PSYCHEDELIC DRUG

'Psychedelic drugs' are psychoactive drugs whose primary action is to alter the thought processes of the brain. The term is derived from Greek ψυχή (''psyche'', "mind") and δηλείν (''delein'', "to manifest"), translating to "mind manifesting."
"The implication is that the psychedelic drugs can develop unused potentials of the human mind." ^[1]
Psychedelic drugs are part of a wider class sometimes known as the hallucinogens, which also includes related substances such as dissociatives and deliriants. Unlike other psychoactive drugs such as stimulants and opioids, the psychedelics do not merely induce familiar states of mind, but rather amplify experiences so that they are qualitatively different from those of ordinary consciousness. These experiences are often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as trance, meditation, conversion experiences and dreams.
Many psychedelic drugs are thought to disable filters which keep signals unrelated to everyday functions from reaching the conscious mind. These signals are presumed to originate in several other functions of the brain, including but not limited to the senses, emotions, memories, and the unconscious (or subconscious) mind. This effect is sometimes referred to as ''mind expanding'', or ''consciousness expanding'', for the conscious mind becomes aware of things normally inaccessible to it.

A definition more clearly sets apart a ''classic'' or ''true'' psychedelic is offered by Lester Grinspoon: “a psychedelic drug is one which has small likelihood of causing physical addiction, craving, major physiological disturbances, delirium, disorientation, or amnesia, produces thought, mood, and perceptual changes otherwise rarely experienced except perhaps in dreams, contemplative and religious exaltation, flashes of vivid involuntary memory and acute psychoses”.^[2]
Over the decades, the term has been expanded to include far more substances than originally intended. Many pharmacologists define psychedelic drugs as chemicals which have an LSD or mescaline like action on certain serotonin receptors. This essentially means tryptamines and phenethylamines, as no psychedelics from other chemical families have been discovered, with the possible exception of piperazines and benzodifuranyls. Many people have applied the term psychedelic to other drugs including dissociative NMDA Receptor Antagonists such as PCP and ketamine, tropane deliriants such as atropine, other psychoactives such as Amanita muscaria and Salvia divinorum. More properly, these should be considered as separate groups. In the medical literature, they are often grouped together as hallucinogens or antidepressants (both of which are generally considered separately from stimulants).

Contents

Traditional use

Examples

Pharmacological classes of psychedelics, and their general subjective effects

Other (psychedelic activity questioned)

See also

References

External links

Traditional use

Psychedelics have a long history of traditional use in medicine and religion, where they are prized for their perceived ability to promote physical and mental healing. In this context they are often known as entheogens. Native American practitioners using peyote have reported success against alcoholism, and Mazatec practitioners routinely use psilocybin mushrooms for divination and healing. Ayahuasca, a psychotropic drug, is still used in Peru for religious festivals [Posner, 2006]. Link: http://www.walrusmagazine.com/u/register/?ref=anthropology-plants-with-soul

Examples

Classic psychedelics include LSD, psilocybin (one active principle of 'magic mushrooms'), mescaline (one active principle of peyote and the San Pedro cactus), LSA (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose and Morning Glory Seeds) and also Ayahuasca (known in Beatnik literature as yajé), a traditional shamanic tea brewed from plants containing dimethyltryptamine and harmine or harmaline. Some newer synthetics such as MDMA (ecstasy), 2C-B (nexus), DOM (STP) and 5-MeO-DIPT (Foxy Methoxy) have also enjoyed some popularity. Cannabis, one of the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world, produces effects similar to a low dose of a classic psychedelic, although many believe that this statement is not true since cannabis smokers never experience any psychedelic effects.

Pharmacological classes of psychedelics, and their general subjective effects

===Serotonergic psychedelics (serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists)===
This class of psychedelics includes the major hallucinogens, including tryptamine-based compounds like LSD and psilocybin, and phenethylamine-based compounds like mescaline and 2C-B. Many of the tryptamines and phenethylamines cause remarkably similar effects, despite their different chemical structure. However, most users report that the two families have subjectively different qualities in the "feel" of the experience which are difficult to describe. At lower doses, these include sensory distortions such as the warping of surfaces, shape suggestibility, and color variations. Users often report intense colors that they have not previously experienced, and repetitive geometric shapes are common. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as synesthesia or the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions. Some compounds, such as 2C-B, have extremely tight "dose curves," meaning the difference between a non-event and an overwhelming disconnection from reality can be very slight. There can be very substantial differences between the drugs, however - for instance, 5-MeO-DMT rarely produces the visual effects typical of other psychedelics. Some drugs, such as the ß-carbolines, produce very different effects from the more standard types of psychedelics.
===Empathogens and/or entactogens (serotonin releasers)===
The empathogens are phenethylamines such as MDMA, MDA, and similar drugs, the effects of which are characterized by feelings of openness, euphoria, empathy, love, and heightened self-awareness, but not by visual hallucinations. Their initial adoption by the dance club sub-culture is probably due to the enhancement of the overall social and musical experience.
===Cannabinoids (CB-1 cannabinoid receptor agonists)===
The cannabinoids are Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and related compounds, which are capable of activating the body's endogenous cannabanoid system. Some effects may include: general change in consciousness, mild euphoria, feelings of general well-being, relaxation or stress reduction, increased appreciation of humor, music and other art, joviality, metacognition and introspection, enhanced recollection of episodic memory, increased sensuality, loss of inhibition, increased awareness of sensation, creative or philosophical thinking, disruption of linear memory, paranoia, agitation, and anxiety, potentiation of other psychedelics, increased awareness of patterns and color.

Other (psychedelic activity questioned)

The effects of myristicin and elemicin (found in nutmeg) are reported are similar to that of cannabis, more so of the cannabidiol component rather than THC, but with a much longer duration, slow onset, and undesirable side effects.
Cryogenine (Vertine) is the active constituent of sinicuichi. Although vertine has anticholinergic properties, use of sinicuichi tends to produce psychedelic effects rather than that of a deliriant (this could possibly be dose related). The primary noted effects include auditory distortions, improved memory and relaxation.

See also

★ Entheogen

★ Psychedelic

★ Psychedelic experience

★ Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants

★ Psychoactive drug

★ Dissociative drug

★ Serotonergic psychedelics

★ Freedom of thought

★ List of psychedelic drugs

★ Tabernanthe iboga

★ Ibogaine

★ Bwiti

★ Meta-universe

★ Soft drug

References

1. W. Andrew, W. Rosen (1993), ''From Chocolate To Morphine:Everything You Need To Know About Mind-Altering Drugs''.New York, Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 93
2. L. Grinspoon, J. Bakalar (1979), ''Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered''. p. 9. ISBN 0-9641568-5-7

External links

★ [1]: Provides information about Salvia, Peyote, LSD, Psilocybin and Mescaline and more Psychedelics

★ Psychedelics blog page - Alcohol and Drugs History Society

★ The Psychedelic Report

★ Scholarly bibliography on psychedelic drug use in the history of psychology
The following review paper is the definitive source of technical scientific information about hallucinogens, including psychedelics:

★ David Nichols: Hallucinogens