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EspañolRED SEA - EXODUS STATION
The 'Red Sea' is more than just the seventh station of the Exodus. The Book of Exodus 14:1-4 records that the children of Israel following their stay at Elim encamped before Pi- Hihiroth, between Migdol and the Red Sea, opposite Bael Zephon, but in the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, Elim was the port of the city of Thebes, Egypt. It was this Red Sea Port Elim where Hatshepsutkept the fleet she used to cross the Red Sea and voyage to Punt.
The Red Sea port of Thebes was primarily engaged in furnishing Karnak with the goods which serviced its mortuary industry, Linen, Bitumen, Naptha, Frankincense, Myrrh, spices, Kkohl, Lapis lazuli,Carnelian and other carved stone amulets coming from the port of Elat[1] at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba.
The passage of the Red Sea is first mentioned in Egyptian Literature in the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt Tale of the shipwrecked sailor.
As Hatshepsut re-established the trade networks that had been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, the wealth of Thebes increased. most of Thebes trade from the 11th Dynasty onward was across the Red Sea to Elat.
The wealth of the Eighteenth Dynasty included the Nub or gold of Nubia which it traded for the Bitumen, Copper, Naptha, Frankincense, Myhr and Juniper oil that were used in the mortuary temples of Karnak. Thebes abundence of gold was made legendary by the discovery of the burial of one of her descendants, Tutankhamun.
Hatshepsut oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission to the Land of Punt. The expedition set out in her name with five ships, each measuring 70 feet (21 m) long bearing several sails and accommodating 210 men that included sailors and 30 rowers. Many trade goods were bought in Punt, notably myrrh, which is said to have been Hatshepsut's favorite fragrance. Most notably, however, the Egyptians returned from the voyage bearing 31 live frankincense trees, the roots of which were carefully kept in baskets for the duration of the voyage. This was the first recorded attempt to transplant foreign trees. It is reported that Hatshepsut had these trees planted in the courts of her Deir el Bahari mortuary temple complex. She had the expedition commemorated in relief at Deir el-Bahri, which also is famous for its unflattering depiction of the Queen of the Land of Punt, who appears to have had a genetic trait called steatopygia.
Although many Egyptologists have claimed that her foreign policy was mainly peaceful,[2] there is evidence that Hatshepsut led successful military campaigns in Nubia, the Levant, and Syria early in her career.
★ 1. Renfrew, Colin and Bahn, Paul 'Page 515 discusses conflicts between archaeology and Judaism'
★ 2. Nelson Glueck'Discusses The evidence for the Exodus in the Negev
★ 3. William H McNeil and Jean W Sedlar, Discusses the evidence for Habiru and hapitu in Canaan
★ 4. Andrew George, Includes toponyms for Canaan
★ 5. James B. Pritchard, Jerusalim, siege and fall
★ 6. Shaika Haya Ali Al Khalifa and Michael Rice,
★ 7. Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem,
★ 8. Michael Roaf
★ 9. Nicholas Awde and Putros Samano
★ 10. Gerard Herm
★ 11. Lionel Casson
★ 12. George Bass
★ 13. Gardiner
★ 14. Antonio Loprieno
★ 15. Michael Rice
★ 16. Gillings
★ 17. Somers Clarke and R. Englebach
★ 18. Marie-Loise Thomsen,
★ 19. Silvia Luraghi
★ 20. J. P. Mallory
★ 21. Anne H. Groton
★ 22. Hines
★ 23. Vitruvius
★ 24. Claudias Ptolemy
★ 25. Herodotus War with Judah, Sennacherib, siege of 701 BC
★ 26. Michael Grant
★ 27. Lucas N. H. Bunt, Phillip S.Jones, Jack D. Bedient Includes references to a Days Journey and a Days Sail
★ 28. H Arthur KleinIncludes references to a Days Journey and a Days Sail
★ 29 Francis H. Moffitt
★ 30. R. A. Cordingley
★ 31. H Johnathan Riley Smith
★ 32. H.W. Koch
1. (Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, "Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula")
2. Tyldesley pp. 137-144 (''see below:'' References).
The Red Sea port of Thebes was primarily engaged in furnishing Karnak with the goods which serviced its mortuary industry, Linen, Bitumen, Naptha, Frankincense, Myrrh, spices, Kkohl, Lapis lazuli,Carnelian and other carved stone amulets coming from the port of Elat[1] at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba.
