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(Redirected from Republic of Moldova)
The 'Republic of Moldova' (''Republica Moldova'') is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. Historically part of the Principality of Moldavia, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812. At the dissolution of the latter, it united with other Romanian lands in Romania in 1918. After being occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, and changing hands in 1941 and 1944 during World War II, it was known as the Moldavian SSR from then until 1991. Moldova declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 27 August 1991. Although Moldova has been independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Dniester River despite signing international obligations to withdraw.
Moldova is a parliamentary democracy with a President as its head of state and a Prime Minister as its head of government. The country is a member state of the United Nations, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova has officially been a neutral country since its independence, and an early member of the NATO Partnership for Peace. Moldova aspires to join the European Union [1] and is implementing its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) of the EU[2].
Main articles: History of Moldova
Moldova's territory was inhabited in ancient times by Dacians. Due to its strategic location on a route between Asia and Europe, Moldova has suffered from several invasions, including those of the Huns, the Kievan Rus' and the Mongols. During the Middle Ages the territory of Republic of Moldova, that of the Chernivtsi oblast and Budjak of Ukraine, as well as that of the eastern 8 of the 41 counties of Romania comprised the Principality of Moldavia (which, like the present-day republic, was known in Romanian as ''Moldova''). The principality became a tributary to the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. According to the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, the territory, including Khotyn and Budjak (Southern Bessarabia), passed to the Russian Empire. At first, the Russians used the name "Guberniya of Moldova and Bessarabia", but later called it simply Bessarabia. While the northeastern part of Moldavia, called Bukovina, was similarly annexed by the Habsburg Empire, the western part (of Moldavia) remained an autonomous principality, and in 1859, united with Wallachia to form the Old Kingdom of Romania. Russian Tsarist authorities brought Bessarabia colonists such as Gagauz and Bulgars from the Ottoman Empire, Ukrainians from Podolia, Germans from the Rhine regions, and encouraged the settlement of Lipovans from Russia, Jews from Podolia and Galicia, as well as Russian nobles or retired military. The Tsarist policy in Bessarabia was also partly aimed at de-nationalization of the Romanian element by forbidding after 1860s education and mass in Romanian, the effect of which was a low literacy rate (approx. 40% for males, approx. 10% for females) rather than a denationalization. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Bessarabia proclaimed independence from Russia in 1918, and united with the Kingdom of Romania the same year. Transnistria did not join Romania and formed the Moldavian ASSR (1924-1940).
On June 28, 1940, in accordance with the secret protocol of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact with Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union forced Romania to evacuate its administration from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and immediately annexed these territories. The southern and northern parts (which had significant Slavic and Turkic minorities) were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. At the same time, Transnistria (where ethnic Romanians were the largest ethnic group), was joined with the remaining territory to form the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, coterminous with the present-day Moldova. Although Soviet troops were forced out in 1941 by the invasion of Axis forces, and Romania re-established the administration, the Soviet Union re-conquered and re-annexed the area in August 1944. Soviet rule brought a harsh de-nationalization policy, and an almost complete destruction of the local intelligentsia and of the richer farmers. A large number of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians (commonly known as Rusophones) immigrated into the new Soviet republic, especially into urbanized areas, while large numbers of ethnic Romanians were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan during the early years of Soviet rule. The Soviet government began a campaign to promote a Moldovan ethnic identity, different from that of the Romanians, based on a theory developed during the existence of the Moldovan ASSR. Official Soviet policy asserted that the Moldovan was distinct from the Romanian language. Moldovan was written in Cyrillic alphabet, in contrast with Romanian, which was written in Latin alphabet (the language had used a different variant of the Cyrillic alphabet before 1860; as do many languages, Moldovan incorporated slight changes to the Cyrillic alphabet — which is commonly thought of as "the Russian alphabet" — most notably, the use of the letter ''zhe'' with a breve (Ӂ - ӂ) to indicate the sound /dʒ/). During 1946-47, due to absence of many farmers (enrolled into the Soviet army) to work the fields, and to high quotas of agricultural products demanded by the Soviets from the farmers, Moldova suffered from the worst famine in its history, resulting in 298,500 deaths. In 1944-50, there were up to a dozen anti-communist resistance groups activating in Moldova, however KGB managed to uproot them by arrests and deportation. In 1965-1972, there was an attempt by a number of local intellectuals and students to create a movement for promotion of the Romanian culture and forcing the state to employ more Romanians in the government, but the KGB managed to crack down on it as well. In 1970s and 1980s, Moldavian SSR received substantial investment from the budget of the USSR to develop industrial and scientific facilities, as well as housing. In 1971, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a decision "About the measures for further development of Kishinev city" that secured more than one billion rubles of investment from the USSR budget. Subsequent decisions also directed substantial funding and brought highly qualified specialists from all over the USSR to develop Moldova's industry. These investments stopped in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when Moldova became independent.
Along with the other peripheral Soviet republics, Moldova started to move towards independence from 1988 onwards; in August 1989 a language law was passed, adopting the Latin alphabet for Moldovan and declaring it the state language of the MSSR [3]. The first free elections for the local parliament were held in February and March 1990. In August 1991, Moldova declared its independence, and in December of that year became a member of the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States along with most of the former Soviet republics, although declaring itself a neutral state, it did not join the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) military branch. At the end of that year, an ex-communist reformer, Mircea Snegur, won an unchallenged election for the presidency. Three months later, the country achieved formal recognition as an independent state at the United Nations. The part of Moldova east of the Dniester River, Transnistria, which included a larger proportion of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians— claimed independence in 1990, fearing the rise of nationalism in Moldova and the country's expected unification with Romania at the dissolution of the USSR. This caused a brief military conflict between Moldova and Transnistria in 1992. Russian forces intervened on the Transnistrian side, and Russian troops of the 14th Army remain there to this day. Negotiations between the Transnistrian and Moldovan leaders have been going on under the mediation of OSCE, Russia, Ukraine, European Union, and USA. Despite expectations of the Popular Front of Moldova, Moldova did not unite with Romania in 1991. In the early 1990s, the future of Moldova was a source of tension in Romania's relations with Russia. A March 1994 referendum of the new constitution saw an overwhelming majority of voters favoring continued independence. In 2001, the country became a member of the WTO. During the first 10 years of independence, Moldova was governed by coalitions of different parties, lead mostly by former communist officials which turned to democracy. In the 2001 elections, the Communist Party of Moldova won the majority of seats in the Parliament and appointed Vladimir Voronin as president. After few years in power, relationships between Moldova and Russia deteriorated in November 2003 over the Transnistrian conflict. In the following election, held in 2005, the Communist party made a 180 degree turn and was re-elected on a pro-Western platform, with Voronin being re-elected to a second term as a president. After 1999-2001, Moldova has constantly affirmed its desire to join the European Union, however it is not even part of the accession process yet, and the country's internal and foreign trade policy remains divided between the influence of Russia and that of the EU and USA.
