PROCESS

'Process' (lat. processus - movement) is a naturally occurring or designed sequence of changes of properties or attributes of an object or system^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]}. More precisely, and from the most general systemic perspective, every process is representable as a particular trajectory (or part thereof) in a system's phase space.
Every measurement is a process. The process of measurement is the fundamental concept in physics, and, in practice, in every field of science and engineering.
For the above goal-oriented reason, from the industrial managerial point of view, the following inputs can be initially applied in an engineering process specification: people, machines and tools, materials, energy, information, professional knowledge, capital, time and space ^[8].

Contents

Examples

Notes and References

See also

External links

Examples

★ From an 'engineering' perspective, industrial and environmental processes relate to the sequence of operations and involved events, taking up time, space, expertise or other resources, which lead/(should lead) to the production of some outcome. The changes they may create in the properties of one or more objects under their influence are especially important for their identification and design. Compare: project

★ From 'mathematical' and 'physical' perspectives processes are categorized, for example, as continuous, discrete, convergent, asymptotic, incremental, singular, recurrent and periodic.

★ From 'cybernetics' see Gordon Pask process/product theory "Interactions of Actors" and New Cybernetics.
A singular process would be one which has a singular property or occurs rarely.
Few processes in nature can be considered singular. Most processes found in nature are recurrent, or repeat more than once. Recurring processes which repeat at a constant rate are considered periodic. The more periodic a process is the more useful it is as the basis of a clock.
Various 'specific processes':

★ The Bessemer process is a way of producing steel.

★ In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process or an isocaloric process is a process in which no heat is transferred to or from working fluid.

★ The process of mining extracts ore.

★ Evolution is a ''natural process'' which explains the adaptation of species over long periods of time. (generally assumed to be an example of a recurrent process)

★ The extinction of the dodo is an example of a singular process, since it is unlikely that it can occur more than once.

★ Learning is a process, as are teaching and training

★ Process music

★ Civic governance and conflict resolution

★ Error correction in the information processing of a stream of data.

★ Protein biosynthesis

Notes and References

1.
Francis Rawle's (1914) revision of John Bouvier (1839), ''Law Dictionary'' p.2731: Process

2.
"Process"
''Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition''

3.
Wilbur B. Davenport, Jr. and William L. Root (1958)
''An introduction to the theory of Random Signals and Noise''
LCC 57-10020. p.39: Random Processes

4.
Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands (1963)
''The Feynman Lectures on Physics''
ISBN 0-201-02010-6
p.1-5: Atomic processes

5.
F. Reif (1965)
''Statistical Physics'' volume 5 of the Berkeley Physics Course
ISBN 0700486229 pp.49-50, 127-135

6.
S. Giedion (1948)
''Mechanization takes Command: a contribution to anonymous history''
Processed food: pp. 42, 78, 186, 224-5

7.
Ovid Eshbach and Mott Souders (eds.) (1936, 1952, 1975)
''Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals''
ISBN 0-471-24553-4 pp.875-880: processes and state changes for fluids

8.
Elihu M. Goldratt (1992)
''The Goal: a process of ongoing improvement''
ISBN 0-88427-061-0
as cited in Robert K. Wysocki et.al. ''Effective Project Management'' ISBN 0-471-43221-0



★ Nelson Wax (ed.) (1954) ''Selected papers on Noise and Stochastic Processes: J. L. Doob, L. S. Ornstein, Ming Chen Wang, S. Chandrasekhar, M. Kac, G. E. Uhlenbeck, S. O. Rice'' ISBN 0-486-60262-1, which drew upon a symposium on stochastic processes, with applications to physics, documented in ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society'' Series B, Volume II, No.2, 1949 pp. 150-282

See also

★ Business Process Mapping

★ Process architecture

★ Process control

★ Process management

★ Process modeling

★ Process theory

External links

★ Definitions of process on the Web, by Google.

★ ''What is a process'', paper by Gerrit Muller, 2007.