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The 'pomerium' (or 'pomoerium'), from post + moerium>murum (wall), was the sacred boundary of the city of Rome. In legal terms, Rome existed only within the ''pomerium''; everything beyond it was simply land belonging to Rome.
Tradition maintained that it was the original line ploughed by Romulus around the walls of the original city, and that it was inaugurated by Servius Tullius, although this is unlikely. It did not follow the line of the Servian walls, although it remained unchanged until the Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white ''cippi'' stones commissioned by Claudius have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the pomerium extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in Tacitus. Aulus Gellius also reports extensions by Caesar Augustus, Nero, and Trajan, but no other written or archaeological evidence supports this.
The pomerium was not a walled area (unlike the Chinese Forbidden City), but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by ''cippi'': It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the proverbial Seven Hills (the Palatine Hill was within the ''pomerium'', but the Capitoline and Aventine Hills were not). The Curia Hostilia and the well of the Comitia in the Forum Romanum, two extremely important locations in the government of the city-state and its empire, were located within the ''pomerium''. The temple of Bellona was beyond the ''pomerium''.
★ The magistrates who held imperium did not have full power inside pomerium. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the fasces carried by the magistrate's lictors. Only the dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes.
★ Religious and political constraints forbade any anointed sovereign from entering the ''pomerium''. As a result, visits of state were somewhat awkward; Cleopatra, for example, never actually entered the city of Rome when she came to visit Julius Caesar.
★ It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the pomerium. During his life, Julius Caesar received in advance the right to a tomb inside the pomerium, but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb. Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History, , Mary, Beard, Cambridge University Press, 1998, However, Trajan's ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his Column,[1] which was within the pomerium.
★ Furthermore, (provincial) promagistrates and generals were forbidden from entering it, and resigned their ''imperium'' immediately upon crossing it (as it were the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). As a result, a general waiting to celebrate a triumph with his victorious troops was required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' until his triumph. Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens. The soldiers when they participated in their general's triumph wore their civilian outfits. The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the Roman assemblies, consisting of centuriae (voting units, but originally military battalions within the legions), was required to meet on the Campus Martius outside the ''pomerium''.
Pompey's Theater, where Julius Caesar was murdered, was also outside the ''pomerium'' and included a Senate chamber where the Senate could meet with the attendance of individual senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the Curia Hostilia.
Weapons were also banned inside the pomerium for religious and traditional reasons. Praetorian guards were allowed in only in civilian dress (toga), and were then called collectively ''cohors togata''. But it was possible to sneak in daggers (the proverbial weapon for political violence, see ''sicarius''). Since Julius Caesar's assassination occurred outside this boundary, the senatorial conspirators could not be charged with blasphemy for carrying weapons inside the sacred city.
1. ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' 13.11; Eutropius 8.5.
★ ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>/Pomerium.html Samuel Ball Platner, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'': Pomerium
★ ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>/Pomoerium.html Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Pomoerium
★ ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>.html Transactions of the American Philological Association Alternate etymology: pro-murium
| Contents |
| Location and extensions |
| Associated restrictions |
| References |
| External links |
Location and extensions
Tradition maintained that it was the original line ploughed by Romulus around the walls of the original city, and that it was inaugurated by Servius Tullius, although this is unlikely. It did not follow the line of the Servian walls, although it remained unchanged until the Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white ''cippi'' stones commissioned by Claudius have been found ''in situ'' and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the pomerium extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in Tacitus. Aulus Gellius also reports extensions by Caesar Augustus, Nero, and Trajan, but no other written or archaeological evidence supports this.
The pomerium was not a walled area (unlike the Chinese Forbidden City), but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by ''cippi'': It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the proverbial Seven Hills (the Palatine Hill was within the ''pomerium'', but the Capitoline and Aventine Hills were not). The Curia Hostilia and the well of the Comitia in the Forum Romanum, two extremely important locations in the government of the city-state and its empire, were located within the ''pomerium''. The temple of Bellona was beyond the ''pomerium''.
Associated restrictions
★ The magistrates who held imperium did not have full power inside pomerium. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the fasces carried by the magistrate's lictors. Only the dictator's lictors could carry fasces containing axes.
★ Religious and political constraints forbade any anointed sovereign from entering the ''pomerium''. As a result, visits of state were somewhat awkward; Cleopatra, for example, never actually entered the city of Rome when she came to visit Julius Caesar.
★ It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the pomerium. During his life, Julius Caesar received in advance the right to a tomb inside the pomerium, but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb. Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History, , Mary, Beard, Cambridge University Press, 1998, However, Trajan's ashes were interred after his death in AD 117 at the foot of his Column,[1] which was within the pomerium.
★ Furthermore, (provincial) promagistrates and generals were forbidden from entering it, and resigned their ''imperium'' immediately upon crossing it (as it were the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). As a result, a general waiting to celebrate a triumph with his victorious troops was required to wait outside the ''pomerium'' until his triumph. Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens. The soldiers when they participated in their general's triumph wore their civilian outfits. The ''Comitia Centuriata'', one of the Roman assemblies, consisting of centuriae (voting units, but originally military battalions within the legions), was required to meet on the Campus Martius outside the ''pomerium''.
Pompey's Theater, where Julius Caesar was murdered, was also outside the ''pomerium'' and included a Senate chamber where the Senate could meet with the attendance of individual senators who were forbidden to cross the ''pomerium'' and thus would not have been able to meet in the Curia Hostilia.
Weapons were also banned inside the pomerium for religious and traditional reasons. Praetorian guards were allowed in only in civilian dress (toga), and were then called collectively ''cohors togata''. But it was possible to sneak in daggers (the proverbial weapon for political violence, see ''sicarius''). Since Julius Caesar's assassination occurred outside this boundary, the senatorial conspirators could not be charged with blasphemy for carrying weapons inside the sacred city.
References
1. ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' 13.11; Eutropius 8.5.
External links
★ ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>/Pomerium.html Samuel Ball Platner, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'': Pomerium
★ ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>/Pomoerium.html Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Pomoerium
★ ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>.html Transactions of the American Philological Association Alternate etymology: pro-murium
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