Main articles: Politics of Moldova
Republic of Moldova is a relatively new state, which became independent after the break-up of former Soviet Union. Historically, it traces its statehood to the medieval Principality of Moldavia (jointly with an equal size territory inside Romania), and to the Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917-1918), which chose to join Romania in 1918. In 1940, the Soviets
created a puppet government under the name Moldavian SSR, which they placed inside the USSR as one of the 15 unional republics. On 23 June, 1990, the first democratically elected parliament proclaimed Moldova's sovereignty, and on 27 August, 1991 the country's separation from the USSR, and independence.
The unicameral Moldovan parliament (''Parlament'') has 101 seats, and its members are elected by popular vote every four years. The parliament then elects a president, who functions as the head of state. The president appoints a prime minister as head of government who in turn assembles a cabinet, both subject to parliamentary approval. There is a large variety of political parties and movements in Moldova with the main ones being listed below:
★ Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova
★ Popular Christian Democratic Front
★ Movement for a Democratic and Prosperous Moldova
★ Democratic Forces Party
★ Party of Renaissance and Conciliation
★ Social Democratic party of Moldova
★ Liberal Party of Moldova
★ Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) (50.07% votes, 71 mandates)
★ Electoral Bloc "Braghiş Alliance" (BEAB) (13.36% votes, 19 mandates)
★ Christian Democratic People's Party (CDPP) (8.24% votes, 11 mandates)
★ Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) (45.98% votes, 56 mandates)
★ Electoral Bloc “Moldova Democrată” (BMD) (28.53% votes, 34 mandates)
★ Christian Democratic People's Party (CDPP) (9.07% votes, 11 mandates)
Main articles: Relations of Moldova with Romania
In 1989, Romanian became the official language of Moldova (former Romanian Bessarabia). Following independence in 1991, the Romanian tricolor with a coat-of-arms was used as the flag, and Deşteaptă-te române!, the Romanian national anthem, also became the anthem of Moldova. In those times, there was an expectation among certain groups in both countries that they were to be united soon, and a Movement for unification of Romania and the Republic of Moldova began in both countries in the early 1990s. Dual citizenship became an increasingly important issue following the 2003 local elections, and in November 2003, the Moldovan parliament passed a law that allowed Moldovans to acquire dual citizenship.
In the address to the Romanian parliament in February 1991, Mircea Snegur, the Moldovan president spoke about a common identity of the Moldovans and Romanians, referring to the "Romanians of both sides of the Prut River" and "Sacred Romanian lands occupied by the Soviets". Historically, the Romanian government had provided scholarships to Moldovan students (via a common scheme with the Moldovan Ministry of Education) at all educational levels to attend Romanian schools and universities.
However, the initial enthusiasm in Moldova was tempered and, starting in 1993, Moldova started to distance itself from Romania. The constitution adopted in 1994 used the term "Moldovan language" instead of "Romanian" and changed the national anthem to Limba noastră. The 1996 attempt by Moldovan president Mircea Snegur to change the official language to "Romanian" was dismissed by the Moldovan Parliament as "promoting Romanian expansionism".
Main articles: Foreign relations of Moldova
The government has stated that Moldova has European aspirations but there has been little progress toward EU membership. On May 1, 2004 many EU enthusiasts waving the EU flags found their flags confiscated by police and some were arrested under the clause of "anti-nationalism." During her first bilateral visit to Moldova, European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, Benita Ferrero-Waldner opened the new Delegation of the European Commission to Moldova on 6 October, to be headed by Cesare De Montis. A Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with EU is the legal basis for EU relations with Moldova. The PCA came into force in July 1998 for an initial period of ten years. It establishes the institutional framework for bilateral relations, sets the principal common objectives, and calls for activities and dialog in a number of policy areas. Moldova welcomed EU enlargement and signed on 30 April 2004 the protocol extending the PCA to the new EU member states. With the joint adoption of the EU-Moldova Action Plan on February 22, 2005, the EU and Moldova have further reinforced their bilateral relationship, providing a new tool to help implement the PCA and bring Moldova closer to the EU. The TACIS programme is used as the framework for technical assistance to support agreed objectives. Romanian President Traian Basescu is one of the strong advocates (at the EU level) for Moldova's bid to join the European Union.Romania seeks German support for Moldova's bid to join EU http://english.people.com.cn/200707/03/eng20070703_389584.html Romanian President Traian Basescu on Monday urged Germany to support the inclusion of Moldova in the next enlargement wave of the European Union (EU). Basescu made the appeal when meeting with his German counterpart, Horst Koehler, who started a two-day official visit to Romania on Monday, Basescu's office said. At the meeting, Basescu requested Germany to analyze the possibility of supporting the inclusion of Moldova in the next group of EU acceding countries in a future enlargement. In June 2007 the Republic of Moldova joined the International Parliament for Safety and Peace (see [1]and [2]).
Main articles: Administrative divisions of Moldova
Moldova is divided into thirty-two districts (''raioane'', singular ''raion''); three municipalities (Bălţi, Chişinău, Tighina); and two semi-autonomous regions (Găgăuzia and Transnistria). The cities of Comrat and Tiraspol also have municipality status, however not as first-tier subdivisions of Moldova, but as parts of the regions of Găgăuzia and Transnistria, respectively. The districts are:
Transnistria is a ''de jure'' part of Moldova, as its independence is not recognized by any country, although ''de facto'' it is not controlled by the Moldovan government. It is administered by an unrecognized breakaway authority seeking closer ties with Russia, and its status is still disputed.
Main articles: Geography of Moldova
The largest part of the country lies between two rivers, the Dniester and the Prut. Moldova's rich soil and temperate continental climate (with warm summers and mild winters) have made the country one of the most productive agricultural regions and a major supplier of agricultural products in the region.
The western border of Moldova is formed by the Prut river, which joins the Danube before flowing into the Black Sea. In the north-east, the Dniester is the main river, flowing through the country from north to south.
The country is landlocked, even though it is very close to the Black Sea. While the northern part of the country is hilly, elevations never exceed 430 metres (1,411 ft)—the highest point being the Dealul Bălăneşti. The country's main cities are the capital Chişinău, in the center of the country, Tiraspol (in Transnistria), Bălţi and Tighina.
Main articles: Economy of Moldova
Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, Moldovan wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of petroleum, coal, and natural gas, largely from Russia. After the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991, energy shortages contributed to sharp production declines. As part of an ambitious economic liberalization effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the World Bank and the IMF to promote growth. Recent trends indicate that the Communist government intends to reverse some of these policies, and recollectivise land while placing more restrictions on private business. The economy returned to positive growth, of 2.1% in 2000 and 6.1% in 2001. Growth remained strong in 2002, in part because of the reforms and because of starting from a small base. Further liberalization is in doubt because of strong political forces backing government controls. The economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor agricultural weather, and the skepticism of foreign investors. In agriculture, the economic reform started with the land cadastre reform.