The passage of the Red Sea is first mentioned in Egyptian Literature in the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt Tale of the shipwrecked sailor.
As Hatshepsut re-established the trade networks that had been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, the wealth of Thebes increased. most of Thebes trade from the 11th Dynasty onward was across the Red Sea to Elat.
The wealth of the Eighteenth Dynasty included the Nub or gold of Nubia which it traded for the Bitumen, Copper, Naptha, Frankincense, Myhr and Juniper oil that were used in the mortuary temples of Karnak. Thebes abundence of gold was made legendary by the discovery of the burial of one of her descendants, Tutankhamun.
Hatshepsut oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission to the Land of Punt. The expedition set out in her name with five ships, each measuring 70 feet (21 m) long bearing several sails and accommodating 210 men that included sailors and 30 rowers. Many trade goods were bought in Punt, notably myrrh, which is said to have been Hatshepsut's favorite fragrance. Most notably, however, the Egyptians returned from the voyage bearing 31 live frankincense trees, the roots of which were carefully kept in baskets for the duration of the voyage. This was the first recorded attempt to transplant foreign trees. It is reported that Hatshepsut had these trees planted in the courts of her Deir el Bahari mortuary temple complex. She had the expedition commemorated in relief at Deir el-Bahri, which also is famous for its unflattering depiction of the Queen of the Land of Punt, who appears to have had a genetic trait called steatopygia.
Although many Egyptologists have claimed that her foreign policy was mainly peaceful,[2] there is evidence that Hatshepsut led successful military campaigns in Nubia, the Levant, and Syria early in her career.
Archaeological References
★ 1. Renfrew, Colin and Bahn, Paul 'Page 515 discusses conflicts between archaeology and Judaism'
Near Eastern References
★ 2. Nelson Glueck'Discusses The evidence for the Exodus in the Negev
★ 3. William H McNeil and Jean W Sedlar, Discusses the evidence for Habiru and hapitu in Canaan
★ 4. Andrew George, Includes toponyms for Canaan
★ 5. James B. Pritchard, Jerusalim, siege and fall
★ 6. Shaika Haya Ali Al Khalifa and Michael Rice,
★ 7. Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem,
★ 8. Michael Roaf
★ 9. Nicholas Awde and Putros Samano
★ 10. Gerard Herm
Marine Archaeology Rederences
★ 11. Lionel Casson
★ 12. George Bass
Egyptological References
★ 13. Gardiner
★ 14. Antonio Loprieno
★ 15. Michael Rice
★ 16. Gillings
★ 17. Somers Clarke and R. Englebach
Linguistic References
★ 18. Marie-Loise Thomsen,
★ 19. Silvia Luraghi
★ 20. J. P. Mallory
★ 21. Anne H. Groton
★ 22. Hines
Classical References
★ 23. Vitruvius
★ 24. Claudias Ptolemy
★ 25. Herodotus War with Judah, Sennacherib, siege of 701 BC
Historical References
★ 26. Michael Grant
Mathematical References
★ 27. Lucas N. H. Bunt, Phillip S.Jones, Jack D. Bedient Includes references to a Days Journey and a Days Sail
Mensurational References
★ 28. H Arthur KleinIncludes references to a Days Journey and a Days Sail
★ 29 Francis H. Moffitt
Architectural References
★ 30. R. A. Cordingley
Medieval References
★ 31. H Johnathan Riley Smith
★ 32. H.W. Koch
Footnotes
1. (Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, "Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula")
2. Tyldesley pp. 137-144 (''see below:'' References).
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