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'''Quadrophenia''' is a double album released by The Who on October 19 1973, one of the group's two full-scale rock operas.[1] Its story involves social, musical, and psychological happenings from an English teenage perspective, set in London and Brighton in 1964 and 1965.
The name is a variation on the incorrect popular usage of the medical diagnostic term schizophrenia as multiple personality disorder to reflect the four distinct personalities of Jimmy, the opera's protagonist. It was also tied in to the Quadraphonic sound schemes then being introduced.
History
''Quadrophenia'' was originally released as a two-LP set with a butterfly jacket and a thick booklet containing lyrics, a text version of the story, and photographs illustrating the tale. MCA Records re-released it as a two-CD set in 1985 with the lyrics and text story line on a thin fold-up sheet but none of the photographs. The remastered CDs of 1996 include the full original booklet in miniature.
In the liner notes to the remastered ''Odds and Sods'' Townshend revealed that ''Quadrophenia'' evolved from an idea for a self-indulgent autobiography of the band (which was allegedly to have been titled ''Rock Is Dead--Long Live Rock''). Two of the opera's tracks date from 1972 (i.e. "Is It In My Head?" and "Love Reign O'er Me"), a year that also produced The Who's singles "Join Together" "Relay" and "Long Live Rock" (the latter not actually released until 1974). However, by the time ''Quadrophenia'' was released the band's role in the story was only symbolic, via Jimmy's four personalities.
Quadrophenia reached #2 on the U.S. Billboard album chart.
The band views the tour in support of the album as disastrous. Performances were plagued by malfunctioning sound effects tapes. Once the tapes started, the band had to play to them. The band felt constrained in playing to these recordings. The Who preferred a more free-form attitude.
On the first night of the U.S. leg at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California, drummer Keith Moon collapsed onstage. An audience member was brought on to finish the show.
Pete Townshend now looks back on the album with great praise. "The music is the best music that I've ever written, I think and it's the best album that I will ever write." [1]
Story
The story covers about five days of the life of a certain Jimmy, a participant in the circa 1964 Mod lifestyle in England. "The story is set on a rock!" announced the composer, Pete Townshend, at one live performance, indicating that the opera represents Jimmy's looking back at the events of the previous day or two that led him into the gloomy situation where he finds himself at the end of the story. The narrative is difficult to derive from the lyrics alone, but becomes clearer with the benefit of a short story (also written by Townshend) related from Jimmy's first person perspective, that is included in the album's booklet.
The first half of the opera consists of songs that allude to the frustrations and insecurities that govern Jimmy's life, including brief glimpses of his home life, his job, his psychoanalyst, and his unsuccessful attempts to have a social life. Halfway through the opera he sings "I've Had Enough", finds himself kicked out of his home when his parents find his box of 'blues' (blue pills of some unnamed drug, possibly amphetamine) (this happens in the song Cut My Hair). Distraught and with nothing better to do, Jimmy takes a large dose of blues and takes a train ride to the coast (Embodied in the song , which is supposed to be the time when the train departs). During his stay near the beach in Brighton, he encounters the former "Ace Face", the leader of a group of Mods, whom he admires greatly. However, "Ace Face" now works as a bell boy at a nearby hotel. Ironically, this is the very same hotel Ace Face had smashed the windows of two days before. This display of masculine bravado had earned him the admiration of many of his fellow Mods two days before during Jimmy's first stay in Brighton. Jimmy is disgusted to learn that the person he had admired as a Mod had "sold out".
At this point, Jimmy is inconsolable. Everybody from his parents to his girlfriend had disappointed him before, but he had never expected the Mod lifestyle to let him down. Drunk and depressed, he steals the now former Ace Face's scooter from the front of the Brighton hotel where he is employeed, takes it out to a barren rock protruding from the sea, and crashes psychologically. With nothing left to live for he finds redemption in the pouring rain, which is expressed in the final song, "Love, Reign o'er Me".