Following the regional financial crisis in 1998, Moldova has made significant progress towards achieving and retaining macroeconomic and financial stabilization. It has, furthermore, implemented many structural and institutional reforms that are indispensable for the efficient functioning of a market economy. These efforts have helped maintain macroeconomic and financial stability under difficult external circumstances, enabled the resumption of economic growth and contributed to establishing an environment conducive to the economy’s further growth and development in the medium term. Despite these efforts, and despite the recent resumption of economic growth, Moldova still ranks low in terms of commonly-used living standards and human development indicators in comparison with other transition economies. Although the economy experienced a constant economic growth after 2000: with 2.1%, 6.1%, 7,8% and 6,3% between 2000 and 2003 (with a forecast of 8% in 2004), one can observe that these latest developments hardly reach the level of 1994, with almost 40% of the GDP registered in 1990. Thus, during the last decade little has been done to reduce the country’s vulnerability. After a severe economic decline, social and economic challenges, energy uprooted dependencies, Moldova continues to occupy one of the last places among the European countries according to the income per capita. In 2002 (Human Development Report 2004), in Moldova the registered GDP per capita was US $381 equivalent to US $ 1,470 PPP, which is 5.3 times lower than the world average (US $ 7,804). Moreover, GDP per capita is under the average of all regions in the world, including Sub-Saharan Africa (US $ 1,790 PPP). In 2004, about 40% of population were under the absolute poverty line and registered an income lower than US $ 2.15 (PPP) per day. Moldova is classified as medium human development and is placed on the 113 spot in the list of 177 countries. The value of the Human Development Index (0.681) is below the world average. Moldova remains the poorest country in Europe in terms of GDP per capita: $ 2,500 in 2006.
In 2004, the investments volume on the telecommunications and information market in Moldova increased by 30.1% in comparison with 2003, achieving 825.3 million lei (65.5 million US dollars). The representatives of the National Agency for Telecommunications and Information Regulation stated that 451 million lei (35.9 million dollars) were invested in the field of fixed telephone communication. Investments constituted 330 million lei (26.2 million dollars) in the field of mobile telephony, 24.2 million lei (1.9 million dollars) in the field of Internet services, 19.1 million lei (1.5 million dollars) in the field of cable television services. An essential increase of 163 million lei (12.9 million dollars) has been achieved in the field of mobile telephony. In comparison with 2003, investments in this sector practically doubled. An insignificant increase was registered in the other market segments, but the investment volume remained the same in the field of fixed telephone communication. In 2005, the volume of investments in telecommunication and information technology exceeded the level of the previous year, primarily due to the investments of the national operator of the stationary telephone communications of the Joint-Stock Company Moldtelecom for the implementation of the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology, by the investments of the operators of mobile telephony Orange and Moldcell in the development of infrastructure, also by means aimed at the extension and improvement of access services to Internet by new broadband technologies.
The United States Senate has held committee hearings on irregularities that marred elections in Moldova, including the arrest and harassment of opposition candidates, intimidation and suppression of independent media, and state run media bias in favor of candidates backed by the Moldovan Government.[4]
State media coverage of the street protests in 2002 regarding the Communists’ attempt to reinstate obligatory study of the Russian language and to defend the cultural identity that the majority of Moldovans share with neighboring Romania was censored. In February 2002, in response to severe censorship of the state broadcaster Teleradio-Moldova (TVM), hundreds of TVM journalists went on strike in solidarity with the anti-communist opposition. In retribution, a few journalists and staff members were dismissed or suspended from the station in March[5].
However, in 2004 an improvement was made and the Moldovan Parliament removed Article 170 from the country's Criminal Code. Article 170 called for up to five years imprisonment for defamation.[6]
According to the OSCE, the media climate in Moldova remained restrictive as of 2004.[7] Authorities continued a long-standing campaign to silence independent opposition voices and movements. In a case widely criticized by human rights defenders, opposition politician Valeriu Pasat was sentenced to a ten-year prison term. The United States and human rights defenders from the European Union consider him a political prisoner, and an official statement from Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the judgment "striking in its cruelty".
:''See also: Human rights in Transnistria''
Main articles: Demographics of Moldova
Given that the definition of ethnic groups is the subject of an ongoing dispute, the following data must be treated with caution. The main controversy, concerns the identity between ''Moldovans'' and ''Romanians'', as well as between the corresponding Moldovan and Romanian languages (see Moldovan language). The distinction between Moldovans and Romanians has been a greatly disputed political issue with one side arguing that Moldovans constitute an ethnic group separate from the Romanian ethnos, whereas others claim that Moldovans in both Romania and Moldova are simply a subgroup of the Romanian ethnos, similar to Transylvanians, Oltenians, and other groups (''see Moldovans'').
The last reference data is that of the 2004 Moldovan Census[8] and the 2004 Census in Transnistria:
Note: Transnistrian authorities published only the percentage of ethnic groups; the number of people was calculated from those percentages. The number or percentage of Romanians in Transnistria was not published; it is included in "others".
According to the ''Moldova Azi'' news agency,[9] a group of international census experts described the 2004 Moldovan census as "generally conducted in a professional manner", while remarking that that "a few topics… were potentially more problematic", in particular:
# The census includes at least some Moldovans who had been living abroad over one year at the time of the census.
#
★ The precision of numbers about nationality/ethnicity and language was questioned. Some enumerators apparently encouraged respondents to declare that they were "''Moldovan''" rather than "''Romanian''", and even within a single family there may have been confusion about these terms. Also it is unclear how many respondents consider the term "Moldovan" to signify an ethnic identity other than "Romanian".
: ''Sources: 2004 Census results in Transnistria, World Gazetteer on 2004 Moldovan Census
According to the 2004 census, the population of Moldova has the following religious composition:
Percentages are calculated from the number of people declaring a religion; 75,727 (2.29%) of the population did not declare a religion.
a Known as ''Creştini după Evanghelie''.
b Traditionally Orthodox Lipovans.
Orthodox Christians were not required in the census to declare the particular church they belong to. Moldovan Orthodox Church, subordinated to the Russian Orthodox Church, and Orthodox Church of Bessarabia, autonomous and subordinated to the Romanian Orthodox Church, both claim to be the national church of the country.
Before the Holocaust, the country had a substantial Jewish community, 7%, or slightly over 200,000, in 1930. In June-July 1941 approx. 2/3 of Jews fled (mostly in miserable conditions) to the interior of USSR (Uzbekistan, Siberia, other regions) before the retreat of the Soviet troops. In 1941-1942, approx. 1/3 of Bessarabian Jews (alongside Jews from several other districts of Romania) were deported to ghettos and labor camps in Transnistria (WWII), where more than half perished in extreme conditions. Approx. 10,000 Jews (both military and civilians) were executed during the military action in June-July 1941 by German Einsatzkommando D, and (at least on four occasions) by Romanian troops. By mid 1942 fewer than 20,000 Jews remained in the region. After the Soviets took back the region in 1944, most of the Bessarabian Jews returned. During the Soviet period some Jews from Moldova moved to other parts of the former USSR, while some Jews from other regions moved to Moldova. During late 1980s and 1990s, there was mass migration of Jews to Israel, with a total number of emigrants estimated at over 100,000. The Jewish population was estimated at 1.5% as late as 2000.
