POLISH CUISINE

'Polish cuisine' (Polish: ''kuchnia polska'') is a mixture of Slavic, Jewish and foreign culinary traditions. Born as a mixture of various culinary traditions, both of various regions of Poland and surrounding cultures, it uses a fair variety of ingredients. It is rich in meat, especially pork, cabbage (for example bigos, and spices, as well as different kinds of noodles and dumplings, the most notable of which are the pierogi. It is related to other Slavic cuisines in usage of ''kasza'' and other cereals, but was also under the heavy influence of Turkic, Germanic, Hungarian, Jewish, French, Italian or colonial cuisines of the past. Generally speaking, Polish cuisine is substantial. Poles allow themselves a generous amount of time to enjoy their meals, with some meals taking a number of days to prepare in their entirety.
A typical lunch is usually composed of at least three courses, starting with a soup, such as barszcz (beet) or żurek (sour rye meal mash), followed perhaps in a restaurant by an appetizer of salmon or herring (prepared in either cream, oil or vinegar). Other popular appetizers are various meats, vegetables or fish in aspic. The main course may be the national dish, bigos (cabbage with pieces of meat, mostly pork) or kotlet schabowy (breaded pork cutlet). Meals often conclude with a dessert such as ice cream (''lody''), makowiec (poppy seed cake), or drożdżówka, a type of yeast cake. Other Polish specialities include chłodnik (a chilled beet or fruit soup for hot days), golonka (pork knuckles cooked with vegetables), kołduny (meat dumplings), zrazy (stuffed slices of beef), salceson and flaczki (tripe). Many dishes contain quark.

Contents

History

Middle Ages

Renaissance

The Republic

Partitions

After World War II

Modern times

Famous country-wide dishes

Soup

Main course

Dessert

Folk medicine

Ingredients

Beverages

Regional cuisine

Eastern Poland

North

★ ''pierniki'' - soft gingerbread shapes filled with marmalade of different fruit flavours and covered with chocolate.

Notes and references

External links

History

Middle Ages

During the Late Middle Ages the cuisine of Poland was very heavy and spicy. Two main ingredients were meat (both game and beef) and cereal. As the territory of Poland was densely forested, use of mushrooms, forest fruits, nuts and honey was also widespread. Thanks to close trade relations with Asia, the price of spices (such as juniper, pepper and nutmeg) was much lower than in the rest of Europe, and spicy sauces became popular. The usage of two basic sauces (the ''jucha czerwona'' and ''jucha szara'', or red and white blood in contemporary Polish) remained widespread at least until 18th century.^[1]
The most popular beverages were beer, including the very lightly-fermented barley-water, podpiwek, and mead -- however in the 16th century the upper classes started importing Hungarian beers. After distilled spirits became common in Europe, vodka became popular, especially among the lower classes.
There is only circumstantial evidence of vodka's origination in Poland. First, the development of the distillation process in France during the 14th century, the knowledge of the process would most likely pass through Germany, Poland etc. because of geographic location. Second, the first known recorded use of the word 'vodka' exists in a Polish document from 1405.

Renaissance

With the ascension of the Italian queen Bona Sforza, the second wife of Sigismund I of Poland, in 1518, countless cooks were brought to Poland from Italy and France. Although native vegetable foods were an ancient and intrinsic part of the cuisine, this began a period in which vegetables such as lettuce, leek, celeriac and cabbage were more widely used. Even today, such vegetables as leeks, carrots and celery are known in Polish as ''włoszczyzna'', which refers to ''Włochy'', the Polish name of Italy.

The Republic

Until the Partitions, Poland was one of the largest countries in the world, encompassing many regions with their own, distinctive culinary traditions. Among the most influential in that period were Lithuanian, Turkish and Hungarian cuisine. With the subsequent decline of Poland, and the grain production crisis that followed The Deluge, potatoes began to replace the traditional use of cereal. Also, because of numerous wars with the Ottoman Empire, coffee became popular.

Partitions

Under the partitions, the cuisine of Poland became heavily influenced by cuisines of the surrounding empires. This included Russian and German cuisines, but also the culinary traditions of most nations of the Austro-Hungarian empire. In the Russian-occupied part of the country, tea displaced the then-popular coffee. Under German influence the tradition of making white sausages was adopted in Greater Poland. Perhaps the most influential was the culinary tradition of multi-national empire of Austria-Hungary, which led to development of a Central European cuisine in Galicia.

