30, 1911 – August 14, 2004), Nobel Prize in Literature, 1980
★ Eugeniusz Żytomirski (1911–1975)
★ Wisława Szymborska (b. 1923), Nobel Prize in Literature, 1996
★ Zbigniew Herbert (1924–1998)
★ Andrzej Bursa (1932–1957)
★ Halina Poświatowska (1935–1967)
★ Rafał Wojaczek (1945–1971)
★ Ewa Lipska (b. 1945)
★ Richard Tylman (b. 1952)
★ Grazyna Miller (b. 1957)
★ Cezary Geroń (1960–1998)
★ Marcin Świetlicki (b. 1961)
★ Andrzej Majewski (b. 1966)
★ Bolesław Prus (1847-1912)
★ Gustaw Herling-Grudziński (1911-2000)
★ Ryszard Kapuściński (1932-2007)
★ Paweł Huelle (b. 1957)
★ Jerzy Pilch (b. 1952)
★ Ludwik Stomma
★ List of famous Poles
★ Polish comics
★ Polish poetry
★ Science fiction and fantasy in Poland
★ Skamander
★ Three Bards
★ Polish literature in the Catholic Encyclopedia
★ Bruno Schulz's Stories (translated by John Curran Davis)
'Polish literature' is the literary tradition of Poland. The majority of Polish literature was written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland over the centuries (including Latin, Yiddish, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and German) have also contributed to Polish literary traditions.
| Contents |
| Middle Ages |
| Renaissance |
| Enlightenment to the present |
| Writers and novelists |
| Poets |
| Essayists |
| See also |
| External links |
Middle Ages
The earliest monuments of Polish literature date to the Middle Ages. Most were religious tracts transcribed by local copyists from Latin works popular in western (i.e. Christian) Europe. The first substantial books were created about the 11th century, when the first scriptoria were founded on Polish soil.
The first recorded sentence in the Polish language reads: "day ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai" ("let me grind, and you take a rest") and was a paraphrase of the Latin "Sine, ut ego etiam molam". The circumstances in which this phrase was written reflected the cultural conditions in early Poland. The sentence appears in the Latin chronicle ''Liber fundationis'', the history of the Cistercian monastery in Henryków, Silesia, written between 1269 and 1273 by a German abbot, known simply as Piotr (Peter), and referred to an event almost 100 years earlier, supposedly uttered by a Bohemian settler, Bogwal ("Bogwalus Boemus"), a subject of Bolesław the Tall, when he felt compassion for his wife who "very often stood grinding by the quern-stone." [1]
Notable works of literature from the medieval period include:
★ Chronicle of the Bavarian Geographer (11th century)
★ The Holy Cross Annals (early 12th century)
★ Chronicles of Gallus Anonymus
★ The Chronicles of Wincenty Kadłubek (13th century)
★ The Chronicle of Janko of Czarnków (14th century)
★ The Czerwińsk Breviary
★ The Holy Cross Sermons: the oldest extant manuscripts of fine prose in the Polish language.
★ Queen Zofia's Bible (earliest Polish-language Bible)
★ The Puławy Psalter
★ Saint Florian's Breviary (late 14th century, partially in Polish)
★ ''Bogurodzica'': a hymn in praise of the Virgin Mary, written down in the 14th century though popular at least a century before; one of the earliest texts printed in Polish.
★ Statua synodalia Wratislaviensia (1475): a printed collection of Polish and Latin prayers
★ Jan Długosz's Chronicle (15th century)
★ Jan Długosz's ''Catalogus archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium''
Several short Polish texts of the period were influenced heavily by western literature. These include ''Bogurodzica'' (Mother of God), a short hymn praising the Virgin Mary, which served as a national anthem, and ''Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią'' (Master Polikarp's conversation with death).
In the early 1470s the first printing houses were set up in Kraków and Wrocław. Twenty years later, the first Cyrillic printing house was founded in Kraków by Eastern Orthodox Church hierarchs.
The most famous Polish works of the late medieval/early renaissance period are the Latin Missal of Bishop Ciołek and Olbracht's Gradual.
Renaissance
With the advent of the Renaissance, the Polish language was finally accepted on an equal footing with Latin. Polish culture and art flourished under Jagiellonian rule, and many foreign poets and writers settled in Poland, bringing with them new literary trends. Such writers included Kallimach (Filip Buonaccorsi) and Konrad Celtis. Many other Polish writers studied abroad or at the Kraków Academy, which became a melting pot for new ideas and currents. In 1488 the Nadwiślańskie Bractwo Literackie (Vistula Literary Guild), the world's first writers' club, was created at Kraków.