Main articles: Culture of Moldova
Located geographically at the crossroads of Latin and Slavic cultures, Moldova has enriched its own culture adopting and maintaining some of the traditions of its neighbors.
The Prince Dimitrie Cantemir is one of the most important figures of Moldavian culture of the 18th century. Cantemir wrote the first geographical, ethnographical and economic description of the country in Descriptio Moldaviae (Berlin, 1714).
Mihai Eminescu was a late romantic poet, probably the best-known and most influential Romanian language poet.
Main articles: Moldovan language, Romanian language
The state language, according to Title I, Article 13 of the Moldovan Constitution, is Moldovan. In Moldova's Declaration of Independence, the same language is called Romanian[10]. There is no particular linguistic break at the Prut River, which divides Moldova from Romania. In formal use, the languages are identical except for minor orthographical issues (the Moldovans often, but not always, write ''î'' in some contexts where Romanians would use ''â''; this same form used to be normal in Romania until 1990s). There is, however, some regional variation, as might be found within any linguistic territory, and the common speech of areas such as Chişinău or Transnistria can be distinguished from the speech of Iaşi, a Romanian city that is also part of the former Principality of Moldavia, while the difference in the common speech between Iaşi and the capital of Romania Bucharest is even greater. Linguistically, Moldovan is considered one the the five major spoken dialects of Romanian, all five being written identically. In general, before 1988-89, the less educated, the greater the difference from standard Romanian, and the more words were borrowed ad hoc from Russian into the daily speech.
Opinions vary on the status of Moldovan as a language. Most linguists consider standard Moldovan to be identical to standard Romanian, an Eastern Romance language, although one Moldovan linguist[11] disputes this. There are, however, more differences between the colloquial spoken languages of Moldova and Romania, most significantly due to the influence of Russian in Moldova which was not present in Romania. These differences in speech vocabulary are being slowly diluted after 1989. The matter of whether or not Moldovan is a separate language is a contested political issue within and beyond the Republic of Moldova. The 1989 law on language of the Moldavian SSR, which is still effective in Moldova according to the Constitution [12], asserts the existence of "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity".
A significant minority speaks native Russian, and there are more Slavicisms in common speech in Moldova than in common speech in Romania. Nonetheless, Moldovans are generally aware when they are using a word of Slavic origin not found in common Romanian, and are capable of choosing whether or not to use these words in a particular context.
In some cases Russian is used alongside Moldovan (Romanian) within state institutions, despite not having legal status. This is generally in direct relation to the political context in the government, which can be either pro-Russian or pro-Romanian/pro-Western. As of 2006, five members of the Moldovan government were not able to speak Moldovan, the main language used in government meetings being Russian[13]. In Transnistria, the breakaway authorities consider its old Cyrillic form co-official with Russian and Ukrainian, and persecute inhabitants that use the standard Latin alphabet.
Football has traditionally been Moldova's national sport, however, rugby union has risen to become a very popular sport with the national team earning promotion to Division one of the European Nations Cup with some brilliant displays attracting many spectators to their matches.
1. http://www.moldpres.md/default.asp?Lang=en&ID=68715 ( "Voronin highlighted, that we will strive for becoming an EU member")
2. Moldova-EU Action Plan Approved by European Commission, http://www.azi.md, 14 December 2004, retrieved 2 July 2007
3. Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989 (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): ''"Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the existing linguistical Moldo-Romanian identity - of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their maternal language."''
4. U.S. Library of Congress, Senate report 2004
5. Press freedom report (CPJ)
6. Statement of Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)
7. Report on Assessment Visit to Moldova by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
8. Official results of 2004 Moldovan census
9. Experts Offering to Consult the National Statistics Bureau in Evaluation of the Census Data, ''Moldova Azi'', May 19, 2005, story attributed to AP Flux. Retrieved October 11, 2005.
10. Declaraţia de independenţa a Republicii Moldova, Moldova Suverană
11. Stati, V.N. ''Dicţionar moldovenesc-românesc''. [=''Moldovan-Romanian dictionary''.] Chişinău: Tipografia Centrală (Biblioteca Pro Moldova), 2003. ISBN 9975-78-248-5.
12. Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, Title 7, Article 7: ''"The law of 1 September 1989 regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova remains valid, excepting the points where it contradicts this constitution."''
13. Moldovan MPs say state functionaries that do not speak state language should be dismissed
★ Official governmental site
★ Official web site of the Parliament
★ The EU's relations with Moldova (European Commission site)
★ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
★ Embassy of the Republic of Moldova in the United States of America
★ Embassy of the United States of America in the Republic of Moldova
★ Elections in Moldova 2005
★ General Local Elections 2007
★ U.S. Department of State 2005 report about Human Rights in Moldova
★ U.S. Department of State Post Reports - Moldova
★ CIA - The World Factbook - Moldova
★ ECMI - Information about Minority Issues in Moldova
★ 'Moldova ART Gallery' by Anastasia Ponyatovskaya: icons, oil paintings, batik.All items are for sale,delivering is avalable
★ MOLDOVA 2006 INVESTMENT CLIMATE STATEMENT
★ Moldova: Young Women From Rural Areas Vulnerable To Human Trafficking
★ OurNet — Moldova Internet Resources
★ Bertelsmann: Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2006, ranked 75th out of 119 countries
★ Reporters without borders: Annual worldwide press freedom index (2005), ranked 74th out of 167 countries
★ The Wall Street Journal: 2005 Index of Economic Freedom, ranked 77th out of 155 countries
★ The Economist: The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005, ranked 99th out of 111 countries
★ Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index 2005, ranked 88th out of 158 countries
★ United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Index 2005, ranked 116th out of 177 countries
★ World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report 2005-2006 - Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking, ranked 82nd out of 117 countries
★ World Bank: Doing Business 2006, ranked 83rd out of 155
★ World Bank: Ease of Starting a Business 2006, ranked 69th out of 155
★ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Foreign Direct Investment Performance Index 2004, ranked 35th out of 140
The 'Republic of Moldova' (''Republica Moldova'') is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. Historically part of the Principality of Moldavia, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812. At the dissolution of the latter, it united with other Romanian lands in Romania in 1918. After being occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, and changing hands in 1941 and 1944 during World War II, it was known as the Moldavian SSR from then until 1991. Moldova declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 27 August 1991. Although Moldova has been independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Dniester River despite signing international obligations to withdraw.
Moldova is a parliamentary democracy with a President as its head of state and a Prime Minister as its head of government. The country is a member state of the United Nations, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova has officially been a neutral country since its independence, and an early member of the NATO Partnership for Peace. Moldova aspires to join the European Union [1] and is implementing its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) of the EU[2].
