PORPHYRY (PHILOSOPHER)

'Porphyry of Tyre' (Greek: '', c. A.D. 233–c. 309) was a Syrian^[1] Neoplatonic philosopher. He is important in the history of mathematics because of his ''Life of Pythagoras'' and his commentary on Euclid's Elements, used by Pappus when he wrote his own commentary.^[2] Porphyry's ''Isagogue'', or "Introduction" to Aristotle's "Categories", in Latin translation, was the standard textbook on logic for at least a millennium after his death .

Contents

Biographical information

''Isagogê'', the "Introduction"

''Philosophy from Oracles''

''Adversus Christianos''

Other subjects

Works by Porphyry

Translations

Notes

References

External links

Biographical information

Porphyry's parents were Syrian, and he was born ''Malchus'' ("king")^[3] in Tyre. His teacher in Athens, Cassius Longinus, gave him the name Porphyrius ("clad in purple"), a punning allusion to the color of the imperial robes. Under Longinus he studied grammar and rhetoric. In 262 he went to Rome, attracted by the reputation of Plotinus, and for six years devoted himself to the study of Neoplatonism. Having injured his health by overwork,^[4] on the advice of Plotinus he went to live in Sicily for five years. On returning to Rome, he lectured on philosophy and completed an edition of the writings of Plotinus (who had died in the meantime) together with a biography of his teacher. Iamblichus is mentioned in ancient Neoplatonic writings as his pupil, but this most likely means only that he was the dominant figure in the next generation of philosophers. The two men differed publicly on the issue of theurgy. In his later years, he married Marcella, a widow with seven children and an enthusiastic student of philosophy. Little more is known of his life, and the date of his death is uncertain.

''Isagogê'', the "Introduction"

Porphyry is best known for his contributions to philosophy. Apart from writing the ''Aids to the Study of the Intelligibles'', a basic summary of Neoplatonism, he is especially appreciated for his ''Introduction to Categories'' (''Introductio in Praedicamenta''), a very short work often considered to be a commentary on Aristotle's ''Categories'', hence the title. According to , however, the correct title is simply ''Introduction'' (είσγωγή)(Isagoge), and the book is an introduction not to the ''Categories'' in particular, but to ''logic'' in general, comprising as it does the theories of predication, definition, and proof. The Introduction describes how qualities attributed to things may be classified, famously breaking down the philosophical concept of substance into the five components ''genus'', ''species'', ''difference'', ''property'', ''accident''.
As Porphyry's most influential contribution to philosophy, the ''Introduction to Categories'' incorporated Aristotle's logic into Neoplatonism, in particular the doctrine of the categories of being interpreted in terms of entities (in later philosophy, "universal"). Boethius' ''Isagoge'', a Latin translation of Porphyry's "Introduction", became a standard medieval textbook in the schools and universities which set the stage for medieval philosophical-theological developments of logic and the problem of universals. In medieval textbooks, the all-important ''Arbor porphyriana'' ("Porphyrian Tree") illustrates his logical classification of substance. To this day, taxonomy benefits from concepts in Porphyry's Tree, in classifying living organisms: see cladistics.

''Philosophy from Oracles''

Porphyry is also known as an opponent of Christianity and defender of Paganism; his defense of traditional religion, ''Philosophy from Oracles'', written before the persecutions of Christians under Diocletian and Galerius, set out the basis for them:
:"How can these people be thought worthy of forbearance? They have not only turned away from those who from earliest time have been thought of as divine among all Greeks and barbarians... but by emperors, law-givers and philosophers— all of a given mind. But also, in choosing impieties and atheism, they have preferred their fellow creatures.^[5] And to what sort of penalties might they not be subjected who... are fugitives from the things of their Fathers?"^[6]
Whether or not Porphyry was the pagan philosopher opponent in Lactantius' ''Divine Institutes'', written at the time of the persecutions, has long been discussed. Christians tampered with his writings: a spurious version of ''Philosophy from Oracles'' bearing Porphyry's name was forged in which the author is made to write as a Christian. The fraudulent work was designed to be serviceable to Christianity; it was accepted by Eusebius and appealed to by apologists like Theodoret. St. Augustine was one of the first to reject it as a forgery. It was allowed to pass unchallenged by hosts of orthodox scholars in succeeding centuries; its character as a vulgar forgery was finally established by the laborious criticism of Dr Nathaniel Lardner in the 18th century.