One of the last Polish writers to use Latin as his principal vehicle of expression was Klemens Janicki (''Ianicius''), who became one of the most notable Latin poets of his time and was laureled by the Pope. Other writers such as Mikołaj Rej and Jan Kochanowski laid the foundations for a Polish literary language and modern Polish grammar.
Notable Polish writers and poets active in the 16th century included:
★ The Gradual of King John I Olbracht of Poland
★ Missal of Erazm Ciołek (ca. 1515)
★ Florian Ungler (Hortulus Animae (1513): the first book printed entirely in Polish)
★ Jan Łaski (''Communae Poloniae Regni privilegium'')
★ Mikołaj Rej (1505-1569)
★ Jan Kochanowski (1530-1584)
★ Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski (1503-1572)
★ Johannes Dantiscus (1485-1548)
★ Klemens Janicki ''Ianicius'' (1516-1542)
★ Andrzej Krzycki (1482-1537)
★ Szymon Szymonowic (1558-1629)
★ Łukasz Górnicki (1524-1603)
★ Piotr Skarga (1536-1612)
★ Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595-1640)
★ Mikołaj Hussowski ''Hussowczyk'' (died ca. 1533)
Enlightenment to the present
Writers and novelists
''Main article:'' List of Polish language authors
Writers in chronological order of birth:
★ Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801)
★ Jan Potocki (1761–1815)
★ Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887)
★ Eliza Orzeszkowa (1842–1910)
★ Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916), Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905
★ Bolesław Prus (1847–1912)
★ Stefan Żeromski (1864–1925)
★ Władysław Reymont (1867–1925), Nobel Prize in Literature in 1924
★ Zofia Nałkowska (1885–1954)
★ Maria Dąbrowska (1889–1965)
★ Bruno Schulz (1892–1942)
★ Józef Mackiewicz (1902–1985)
★ Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969)
★ Eugeniusz Żytomirski (1911–1975)
★ Stanisław Lem (1921–2006)
★ Tadeusz Konwicki (
★ 1926)
★ Janusz A. Zajdel (1938–1985)
★ Andrzej Sapkowski (
★ 1948)
★ Andrzej Stasiuk (
★ 1960)
★ Olga Tokarczuk (
★ 1962)
★ Rafal A. Ziemkiewicz (
★ 1964)
★ Andrzej Majewski (
★ 1966)
★ Daniel Koziarski (
★ 1979)
★ Dorota Masłowska (
★ 1983)
Poets
''Main article:'' List of Polish language poets
★ Biernat of Lublin (1465? – after 1529).
★ Mikołaj Rej of Nagłowice (1505–1569)
★ Jan Kochanowski (1530–1584)
★ Klemens Janicki (''Janicius'') (1516–1543)
★ Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801)
★ Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855)
★ Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849)
★ Zygmunt Krasiński (1812–1859)
★ Cyprian Kamil Norwid (1821–1883)
★ Antoni Lange (1863-1928)
★ Franciszek Nowicki (1864–1935)
★ Bolesław Leśmian (ca. 1877 –1937)
★ Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska (1891–1945)
★ Jan Brzechwa (1900–1966)
★ Tadeusz Różewicz (b. 1921)
★ Miron Białoszewski (1922–1983)
★ Julian Tuwim (1894–1953)
★ Władysław Broniewski (1897–1962)
★ Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński (1905–1953)
★ Czesław Miłosz (June 30, 1911 – August 14, 2004), Nobel Prize in Literature, 1980
★ Eugeniusz Żytomirski (1911–1975)
★ Wisława Szymborska (b. 1923), Nobel Prize in Literature, 1996
★ Zbigniew Herbert (1924–1998)
★ Andrzej Bursa (1932–1957)
★ Halina Poświatowska (1935–1967)
★ Rafał Wojaczek (1945–1971)
★ Ewa Lipska (b. 1945)
★ Richard Tylman (b. 1952)
★ Grazyna Miller (b. 1957)
★ Cezary Geroń (1960–1998)
★ Marcin Świetlicki (b. 1961)
★ Andrzej Majewski (b. 1966)
Essayists
★ Bolesław Prus (1847-1912)
★ Gustaw Herling-Grudziński (1911-2000)
★ Ryszard Kapuściński (1932-2007)
★ Paweł Huelle (b. 1957)
★ Jerzy Pilch (b. 1952)
★ Ludwik Stomma
See also
★ List of famous Poles
★ Polish comics
★ Polish poetry
★ Science fiction and fantasy in Poland
★ Skamander
★ Three Bards
External links
★ Polish literature in the Catholic Encyclopedia
★ Bruno Schulz's Stories (translated by John Curran Davis)
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