History
Main articles: History of Moldova
Moldova's territory was inhabited in ancient times by Dacians. Due to its strategic location on a route between Asia and Europe, Moldova has suffered from several invasions, including those of the Huns, the Kievan Rus' and the Mongols. During the Middle Ages the territory of Republic of Moldova, that of the Chernivtsi oblast and Budjak of Ukraine, as well as that of the eastern 8 of the 41 counties of Romania comprised the Principality of Moldavia (which, like the present-day republic, was known in Romanian as ''Moldova''). The principality became a tributary to the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. According to the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, the territory, including Khotyn and Budjak (Southern Bessarabia), passed to the Russian Empire. At first, the Russians used the name "Guberniya of Moldova and Bessarabia", but later called it simply Bessarabia. While the northeastern part of Moldavia, called Bukovina, was similarly annexed by the Habsburg Empire, the western part (of Moldavia) remained an autonomous principality, and in 1859, united with Wallachia to form the Old Kingdom of Romania. Russian Tsarist authorities brought Bessarabia colonists such as Gagauz and Bulgars from the Ottoman Empire, Ukrainians from Podolia, Germans from the Rhine regions, and encouraged the settlement of Lipovans from Russia, Jews from Podolia and Galicia, as well as Russian nobles or retired military. The Tsarist policy in Bessarabia was also partly aimed at de-nationalization of the Romanian element by forbidding after 1860s education and mass in Romanian, the effect of which was a low literacy rate (approx. 40% for males, approx. 10% for females) rather than a denationalization. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Bessarabia proclaimed independence from Russia in 1918, and united with the Kingdom of Romania the same year. Transnistria did not join Romania and formed the Moldavian ASSR (1924-1940).
''Ştefan cel Mare''; ''Ştefan cel Mare şi Sfânt'', "Stephen the Great and Holy" in more modern versions) was Prince of Moldavia between 1457 and 1504 and the most prominent repesentative of the House of Muşat
On June 28, 1940, in accordance with the secret protocol of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact with Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union forced Romania to evacuate its administration from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and immediately annexed these territories. The southern and northern parts (which had significant Slavic and Turkic minorities) were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. At the same time, Transnistria (where ethnic Romanians were the largest ethnic group), was joined with the remaining territory to form the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, coterminous with the present-day Moldova. Although Soviet troops were forced out in 1941 by the invasion of Axis forces, and Romania re-established the administration, the Soviet Union re-conquered and re-annexed the area in August 1944. Soviet rule brought a harsh de-nationalization policy, and an almost complete destruction of the local intelligentsia and of the richer farmers. A large number of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians (commonly known as Rusophones) immigrated into the new Soviet republic, especially into urbanized areas, while large numbers of ethnic Romanians were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan during the early years of Soviet rule. The Soviet government began a campaign to promote a Moldovan ethnic identity, different from that of the Romanians, based on a theory developed during the existence of the Moldovan ASSR. Official Soviet policy asserted that the Moldovan was distinct from the Romanian language. Moldovan was written in Cyrillic alphabet, in contrast with Romanian, which was written in Latin alphabet (the language had used a different variant of the Cyrillic alphabet before 1860; as do many languages, Moldovan incorporated slight changes to the Cyrillic alphabet — which is commonly thought of as "the Russian alphabet" — most notably, the use of the letter ''zhe'' with a breve (Ӂ - ӂ) to indicate the sound /dʒ/). During 1946-47, due to absence of many farmers (enrolled into the Soviet army) to work the fields, and to high quotas of agricultural products demanded by the Soviets from the farmers, Moldova suffered from the worst famine in its history, resulting in 298,500 deaths. In 1944-50, there were up to a dozen anti-communist resistance groups activating in Moldova, however KGB managed to uproot them by arrests and deportation. In 1965-1972, there was an attempt by a number of local intellectuals and students to create a movement for promotion of the Romanian culture and forcing the state to employ more Romanians in the government, but the KGB managed to crack down on it as well. In 1970s and 1980s, Moldavian SSR received substantial investment from the budget of the USSR to develop industrial and scientific facilities, as well as housing. In 1971, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a decision "About the measures for further development of Kishinev city" that secured more than one billion rubles of investment from the USSR budget. Subsequent decisions also directed substantial funding and brought highly qualified specialists from all over the USSR to develop Moldova's industry. These investments stopped in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when Moldova became independent.
Along with the other peripheral Soviet republics, Moldova started to move towards independence from 1988 onwards; in August 1989 a language law was passed, adopting the Latin alphabet for Moldovan and declaring it the state language of the MSSR [3]. The first free elections for the local parliament were held in February and March 1990. In August 1991, Moldova declared its independence, and in December of that year became a member of the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States along with most of the former Soviet republics, although declaring itself a neutral state, it did not join the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) military branch. At the end of that year, an ex-communist reformer, Mircea Snegur, won an unchallenged election for the presidency. Three months later, the country achieved formal recognition as an independent state at the United Nations. The part of Moldova east of the Dniester River, Transnistria, which included a larger proportion of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians— claimed independence in 1990, fearing the rise of nationalism in Moldova and the country's expected unification with Romania at the dissolution of the USSR. This caused a brief military conflict between Moldova and Transnistria in 1992. Russian forces intervened on the Transnistrian side, and Russian troops of the 14th Army remain there to this day. Negotiations between the Transnistrian and Moldovan leaders have been going on under the mediation of OSCE, Russia, Ukraine, European Union, and USA. Despite expectations of the Popular Front of Moldova, Moldova did not unite with Romania in 1991. In the early 1990s, the future of Moldova was a source of tension in Romania's relations with Russia. A March 1994 referendum of the new constitution saw an overwhelming majority of voters favoring continued independence. In 2001, the country became a member of the WTO. During the first 10 years of independence, Moldova was governed by coalitions of different parties, lead mostly by former communist officials which turned to democracy. In the 2001 elections, the Communist Party of Moldova won the majority of seats in the Parliament and appointed Vladimir Voronin as president. After few years in power, relationships between Moldova and Russia deteriorated in November 2003 over the Transnistrian conflict. In the following election, held in 2005, the Communist party made a 180 degree turn and was re-elected on a pro-Western platform, with Voronin being re-elected to a second term as a president. After 1999-2001, Moldova has constantly affirmed its desire to join the European Union, however it is not even part of the accession process yet, and the country's internal and foreign trade policy remains divided between the influence of Russia and that of the EU and USA.
Government
Main articles: Politics of Moldova
Republic of Moldova is a relatively new state, which became independent after the break-up of former Soviet Union. Historically, it traces its statehood to the medieval Principality of Moldavia (jointly with an equal size territory inside Romania), and to the Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917-1918), which chose to join Romania in 1918. In 1940, the Soviets
created a puppet government under the name Moldavian SSR, which they placed inside the USSR as one of the 15 unional republics. On 23 June, 1990, the first democratically elected parliament proclaimed Moldova's sovereignty, and on 27 August, 1991 the country's separation from the USSR, and independence.