''Adversus Christianos''

Of his ''Adversus Christianos'' (''Against the Christians'') in fifteen books, only fragments remain, as quotations adduced in order to be refuted.^[7] In it, he famously is quoted as having said, "''The Gods have proclaimed Christ to have been most pious, but the Christians are a confused and vicious sect.''" Counter-treatises were written by Eusebius of Caesarea, Apollinaris of Laodicea, Methodius of Olympus, and Macarius of Magnesia, but all these are lost.
Porphyry's identification of the ''Book of Daniel'' as the work of a writer in the time of Antiochus Epiphanes, is given by Jerome. There is no confirmation of the assertions by Socrates of Constantinople, the 5th-century ecclesiastical historian, and Augustine, that Porphyry was once a Christian.

Other subjects

Porphyry was also opposed to the theurgy of his disciple Iamblichus. Much of Iamblichus' mysteries is dedicated to the defense of mystic theurgic divine possession against the critiques of Porphyry.
Porphyry was, like Pythagoras, an advocate of vegetarianism on spiritual and ethical grounds. These two philosophers are perhaps the most famous vegetarians of classical antiquity. He wrote the ''De Abstinentia'' (''On Abstinence'') and ''De Non Necandis ad Epulandum Animantibus'' (roughly ''On the Impropriety of Killing Living Beings for Food''), advocating against the consumption of animals, and he is cited with approval in vegetarian literature up to the present day.
Porphyry also wrote widely on astrology, religion, philosophy, and musical theory. He produced a ''Philosophos istoria'' with ''vitae'' of philosophers that included a life of his teacher, Plotinus. His life of Plato from book iv exists only in quotes by Cyril of Alexandria.^[8] His book ''Vita Pythagorae'' on the life of Pythagoras is not to be confused with the book of the same name by Iamblichus.

Works by Porphyry

★ ''Ad Gaurum'' ed. K. Kalbfleisch. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akadamie der Wissenschaft. phil.-hist. kl. (1895): 33-62.

★ ''Contra Christianos'', ed., Adolf von Harnack, ''Porphyrius, "Gegen die Christen,"15 Bücher: Zeugnisse, Fragmente und Referate.'' Abhandlungen der königlich prüssischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Jahrgang 1916: philosoph.-hist. Klasse: Nr. 1 (Berlin: 1916).

★ ''Contra los Cristianos: Recopilación de Fragmentos, Traducción, Introducción y Notas '' E. A. Ramos Jurado, J. Ritoré Ponce, A. Carmona Vázquez, I. Rodríguez Moreno, J. Ortolá Salas, J. M. Zamora Calvo (Cádiz: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz 2006).

★ ''Corpus dei Papiri Filosofici Greci e Latini III: Commentarii'' (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1995). <# 6 and #9 may or may not be by Porphyry>

★ ''De abstinentia ab esu animalium'' Jean Bouffartigue, M. Patillon, and Alain-Philippe Segonds, edd., 3 vols., Budé (Paris, 1979-1995).

★ ''De Philosophia ex oraculis haurienda'' G. Wolf, ed. (Berlin: 1956).

★ ''Epistula ad Anebonem'', A. R. Sodano ed. (Naples: L'arte Tipografia, 1958).

★ ''Fragmenta'' Andrew Smith, ed. (Stvtgardiae et Lipsiae: B. G. Tevbneri, 1993).

★ ''The Homeric Questions: a Bilingual Edition'' Lang Classical Studies 2, R. R. Schlunk, trans. (Frankfurt-am-Main: Lang, 1993).

★ ''Isagoge'', Stefan Weinstock, ed. in Catalogus Codicum astrologorum Graecorum, Franz Cumon, ed. (Brussels, 1940): V.4, 187-228.

★ ''Kommentar zur Harmonielehre des Ptolemaios'' Ingemar Duuring. ed. (Göteborg: Elanders, 1932).

★ ''Opuscula selecta'' Augusts Nauck, ed. (Lipsiae: B. G. Tevbneri, 1886).

★ ''Porphyrii in Platonis Timaeum commentarium fragmenta'' A. R. Sodano, ed. (Napoli: 1964).

★ ''Porphyry, the Philosopher, to Marcella: Text and Translation with Introduction and Notes'' Kathleen O’bBien Wicker, trans., Text and Translatiosn 28; Graeco-Roman Religion Series 10 (Atlanata: Schoalrs Press, 1987).