Musical structure
Each of Jimmy's four personalities is supposed to be associated with one of the four musicians in The Who. The liner notes illustrate this concept as follows (names added):
★ A tough guy, a helpless dancer. (Roger Daltrey)
★ A romantic, is it me for a moment? (John Entwistle)
★ A bloody lunatic, I'll even carry your bags. (Keith Moon)
★ A beggar, a hypocrite, love reign o'er me. (Pete Townshend)
In addition to describing a personality/band member, the four descriptions refer to four theme songs that portray Jimmy's personalities in the opera: "Helpless Dancer", "Is It Me?", "Bell Boy", and "Love Reign O'er Me". The four musical themes (or "leitmotifs" as described by Townshend) are mixed together in both the title track (bridging "The Real Me" and "Cut My Hair"), and the penultimate track, "The Rock," (bridging "Doctor Jimmy" and "Love, Reign O'er Me"). The two pieces were the most musically complex pieces that Townshend ever wrote for The Who, combining all four themes into two six-minute musical . The two pieces have neither a definite beginning or end, as they begin with a fade-in from the previous track, starting with the theme of "Bell Boy" (Moon's theme). This is followed by the themes of "Is It Me" (Entwistle's Theme), "Helpless Dancer" (Daltrey's theme), and "Love, Reign O'er Me" (Townshend's theme). "Quadrophenia" fades into rain sound effects after the "Love Reign O'er Me" theme. "The Rock" however ends with a combination of the four different themes, using the "Bell Boy" theme as the chord sequence, the "Helpless Dancer" theme as the melody, the "Is It Me?" theme as a lead (played on guitar and synthesizer), and the piano part to "Love Reign O'er Me" as a countermelody. The whole song abruptly ends on a downbeat layered with the sound of thunder and descends into "Love Reign O'er Me" proper.
The four themes also surface on many other songs throughout the album; the most subtle example being when the "Helpless Dancer" theme appears on "Bell Boy" (the main song) played on synthesizer as a brief interlude. Some themes from other songs also make "surprise" reappearances here and there. These "leimotifs" help giving the work an impression of a cohesive unity.
Theme
Like much of Townshend's work, Quadrophenia is about a teen establishing his identity. Some of the themes include belonging, rejection, rebellion, and trying to define oneself. The story describes Jimmy's search to establish who he really is by trying to belong somewhere and be a part of something. However, he is frustrated and sequentially betrayed by everything he tries to be a part of, including his family, his job, drugs, his friends, love, and being a mod. Eventually (at the Rock) he has a spiritual revelation by symbolically "drowning" and being reborn drenched in seawater. (On the album, the symbolic suicide is drowning; in the film it involves riding his scooter off a Dover cliff and smashing into the sea).
In the end, Jimmy triumphs by realizing that he doesn't have to define himself or try to be ''part'' of anything at all.
Critical reaction and impact
In 2000 ''Q'' magazine placed ''Quadrophenia'' at number 56 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever. In 2001, the TV network VH1 named it the 86th greatest album of all time. IGN placed ''Quadrophenia'' at number 1 in their list of the greatest classic rock albums of all time.[2]
Subsequent productions
In 1979 the film ''Quadrophenia'' was released, with three additional songs written by Pete Townshend for the soundtrack.
In summer 1996, The Who, with a large backing group featuring among others Zak Starkey on drums (his first appearance as The Who's drummer), Geoff Whitehorn and Simon Townshend on electric guitar (the former played lead guitar on almost all of the songs) and keyboardists Jon Carin and John "Rabbit" Bundrick, performed ''Quadrophenia'' in its entirety for the first time in many years in London's Hyde Park, with guest performers Phil Daniels as the Narrator/Jimmy, Gary Glitter as The Rocker, Adrian Edmonson as the Ace Face/Bellboy, Stephen Fry as the hotel manager (screaming, "Bellboy!"), Trevor McDonald as the newsreader and Pink Floyd's David Gilmour as the bus driver. Gilmour also played additional lead guitar for that first performance – he sang and played lead guitar on ''The Dirty Jobs'', plus performed lead guitar on ''Sea and Sand'', ''Dr. Jimmy'', ''The Rock'', ''Love, Reign O'er Me'' and ''5:15 (Reprise)''. For the subsequent extensive tour of the UK and the U.S., Daniels was replaced and Gilmour's role was taken over by Simon Townshend. Gary Glitter and P.J. Proby (subsequently) made guest appearances as The Godfather, and Billy Idol also guested as the Ace Face/Bellboy, also subsequently being replaced.
In 2005, A live performance of ''Quadrophenia'' from The Who's late 1996/early tour was included in a 3-disc DVD box set released by Rhino Entertainment, also featuring a live performance of Tommy from 1989 as well as other hit songs performed live. Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey provided special commentary, and an interview with Billy Idol was also included.
The album was covered in its entirety by Phish on October 31, 1995 as part of the band's "Halloween ", which was later released as ''Live Phish Volume 14''. The jam band also covered the track "Drowned" on their live album '' .
In November 2005, Luna C Productions staged a theatrical version of ''Quadrophenia'' in Los Angeles, starring Stephen Shareaux as Jimmy. Additional performances occurred in March and November 2006. [2]
In February 2007, students from the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama staged "the first independent theatrical production (of Quadrophenia) blessed by Pete Townshend" at the Sherman Theatre in Cardiff, Wales. [3]
On the episode of the Simpsons, Behind The Laughter, the cover of the Krustophenia record is a parody of Quadrophenia.
Track listing
All songs written by Pete Townshend.