Political system
The unicameral Moldovan parliament (''Parlament'') has 101 seats, and its members are elected by popular vote every four years. The parliament then elects a president, who functions as the head of state. The president appoints a prime minister as head of government who in turn assembles a cabinet, both subject to parliamentary approval. There is a large variety of political parties and movements in Moldova with the main ones being listed below:
★ Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova
★ Popular Christian Democratic Front
★ Movement for a Democratic and Prosperous Moldova
★ Democratic Forces Party
★ Party of Renaissance and Conciliation
★ Social Democratic party of Moldova
★ Liberal Party of Moldova
2001 Parliamentary Elections
★ Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) (50.07% votes, 71 mandates)
★ Electoral Bloc "Braghiş Alliance" (BEAB) (13.36% votes, 19 mandates)
★ Christian Democratic People's Party (CDPP) (8.24% votes, 11 mandates)
2005 Parliamentary Elections
★ Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) (45.98% votes, 56 mandates)
★ Electoral Bloc “Moldova Democrată” (BMD) (28.53% votes, 34 mandates)
★ Christian Democratic People's Party (CDPP) (9.07% votes, 11 mandates)
Relations with Romania/Identity Politics
Main articles: Relations of Moldova with Romania
In 1989, Romanian became the official language of Moldova (former Romanian Bessarabia). Following independence in 1991, the Romanian tricolor with a coat-of-arms was used as the flag, and Deşteaptă-te române!, the Romanian national anthem, also became the anthem of Moldova. In those times, there was an expectation among certain groups in both countries that they were to be united soon, and a Movement for unification of Romania and the Republic of Moldova began in both countries in the early 1990s. Dual citizenship became an increasingly important issue following the 2003 local elections, and in November 2003, the Moldovan parliament passed a law that allowed Moldovans to acquire dual citizenship.
In the address to the Romanian parliament in February 1991, Mircea Snegur, the Moldovan president spoke about a common identity of the Moldovans and Romanians, referring to the "Romanians of both sides of the Prut River" and "Sacred Romanian lands occupied by the Soviets". Historically, the Romanian government had provided scholarships to Moldovan students (via a common scheme with the Moldovan Ministry of Education) at all educational levels to attend Romanian schools and universities.
However, the initial enthusiasm in Moldova was tempered and, starting in 1993, Moldova started to distance itself from Romania. The constitution adopted in 1994 used the term "Moldovan language" instead of "Romanian" and changed the national anthem to Limba noastră. The 1996 attempt by Moldovan president Mircea Snegur to change the official language to "Romanian" was dismissed by the Moldovan Parliament as "promoting Romanian expansionism".
Foreign relations
Main articles: Foreign relations of Moldova
The government has stated that Moldova has European aspirations but there has been little progress toward EU membership. On May 1, 2004 many EU enthusiasts waving the EU flags found their flags confiscated by police and some were arrested under the clause of "anti-nationalism." During her first bilateral visit to Moldova, European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, Benita Ferrero-Waldner opened the new Delegation of the European Commission to Moldova on 6 October, to be headed by Cesare De Montis. A Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with EU is the legal basis for EU relations with Moldova. The PCA came into force in July 1998 for an initial period of ten years. It establishes the institutional framework for bilateral relations, sets the principal common objectives, and calls for activities and dialog in a number of policy areas. Moldova welcomed EU enlargement and signed on 30 April 2004 the protocol extending the PCA to the new EU member states. With the joint adoption of the EU-Moldova Action Plan on February 22, 2005, the EU and Moldova have further reinforced their bilateral relationship, providing a new tool to help implement the PCA and bring Moldova closer to the EU. The TACIS programme is used as the framework for technical assistance to support agreed objectives. Romanian President Traian Basescu is one of the strong advocates (at the EU level) for Moldova's bid to join the European Union.Romania seeks German support for Moldova's bid to join EU http://english.people.com.cn/200707/03/eng20070703_389584.html Romanian President Traian Basescu on Monday urged Germany to support the inclusion of Moldova in the next enlargement wave of the European Union (EU). Basescu made the appeal when meeting with his German counterpart, Horst Koehler, who started a two-day official visit to Romania on Monday, Basescu's office said. At the meeting, Basescu requested Germany to analyze the possibility of supporting the inclusion of Moldova in the next group of EU acceding countries in a future enlargement. In June 2007 the Republic of Moldova joined the International Parliament for Safety and Peace (see [1]and [2]).
Administrative divisions
Administrative divisions of Moldova
Main articles: Administrative divisions of Moldova
Moldova is divided into thirty-two districts (''raioane'', singular ''raion''); three municipalities (Bălţi, Chişinău, Tighina); and two semi-autonomous regions (Găgăuzia and Transnistria). The cities of Comrat and Tiraspol also have municipality status, however not as first-tier subdivisions of Moldova, but as parts of the regions of Găgăuzia and Transnistria, respectively. The districts are:
★ Anenii Noi ★ Basarabeasca ★ Briceni ★ Cahul ★ Cantemir ★ Călăraşi ★ Căuşeni ★ Cimişlia ★ Criuleni ★ Donduşeni ★ Drochia | ★ Dubăsari ★ Edineţ ★ Făleşti ★ Floreşti ★ Glodeni ★ Hînceşti ★ Ialoveni ★ Leova ★ Nisporeni ★ Ocniţa ★ Orhei | ★ Rezina ★ Rîşcani ★ Sîngerei ★ Soroca ★ Străşeni ★ Şoldăneşti ★ Ştefan Vodă ★ Taraclia ★ Teleneşti ★ Ungheni |
Transnistria is a ''de jure'' part of Moldova, as its independence is not recognized by any country, although ''de facto'' it is not controlled by the Moldovan government. It is administered by an unrecognized breakaway authority seeking closer ties with Russia, and its status is still disputed.
Geography
General map of Moldova
Main articles: Geography of Moldova
The largest part of the country lies between two rivers, the Dniester and the Prut. Moldova's rich soil and temperate continental climate (with warm summers and mild winters) have made the country one of the most productive agricultural regions and a major supplier of agricultural products in the region.
The western border of Moldova is formed by the Prut river, which joins the Danube before flowing into the Black Sea. In the north-east, the Dniester is the main river, flowing through the country from north to south.
The country is landlocked, even though it is very close to the Black Sea. While the northern part of the country is hilly, elevations never exceed 430 metres (1,411 ft)—the highest point being the Dealul Bălăneşti. The country's main cities are the capital Chişinău, in the center of the country, Tiraspol (in Transnistria), Bălţi and Tighina.
Economy
Moldovan leu.
Main articles: Economy of Moldova
Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, Moldovan wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of petroleum, coal, and natural gas, largely from Russia. After the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991, energy shortages contributed to sharp production declines. As part of an ambitious economic liberalization effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the World Bank and the IMF to promote growth. Recent trends indicate that the Communist government intends to reverse some of these policies, and recollectivise land while placing more restrictions on private business. The economy returned to positive growth, of 2.1% in 2000 and 6.1% in 2001. Growth remained strong in 2002, in part because of the reforms and because of starting from a small base. Further liberalization is in doubt because of strong political forces backing government controls. The economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor agricultural weather, and the skepticism of foreign investors. In agriculture, the economic reform started with the land cadastre reform.