The 19th Century also saw the creation of the first Polish cook-book, by Lucyna Ćwierczakiewiczowa, who based her work on the 18th Century diaries of the szlachta.

After World War II

After the end of World War II, Poland fell under Communist occupation. restaurants were at first nationalized and then mostly closed down by the authorities. Instead, the communists envisioned a net of lunch rooms for the workers at various companies, and milk bars. The very few restaurants that survived the 1940s and 1950's were state-owned and were mostly unavailable to common people due to high prices. The lunch rooms promoted mostly inexpensive meals, including in soups of all kinds. A typical second course consisted of some sort of a ground meat cutlet served with potatoes. The ''kotlet schabowy'' is similar to the Austrian Wiener schnitzel.
With time, the shortage economy led to chronic shortages of meat, eggs, coffee, tea and other basic ingredients of daily use. This situation led in turn to gradual replacement of traditional Polish cuisine with food prepared of anything that was available at the moment. Among the popular dishes introduced by the public restaurants was an ''egg cutlet'', a sort of a hamburger made of minced or instant egg and flour. The traditional recipes were mostly preserved during the Wigilia feast, for which most families tried to prepare 12 traditional courses.

Modern times

With the end of communism in Poland in 1989, restaurants started to be opened once again and basic foodstuffs were once again easily obtainable. This led to a gradual return of traditional Polish cuisine, both in everyday life and in restaurants. In addition, restaurants and supermarkets promote the usage of ingredients typical to other cuisines of the world. Among the most notable of ingredients that started to be commonly used in Poland were cucurbit, zucchini and all kinds of fish. During communist times, these were available mostly in the seaside regions.
Recent years have seen the advent of a slow food movement, and a number of TV programmes devoted to traditional Polish cuisine have gained much popularity.
At the same time, fast food is growing more and more popular in Poland. Apart from McDonald's and KFC, Pizza Hut is very popular, as well as many Polish pizza chains. Pizza in Poland is characterized by the Polish habit of using ketchup on top of the pizza, rather than sauce. There are many small scale quick service restaurants which usually serve items such as zapiekanka (pizza bread with cheese and ketchup), knysza (pita bread with meat and lots of cabbage), hamburgers, hot dogs and kielbasa.

Famous country-wide dishes

Soup

★ ''barszcz'' - beetroot soup, ubiquitous among Slavic nations

★ ''chłodnik'' - cold soup made of soured milk, young beet leaves, beets, cucumbers and chopped fresh dill

★ ''czernina'' - duck blood soup

★ ''flaki'' or ''flaczki'' - beef or pork tripe stew with marjoram

★ ''rosół'' - clear chicken soup

★ ''zupa grzybowa'' - mushroom soup made of various species of mushroom

★ ''zupa ogórkowa'' - soup of sour, salted cucumbers, often with pork ("dill pickle soup")

★ ''zupa szczawiowa'' (Sorrel soup)

★ ''żur'' - soured rye flour soup with white sausage and/or hard-boiled egg

★ ''żurek'' - same as above but with the addition of potatoes. Depending on the part of Poland it came from it may contain mushrooms as well. This dish is also called ''staro wiejski'' ("old village"). Żurek is frequently served with sour cream or by itself.

★ ''grochówka'' - pea soup.

★ ''kapuśniak'' - sour cabbage soup

★ pomidorowa - tomato soup

Main course

★ ''pierogi'' - dumplings, usually filled with sauerkraut and/or mushrooms, meat, potato and/or savory cheese, sweet curd cheese with a touch of vanilla, or blueberries or other fruits -- optionally topped with sour cream, and sugar for the sweet versions

★ ''bigos'' - a stew of sauerkraut and meat, similar to the French choucroute, but generally less acidic and including unfermented cabbage

★ ''kotlet schabowy'' - a pork chop, similar to the Austrian ''Wiener Schnitzel'' but usually thicker

★ ''kasza gryczna ze skwarkami'' - buckwheat cereal with chopped, fried lard and onions

★ ''kaczka z jabłkami'' - roast duck with apples

★ ''sztuka mięsa'' - a meat dish similar to the Bavarian ''Tellerfleisch'' or Austrian ''Tafelspitz''

★ ''golonka'' - stewed pork knuckle or hock

★ ''gulasz'' - Goulash

★ ''gołąbki'' - Golumpki, cabbage leaves stuffed with spiced minced meat and rice or with mushrooms and rice served with sour cream or tomato sauce

★ ''placki kartoflane/ziemniaczane'' - potato pancakes usually served with sour cream

★ ''pyzy'' - potato dumplings served by themselves or stuffed with minced meat or cottage cheese

★ ''naleśniki'' - creps which are either folded in to triangles or rolled in to a tube typical servings include sweet white cheese with sugar and sour cream, various fruits topped with bita śmietana (whipped cream) or with bite bialka (whipped egg whites)

★ ''mizeria'' - sliced cucumbers and sour cream.