Original release
Side one
#"I Am the Sea" – 2:08
#"The Real Me" – 3:20
#"Quadrophenia" – 6:15
#"Cut My Hair" – 3:46
#"The Punk and the Godfather"[3] – 5:10
Side two
#"I'm One" – 2:39
#"The Dirty Jobs" – 4:30
#"Helpless Dancer" – 2:32
#"Is It in My Head" – 3:46
#"I've Had Enough" – 6:14
Side three
#"" – 5:00
#"Sea and Sand" – 5:01
#"Drowned" – 5:28
#"Bell Boy" – 4:56
Side four
#"Doctor Jimmy" – 8:42
#"The Rock" – 6:37
#"Love, Reign O'er Me" – 5:48
The original soundtrack
This version of ''Quadrophenia'' contains some of the music that was used in the film. This CD includes several tracks that were produced by other bands, a few tracks made by The Who when their name was changed to The High Numbers for a short period. It also includes 3 tracks by The Who that did not appear on the original two disc edition.
#"I Am the Sea" (The Who) – 2:03
#"The Real Me" (The Who) – 3:28
#"I'm One" (The Who) – 2:40
#"5:15" (The Who) – 4:50
#"Love Reign O'er Me" (The Who) – 5:11
#"Bell Boy" (The Who) – 4:55
#"I've Had Enough" (The Who) – 6:11
#"Helpless Dancer" (The Who) – 0:22
#"Doctor Jimmy" (The Who) – 7:31
#"Zoot Suit" (The High Numbers) – 2:00
#"Hi Heel Sneakers" (Cross Section) – 2:46
#"Get Out and Stay Out" (The Who) – 2:26
#"Four Faces" (The Who) – 3:20
#"Joker James" (The Who) – 3:13
#"The Punk and the Godfather" (The Who) – 5:21
#"Night Train" (James Brown) – 3:38
#"Louie Louie" (The Kingsmen) – 2:41
#"Green Onions" (Booker T. & the M.G.'s) – 2:46
#"Rhythm of the Rain" (The Cascades) – 2:28
#"He's So Fine" (The Chiffons) – 1:52
#"Be My Baby" (The Ronettes) – 2:30
#"Da Doo Ron Ron" (The Crystals) – 2:09
#"I'm the Face" (The High Numbers) – 2:29
Personnel
★ John Entwistle – bass guitar, horns, vocals
★ Roger Daltrey – lead vocals
★ Keith Moon – drums, percussion, vocals on "Bell Boy"
★ Pete Townshend – guitars, synthesizers, piano, banjo, sound effects, vocals
Additional personnel
★ Chris Stainton – piano on "Dirty Jobs", "Helpless Dancer", "5:15" and "Drowned"
★ John Curle – newsreader voice
Production
★ Pete Townshend – pre-production, special effects
★ Chris Stamp – executive producer
★ Pete Kameron – executive producer
★ Kit Lambert – executive producer
★ Ron Nevison – engineer, special effects
★ Ron Fawcus – mixing continuity, engineering assistance
★ Bob Ludwig – Remastering
★ Rod Houison – special effects
★ Graham Hughes – front cover design and photography
★ Ethan Russell – art direction, insert photography
Charts
Album
| Year | Chart | Position |
|---|---|---|
| 1973 | ''Billboard'' Pop Albums | 2 |
Singles
| Year | Single | Chart | Position |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1973 | "Love, Reign O'er Me" | ''Billboard'' Pop Singles | 76 |
| 1974 | "The Real Me" | ''Billboard'' Pop Singles | 92 |
| 1979 | "5:15" | ''Billboard'' Pop Singles | 45 |
Certifications
| Organization | Level | Date |
|---|---|---|
| RIAA – U.S. | Gold | 29 October 1973 |
| BPI – UK | Gold | 1 December 1973 |
| RIAA – U.S. | Platinum | 2 February 1993 |
Notes
1. In a conventional use of the word "opera" as Quadrophenia is mostly a monologue work rather than a varied drama.
2. IGN
3. On the U.S. release of the album, "The Punk and the Godfather" was renamed "The Punk Meets the Godfather"
References
★ Townshend, Pete. "The Who Vh1 Mexico Interview Part 1", ''VH1'', February, 2007. Accessed April 14, 2007.
External links
★ Lyrics
★ Guitar tablature
★ Quadrophenia.net - extensive fan site to all things ''Quadrophenia''
★ QUAD - A Musical Staging of The Who's ''Quadrophenia''
★ The Who Location Guide - features 'Quadrophenia' album booklet and movie locations
★ The Who Forum - Features an exclusive Ron Nevison interview about the making of the album
★ Quadrophenia liner notes - Song-by-song liner notes for the album
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