Following the regional financial crisis in 1998, Moldova has made significant progress towards achieving and retaining macroeconomic and financial stabilization. It has, furthermore, implemented many structural and institutional reforms that are indispensable for the efficient functioning of a market economy. These efforts have helped maintain macroeconomic and financial stability under difficult external circumstances, enabled the resumption of economic growth and contributed to establishing an environment conducive to the economy’s further growth and development in the medium term. Despite these efforts, and despite the recent resumption of economic growth, Moldova still ranks low in terms of commonly-used living standards and human development indicators in comparison with other transition economies. Although the economy experienced a constant economic growth after 2000: with 2.1%, 6.1%, 7,8% and 6,3% between 2000 and 2003 (with a forecast of 8% in 2004), one can observe that these latest developments hardly reach the level of 1994, with almost 40% of the GDP registered in 1990. Thus, during the last decade little has been done to reduce the country’s vulnerability. After a severe economic decline, social and economic challenges, energy uprooted dependencies, Moldova continues to occupy one of the last places among the European countries according to the income per capita. In 2002 (Human Development Report 2004), in Moldova the registered GDP per capita was US $381 equivalent to US $ 1,470 PPP, which is 5.3 times lower than the world average (US $ 7,804). Moreover, GDP per capita is under the average of all regions in the world, including Sub-Saharan Africa (US $ 1,790 PPP). In 2004, about 40% of population were under the absolute poverty line and registered an income lower than US $ 2.15 (PPP) per day. Moldova is classified as medium human development and is placed on the 113 spot in the list of 177 countries. The value of the Human Development Index (0.681) is below the world average. Moldova remains the poorest country in Europe in terms of GDP per capita: $ 2,500 in 2006.
Information technology and telecommunications
In 2004, the investments volume on the telecommunications and information market in Moldova increased by 30.1% in comparison with 2003, achieving 825.3 million lei (65.5 million US dollars). The representatives of the National Agency for Telecommunications and Information Regulation stated that 451 million lei (35.9 million dollars) were invested in the field of fixed telephone communication. Investments constituted 330 million lei (26.2 million dollars) in the field of mobile telephony, 24.2 million lei (1.9 million dollars) in the field of Internet services, 19.1 million lei (1.5 million dollars) in the field of cable television services. An essential increase of 163 million lei (12.9 million dollars) has been achieved in the field of mobile telephony. In comparison with 2003, investments in this sector practically doubled. An insignificant increase was registered in the other market segments, but the investment volume remained the same in the field of fixed telephone communication. In 2005, the volume of investments in telecommunication and information technology exceeded the level of the previous year, primarily due to the investments of the national operator of the stationary telephone communications of the Joint-Stock Company Moldtelecom for the implementation of the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology, by the investments of the operators of mobile telephony Orange and Moldcell in the development of infrastructure, also by means aimed at the extension and improvement of access services to Internet by new broadband technologies.
Human rights
The United States Senate has held committee hearings on irregularities that marred elections in Moldova, including the arrest and harassment of opposition candidates, intimidation and suppression of independent media, and state run media bias in favor of candidates backed by the Moldovan Government.[4]
State media coverage of the street protests in 2002 regarding the Communists’ attempt to reinstate obligatory study of the Russian language and to defend the cultural identity that the majority of Moldovans share with neighboring Romania was censored. In February 2002, in response to severe censorship of the state broadcaster Teleradio-Moldova (TVM), hundreds of TVM journalists went on strike in solidarity with the anti-communist opposition. In retribution, a few journalists and staff members were dismissed or suspended from the station in March[5].
However, in 2004 an improvement was made and the Moldovan Parliament removed Article 170 from the country's Criminal Code. Article 170 called for up to five years imprisonment for defamation.[6]
According to the OSCE, the media climate in Moldova remained restrictive as of 2004.[7] Authorities continued a long-standing campaign to silence independent opposition voices and movements. In a case widely criticized by human rights defenders, opposition politician Valeriu Pasat was sentenced to a ten-year prison term. The United States and human rights defenders from the European Union consider him a political prisoner, and an official statement from Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the judgment "striking in its cruelty".
:''See also: Human rights in Transnistria''
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Moldova
Ethnic composition
Ethnic composition in 1989.
Given that the definition of ethnic groups is the subject of an ongoing dispute, the following data must be treated with caution. The main controversy, concerns the identity between ''Moldovans'' and ''Romanians'', as well as between the corresponding Moldovan and Romanian languages (see Moldovan language). The distinction between Moldovans and Romanians has been a greatly disputed political issue with one side arguing that Moldovans constitute an ethnic group separate from the Romanian ethnos, whereas others claim that Moldovans in both Romania and Moldova are simply a subgroup of the Romanian ethnos, similar to Transylvanians, Oltenians, and other groups (''see Moldovans'').
The last reference data is that of the 2004 Moldovan Census[8] and the 2004 Census in Transnistria:
| # | Ethnicity | Mold. census | % Mold | Transnistrian census | % Tran | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Moldovans ★ | 2,564,849 | 75.8% | 177,156 | 31.9% | 2,742,005 | 69.6% |
| 2. | Ukrainians | 282,406 | 8.3% | 159,940 | 28.8% | 442,346 | 11.2% |
| 3. | Russians | 201,218 | 5.9% | 168,270 | 30.3% | 369,488 | 9.4% |
| 4. | Gagauzians | 147,500 | 4.4% | 11,107 | 2.0% | 158,607 | 4.0% |
| 5. | Romanians ★ | 73,276 | 2.2% | NA | NA | 73,276 | 1.9% |
| 6. | Bulgarians | 65,662 | 1.9% | 11,107 | 2.0% | 76,769 | 1.9% |
| 7. | Others | 48,421 | 1.4% | 27,767 | 5.0% | 76,188 | 1.9% |
| 8. | 'TOTAL' | '3,383,332' | '100%' | '555,347' | '100%' | '3,938,679' | '100%' |
Note: Transnistrian authorities published only the percentage of ethnic groups; the number of people was calculated from those percentages. The number or percentage of Romanians in Transnistria was not published; it is included in "others".
According to the ''Moldova Azi'' news agency,[9] a group of international census experts described the 2004 Moldovan census as "generally conducted in a professional manner", while remarking that that "a few topics… were potentially more problematic", in particular:
# The census includes at least some Moldovans who had been living abroad over one year at the time of the census.
#
★ The precision of numbers about nationality/ethnicity and language was questioned. Some enumerators apparently encouraged respondents to declare that they were "''Moldovan''" rather than "''Romanian''", and even within a single family there may have been confusion about these terms. Also it is unclear how many respondents consider the term "Moldovan" to signify an ethnic identity other than "Romanian".
