RASPBERRY

The 'raspberry' (plural, 'raspberries') is the edible fruit of a number of species of the genus ''Rubus''. The name originally refers in particular to the European species ''Rubus idaeus'', and is still used for that species as its standard English name in its native area.Flora of NW Europe: ''Rubus idaeus'' Other species, mostly closely related in the same subgenus ''Idaeobatus'', also called raspberries subsequently include:

★ ''Rubus strigosus'' (American Raspberry) (syn. ''R. idaeus'' var. ''strigosus'')

★ ''Rubus arcticus'' (Arctic Raspberry)

★ ''Rubus crataegifolius'' (Korean Raspberry)

★ ''Rubus occidentalis'' (Black Raspberry)

★ ''Rubus odoratus'' (Flowering Raspberry)

★ ''Rubus phoenicolasius'' (Wine Raspberry)

★ ''Rubus leucodermis'' (Whitebark or Western Raspberry)
Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important modern commercial raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between ''R. idaeus'' and ''R. strigosus''.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.

Contents

Cultivation

Cultivars

Selected important cultivars

Nutrients and Potential Health Benefits

Diseases and pests

References

See also

Cultivation

Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or as dried fruit used in a variety of grocery products. Traditionally, raspberries were a mid-summer crop, but with new technology, cultivars and transportation, they can now be obtained year-round. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess irrigation can bring on Phytophthora root rot which is one of the most serious pest problems facing red raspberry. As a cultivated plant in moist temperate regions, it is easy to grow and has a tendency to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.
Two types are commercially available, the wild-type summer bearing, that produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in mid-summer, and double- or "ever"-bearing plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Raspberries can be cultivated from hardiness zones 3 to 9.
Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants from tissue culture produced plants has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for 1 year in a northern climate such as Scotland (UK) or Washington State (US) where the chilling requirement for proper budbreak is met early. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants should be spaced 1 m apart in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges if there is any question about root rot problems.
The flowers can be a major nectar source for honeybees.
Raspberries are very vigorous and can be invasive. They propagate using basal shoots (also known as suckers); extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked.
The fruit is harvested when it has turned a deep red and comes off the torus/receptacle easily. This is when the fruits are most ripe and sweetest. Excess fruit can be made into raspberry jam or frozen.
The leaves can be used fresh or dried in herbal and medicinal teas. They have an astringent flavour, and in herbal medicine are reputed to be effective in regulating menses.

Cultivars

Numerous cultivars have been selected. Recent breeding has resulted in cultivars that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking. Raspberries have also been crossed with other species in other subgenera of the genus ''Rubus'', resulting in a number of hybrids, such as boysenberry and loganberry. Cultivars with yellow fruit are sometimes termed "gold raspberry".

Selected important cultivars

Reference:

;Red, early summer fruiting         ★ 'Boyne' ★ 'Rubin Bulgarski' ★ 'Cascade Dawn' ★ 'Glen Clova' ★ 'Glen Moy' ★ 'Killarney' ★ 'Malahat' ★ 'Malling Exploit' ★ 'Titan' ★ 'Willamette';Red, mid summer ★ 'Cuthbert' ★ 'Lloyd George' ★ 'Meeker' ★ 'Newburgh' ★ 'Skeena';Red, late summer ★ 'Cascade Delight' ★ 'Coho' ★ 'Glen Prosen' ★ 'Malling Leo' ★ 'Octavia' ★ 'Schoenemann' ★ 'Tulameen'

;Red, primocane, fall, autumn fruiting ★ 'Amity ★ 'Augusta' ★ 'Autumn Bliss' ★ 'Caroline' ★ 'Heritage' ★ 'Josephine' ★ 'Summit' ★ 'Zeva Herbsternte';Gold/Yellow, primocane, fall, autumn fruiting ★ 'Anne' ★ 'Fallgold' ★ 'Goldenwest' ★ 'Golden Queen' ★ 'Honey Queen'; Purple ★ 'Brandywine' ★ 'Royalty';Black ★ 'Black Hawk' ★ 'Bristol' ★ 'Cumberland' ★ 'Glencoe' ★ 'Jewel' ★ 'Munger' ★ 'Ohio Everbearer' ★ 'Scepter'

Nutrients and Potential Health Benefits

Raspberries contain significant amounts of polyphenol antioxidants, chemicals linked to promoting endothelial and cardiovascular health. Xylitol, a sugar alcohol alternative sweetener, can be extracted from raspberries. Raspberries are considered a high-fiber food at over 8 grams dietary fiber per cup. They are an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, a good source of vitamin K and magnesium and contain some calcium and iron.
The aggregate fruit structure contributes to its nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, placing it among plants with the highest fiber contents known, up to 20% fiber per total weight. Raspberries are a rich source of vitamin C, with 30 mg per serving of 1 cup (about 50% daily value), manganese (about 60% daily value) and dietary fiber (30% daily value). Contents of vitamin A, B vitamins 1-3, iron, calcium and potassium are considerable in raspberries.^[1]
Raspberries rank near the top of all fruits for antioxidant strength, particularly due to their dense contents of ellagic acid (from ellagotannins), quercetin, gallic acid, anthocyanins, cyanidins, pelargonidins, catechins, kaempferol and salicylic acid. All these are polyphenolic antioxidants with promising health benefits under current research.^[2]
Due to their rich contents of antioxidant vitamins A and C and the phenolics mentioned above, raspberries have an ORAC value (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) of about 4900 per 100 grams, including them among the top-ranked ORAC fruits. Cranberries and wild blueberries have around 9000 ORAC units and apples average 2800.^[3]
The following anti-disease properties have been isolated in experimental models. Although there are no clinical studies to date proving these effects in humans, preliminary medical research shows likely benefit of regularly consuming raspberries against:^[4][5][6]

★ microbe infections

★ inflammation

★ pain

★ cancer

★ cardiovascular disease

★ diabetes

★ allergies

★ age-related cognitive decline

★ degeneration of eyesight with aging

Diseases and pests

Wasps can be a nuisance on raspberries

Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths). See list of Lepidoptera which feed on Rubus.

References

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See also

★ Chambord Liqueur Royale de France

★ List of culinary fruits

★ Raspberry ketone