★ ''kaszanka'' - Polish Blood Sausage, made of blood with kasza.

Dessert

★ ''kutia'' - a small square pasta with wheat, poppy seeds, nuts, raisins and honey. Typically served during Christmas.

★ ''makowiec'' - poppyseed-swirl cake.

★ ''chałka'' - sweet white wheat bread of Jewish origin.

★ ''pączek'' - closed donut filled with rose marmalade and other fruit conserves.

★ ''krówki'' - Polish fudge, soft milk toffee candies.

★ ''kisiel'' - clear, jelly-like fruit liquid.

★ ''budyń'' - flavoured custard.

★ ''pierniki'' - soft gingerbread shapes iced or filled with marmalade of different fruit flavours and covered with chocolate.

★ ''Sernik'' - Sernik (cheesecake) is one of the most popular desserts in Poland. It is a cake made primarily of twaróg, a type of fresh cheese.

★ ''faworki'' / ''chrusty'' - light fried pastry covered with powdered sugar

★ ''pańska skórka'' - kind of hard ''Taffy'' sold at cemeteries during ''Zaduszki''

Folk medicine

★ ''Syrop z Cebuli''- a cough remedy made of chopped onion and sugar; although it is very tasty, it is still considered a medicine.

★ Herbata góralska - Tea with alcohol

Ingredients

★ ''kapusta kiszona'' - sauerkraut

★ ''ogórek kiszony'' - salted sour cucumber, a pickle prepared in a similar way to ''sauerkraut''

★ ''kiełbasa'' - Polish sausage, comes in a wide variety of versions

★ ''śmietana'' - a type of sour cream

Beverages

★ ''miód pitny'' - mead

★ ''podpiwek'' - very lightly alcoholic beer made of crumbled dark bread

★ ''wino proste'' - a variety of alcoholic beverages made of fruit extracts and spirit, countless types and names of which exist

★ ''kompot'' - a non-alcoholic beverage made of boiled fruit, optionally also with sugar and spices (e.g. clove or cinnamon). Served hot or cold. Can be made of one type of fruit or a mixture, including but not limited to apples, peaches, pears, strawberries, sour cherries and gooseberries. A special type of kompot is made of dried fruit.

★ ''Wódka'' - (Vodka) Poland produces and exports many premium vodkas, among them you will find brands such as Chopin vodka, Belvedere (vodka), Luksusowa, Wyborowa, Żubrówka and many more. Pablo Picasso once said "The three most astonishing things in the past half-century were the blues, cubism, and Polish vodka."

Regional cuisine

A list of dishes popular in certain regions of Poland:
===Galicia===

★ ''prażonki'' (''duszonki'')

★ ''proziaki''

★ ''strudel jabłkowy'' - apple cake, identical to Austrian ''apfelstrudel''

★ ''piszyngier'' - cake made of layers of wafer and layers of cream or filling; in the Świętokrzyskie area its name is ''kajmak'' and it's usually covered with chocolate

Eastern Poland

Kresy

★ ''babka żółtkowa'' - yolk and yeast cake

★ ''bliny gryczane''

★ ''cepeliny'' - big long-shaped potato dumplings stuffed with meat and marjoram

★ ''chłodnik'' - cold soup made of soured milk, young beet leaves, beets, cucumbers and chopped fresh dill

★ ''grzyby po żmudzku'' - mushrooms Samogitian style

★ ''kawior z bakłażana'' - "caviar" of egg-plant

★ ''kreple z lejka'' -

★ ''kugiel ze skwarkami'' -

★ ''kutia'' - traditional Christmas dish, made of wheat, poppy seeds, nuts, raisins and honey

★ ''melszpejz zaparzany z jabłek'' -

★ ''pieczeń wiedźmy'' -

★ ''ruskie pierogi'' - russian pierogies with quark and potato

★ ''szodo'' -

★ ''tort ziemniaczany'' - potato cake

★ ''zrazy wołyńskie'' -

★ ''żeberka wieprzowe po żmudzku'' -

Podlasie

★ ''babka ziemniaczana'' -

★ ''cebulniaczki'' -

★ ''chleb biebrzański'' -

★ ''kartacze'' - big long-shaped potato dumplings stuffed with meat and marjoram

★ ''kiszka ziemniaczana'' - potato sausage

★ ''okoń smażony, w zalewie octowej'' - perch fried in vinegar

★ ''sękacz'' - pyramid cake, made of many layers.