★ ''Pros Markevllan Griechiser Text, herausgegeben, übersetzt, eingeleitet und erklärt'' von W. Pötscher (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969).

★ ''Sententiae Ad Intelligibilia Ducentes'' E. Lamberz, ed. (Leipzig: Teubner, 1975).

★ ''Vie de Pythagore, Lettre à Marcella'' E. des Places, ed. and trans. (Paris: Les Belles Lettre, 1982).

★ ''La Vie de Plotin'' Luc Brisson, ed. Historie de l'antiquité classique 6 & 16 (Paris: Libraire Philosophique J. Vrin: 1986-1992) 2 vols.

★ ''Vita Plotini '' in Plotinus, Armstrong, ed. LCL (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), 2-84.

★ ''To Marcella'' text and translation with Introduction and Notes by Kathleen O'Biren Wicker (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987).

Translations

★ ''The Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey A revised text with translation'' by Seminar Classics 609, State University of New York at Buffalo, Arethusa Monograph 1 (Buffalo: Dept. of Classics, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1969).

★ ''Isagoge'' Mediaeval Sources in Translation 16, E. Warren, trans. (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975).

★ ''Isagoge'', ''Introduction'', J. Barnes, trans. (Oxford, New York : Oxford University Press, 2003)

★ ''Isagoge'', J. Tricot, trans. (Paris: J. Vrin, 1947).

★ ''Neoplatonic Saints: The Lives of Plotinus and Proclus'' Translated Texts for Historians 35 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000).

★ ''On Abstinence from Killing Animals'' Gilliam Clark, trans. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000).

★ ''On Aristotle's Categories'' Steven K. Strange, trans. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992).

★ ''On the Cave of the Nymphs'' Robert Lamberton, trans. (Barrytown, N. Y.: Station Hill Press, 1983).

★ ''The Organon or Logical Treatises of Aristotle with the Introduction of Porphyry'' Bohn's Classical Library 11-12, Octavius Freire Owen, trans. (London: G. Bell, 1908-1910), 2 vols.

★ ''Porphyry Against the Christians'', R. M. Berchman, trans., Ancient Mediterranean and Medieval Texts and Contexts 1 (Leiden: Brill, 2005).

★ ''Porphyry’s Against the Christians: The Literary Remains'' R. Joseph Hoffmann, trans. (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1994).

★ ''Five Texts on the Mediaeval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham'' Paul Vincent Spade, trans. (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994)

Notes

1. George Sarton (1936). "The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World", ''Osiris'' '2', p. 406-463 [430].
2. ''Vita'' of Porphyry.
3. For connotations of West Semitic MLK, see Moloch; compare theophoric names like Abimelech.
4. This is a familiar trope in biographies of scholars through the nineteenth century.
5. That is, refusing to sacrifice to the gods and emperors ("atheism"), Christians have preferred the Christ, one of "their fellow creatures."
6. The fragment, once thought part of ''Against the Christians'', reassigned by R. Wilken in 1979 to ''Philosophy from Oracles'', is quoted in Elizabeth DePalma Digeser, "Lactantius, Porphyry, and the Debate over Religious Toleration" ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' '88' (1998, pp. 129-146) p. 129.
7. "Constantine and other emperors banned and burned Porphyry's work" (Digeser 1998:130.
8. James A. Notopoulos, "Porphyry's Life of Plato" ''Classical Philology'' '35'.3 (July 1940), pp. 284-293, attempted a reconstruction from Apuleius' use of it.

References

★ ''Iamblichus: De mysteriis : Translated with an Introduction and Notes'' by Emma C. Clarke, John M. Dillon and Jackson P. Hershbell ISBN 90-04-12720-8

★ Dr. B.A. Zuiddam, ''Old Critics and Modern Theology.'' 1995; Dutch Reformed Theological Journal (South Africa), part xxxvi, number 2, June 1995.

★ .

External links

★ Porphyry Malchus (mathematician) - entry in MacTutor History of Maths Archives]

★ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry

★ Porphyry, ''On Abstinence from Animal Food'', Book I

★ Porphyry, ''On Abstinence from Animal Food'', Book II

★ "On abstinence from animal food", Porphyry, Book III

★ Porphyry, ''On Abstinence from Animal Food'', Book III

★ Porphyry, ''On Abstinence from Animal Food'', Book IV

★ Porphyry ''On the Cave of Nymphs''

★ Porphyry ''Isagogue''

★ Porphyry, ''On the Life of Plotinus''