★ ''zucielki'' -

North

★ ''szpekucha'' - small dumplings stuffed with lard and fried onion
===Masovia (including Warsaw)===

★ ''baba warszawska'' - yeast cake

★ ''bułka z pieczarkami'' - a bun filled with a champignon (field mushroom) stew, ersatz hot dogs under communism, when frankfurters were in short supply

★ ''flaczki z pulpetami (po warszawsku)'' - tripe stew with marjoram and small meat noodles

★ ''kawior po żydowsku'' - "Jewish caviar" - chopped calf or poultry liver with garlic and hard boiled egg

★ ''kugiel'' - found in the town of Ostroleka, made with potatoes and diced meat

★ ''pączki'' - doughnuts with rose marmalade

★ ''pyzy z mięsem'' - round potato dumplings stuffed with meat

★ ''zrazy wołowe'' - beef chops in sauce

★ ''zrazy wołowe zawijane'' - chopped dill cucumbers and onions wrapped in thin strips of beef

★ ''zupa grzybowa po kurpiowsku (z gąsek)'' - mushroom soup made of ''Tricholoma equestre,'' a large mushroom with a cereal-like flavor.
===Masuria===

★ ''kartacz''

★ ''sękacz'' - pyramid cake, made of many layers.

===Pomerania

★ ''pierniki'' - soft gingerbread shapes filled with marmalade of different fruit flavours and covered with chocolate.

Silesia===

★ ''kluski śląskie'' (''kluski'' is popular Polish name of pasta, "śląskie" means "Silesian (adjective)") - round shaped potato dumplings served with gravy, made of mashed potatoes, an egg and potato flour

★ ''knysza''

★ ''krupniok'' - kind of sausage made of kasha and animal blood

★ ''makiełki'' or ''moczka'' or ''makówki'' - traditional Wigilia dessert, its main ingredients are: gingerbread extract, nuts and dried fruit, strawberry compote and almonds.

★ ''rolada z modrą kapustą'' - stuffed meat roll with red cabbage, traditionally eaten with ''kluski śląskie''

★ ''siemieniotka'' - soup made of hemp seed, one of main Christmas Eve meals

★ ''wodzionka or brołtzupa (ger. brot - bread, pol. zupa - soup'') - soup with garlic and potatoes

★ ''żymlok'' - like ''krupniok'' but instead kasha there is bread roll
===Tatra mountains===

★ ''kwaśnica'' - meat and sauerkraut stew

★ ''śliwowica łącka'' - (read: [shlee-voh-veetsa won-tskah]) strong (70% of alcohol) plum brandy

★ ''oscypek'' - hard, salty cheese from nonpasteurized sheep milk
===Greater Poland===

★ ''gzik'' (''gzika'') - cottage cheese with onion and/or chives

★ ''kluchy z łacha'' -

★ ''kaczka z pyzami i modrą kapustą'' - roast duck with steam-cooked rolls and red cabbage

★ ''pyry z gzikiem'' - boiled, peeled or unpeeled potatoes with ''gzik'' (see above) and butter

★ ''rogale świętomarcińskie'' - croissants filled with poppy seeds, almonds, other nuts and raisins, traditionally eaten on November the 11th, St. Martin's Day.

★ ''plendze'' - potato pancakes served with sugar

Notes and references

::'In-line:'
1. Bycze jądra z grilla, Wojciech Staszewski, , , Gazeta Wyborcza, 2006

External links

★ Great Source for Authentic Polish Food in US

★ short summary on the Polish Cuisine

★ Polish cuisine at Poland.gov

★ Discuss Polish Food and Cuisine at PolishForums.com

★ The gourmet restaurant La Rôtisserie in Warsaw presented by cosmopolis.ch

★ Warsaw Life Guide to Polish Cuisine

★ Traditional Polish Food Online

★ Gourmet Polish Cuisine, recipes and food.