Largest cities
: ''Sources: 2004 Census results in Transnistria, World Gazetteer on 2004 Moldovan Census
| # | City | Population | Year | County | 1. | Chişinău | 647,513 | 2005 | 2. | Tiraspol | 158,069 | 2004 | 3. | Bălţi | 122,778 | 2005 | 4. | Tighina | 97,027 | 2004 | 5. | Cahul | 35,481 | 2004 | 6. | Ungheni | 35,157 | 2004 | Ungheni | 7. | Soroca | 28,407 | 2005 | Soroca | 8. | Orhei | 25,680 | 2005 | Orhei |
|---|
Religions
According to the 2004 census, the population of Moldova has the following religious composition:
| Religion | Adherents | % of total | Eastern Orthodox Christians | 3,158,015 | 95.5% |
|---|---|---|
| Newer Protestant faiths: Baptists: Seventh-day Adventists: Pentecostal: Brethren Assemblies | 32,754 13,503 9,179 5,075 | 1.83% 0.99% 0.41% 0.28% 0.15% |
| Traditional Protestant: Confessional Evangelicals: Refomed: Evangelical Synod-Presbyterians | 1,429 1,190 3,596 | 0.19% 0.04% 0.04% 0.11% |
| Old-Rite Christians | 5,094 | 0.15% | Roman Catholics | 4,645 | 0.14% | Muslims | 1,667 | 0.05% | Other religions | 25,527 | 0.77% | Agnostics | 33,207 | 1% | Atheists | 12,724 | 0.38% |
Percentages are calculated from the number of people declaring a religion; 75,727 (2.29%) of the population did not declare a religion.
a Known as ''Creştini după Evanghelie''.
b Traditionally Orthodox Lipovans.
Orthodox Christians were not required in the census to declare the particular church they belong to. Moldovan Orthodox Church, subordinated to the Russian Orthodox Church, and Orthodox Church of Bessarabia, autonomous and subordinated to the Romanian Orthodox Church, both claim to be the national church of the country.
Before the Holocaust, the country had a substantial Jewish community, 7%, or slightly over 200,000, in 1930. In June-July 1941 approx. 2/3 of Jews fled (mostly in miserable conditions) to the interior of USSR (Uzbekistan, Siberia, other regions) before the retreat of the Soviet troops. In 1941-1942, approx. 1/3 of Bessarabian Jews (alongside Jews from several other districts of Romania) were deported to ghettos and labor camps in Transnistria (WWII), where more than half perished in extreme conditions. Approx. 10,000 Jews (both military and civilians) were executed during the military action in June-July 1941 by German Einsatzkommando D, and (at least on four occasions) by Romanian troops. By mid 1942 fewer than 20,000 Jews remained in the region. After the Soviets took back the region in 1944, most of the Bessarabian Jews returned. During the Soviet period some Jews from Moldova moved to other parts of the former USSR, while some Jews from other regions moved to Moldova. During late 1980s and 1990s, there was mass migration of Jews to Israel, with a total number of emigrants estimated at over 100,000. The Jewish population was estimated at 1.5% as late as 2000.
Culture
Main articles: Culture of Moldova
Located geographically at the crossroads of Latin and Slavic cultures, Moldova has enriched its own culture adopting and maintaining some of the traditions of its neighbors.
The Prince Dimitrie Cantemir is one of the most important figures of Moldavian culture of the 18th century. Cantemir wrote the first geographical, ethnographical and economic description of the country in Descriptio Moldaviae (Berlin, 1714).
Mihai Eminescu was a late romantic poet, probably the best-known and most influential Romanian language poet.
Language
Main articles: Moldovan language, Romanian language
The state language, according to Title I, Article 13 of the Moldovan Constitution, is Moldovan. In Moldova's Declaration of Independence, the same language is called Romanian[10]. There is no particular linguistic break at the Prut River, which divides Moldova from Romania. In formal use, the languages are identical except for minor orthographical issues (the Moldovans often, but not always, write ''î'' in some contexts where Romanians would use ''â''; this same form used to be normal in Romania until 1990s). There is, however, some regional variation, as might be found within any linguistic territory, and the common speech of areas such as Chişinău or Transnistria can be distinguished from the speech of Iaşi, a Romanian city that is also part of the former Principality of Moldavia, while the difference in the common speech between Iaşi and the capital of Romania Bucharest is even greater. Linguistically, Moldovan is considered one the the five major spoken dialects of Romanian, all five being written identically. In general, before 1988-89, the less educated, the greater the difference from standard Romanian, and the more words were borrowed ad hoc from Russian into the daily speech.
Opinions vary on the status of Moldovan as a language. Most linguists consider standard Moldovan to be identical to standard Romanian, an Eastern Romance language, although one Moldovan linguist[11] disputes this. There are, however, more differences between the colloquial spoken languages of Moldova and Romania, most significantly due to the influence of Russian in Moldova which was not present in Romania. These differences in speech vocabulary are being slowly diluted after 1989. The matter of whether or not Moldovan is a separate language is a contested political issue within and beyond the Republic of Moldova. The 1989 law on language of the Moldavian SSR, which is still effective in Moldova according to the Constitution [12], asserts the existence of "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity".
A significant minority speaks native Russian, and there are more Slavicisms in common speech in Moldova than in common speech in Romania. Nonetheless, Moldovans are generally aware when they are using a word of Slavic origin not found in common Romanian, and are capable of choosing whether or not to use these words in a particular context.
In some cases Russian is used alongside Moldovan (Romanian) within state institutions, despite not having legal status. This is generally in direct relation to the political context in the government, which can be either pro-Russian or pro-Romanian/pro-Western. As of 2006, five members of the Moldovan government were not able to speak Moldovan, the main language used in government meetings being Russian[13]. In Transnistria, the breakaway authorities consider its old Cyrillic form co-official with Russian and Ukrainian, and persecute inhabitants that use the standard Latin alphabet.
Sport
Football has traditionally been Moldova's national sport, however, rugby union has risen to become a very popular sport with the national team earning promotion to Division one of the European Nations Cup with some brilliant displays attracting many spectators to their matches.
See also
Gallery
Notes
1. http://www.moldpres.md/default.asp?Lang=en&ID=68715 ( "Voronin highlighted, that we will strive for becoming an EU member")
2. Moldova-EU Action Plan Approved by European Commission, http://www.azi.md, 14 December 2004, retrieved 2 July 2007
3. Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989 (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): ''"Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the existing linguistical Moldo-Romanian identity - of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their maternal language."''
4. U.S. Library of Congress, Senate report 2004
5. Press freedom report (CPJ)
6. Statement of Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)
7. Report on Assessment Visit to Moldova by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
8. Official results of 2004 Moldovan census
9. Experts Offering to Consult the National Statistics Bureau in Evaluation of the Census Data, ''Moldova Azi'', May 19, 2005, story attributed to AP Flux. Retrieved October 11, 2005.
10. Declaraţia de independenţa a Republicii Moldova, Moldova Suverană
11. Stati, V.N. ''Dicţionar moldovenesc-românesc''. [=''Moldovan-Romanian dictionary''.] Chişinău: Tipografia Centrală (Biblioteca Pro Moldova), 2003. ISBN 9975-78-248-5.
12. Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, Title 7, Article 7: ''"The law of 1 September 1989 regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova remains valid, excepting the points where it contradicts this constitution."''
13. Moldovan MPs say state functionaries that do not speak state language should be dismissed
External links
★ Official governmental site
★ Official web site of the Parliament
★ The EU's relations with Moldova (European Commission site)
★ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
★ Embassy of the Republic of Moldova in the United States of America
★ Embassy of the United States of America in the Republic of Moldova
★ Elections in Moldova 2005
★ General Local Elections 2007
★ U.S. Department of State 2005 report about Human Rights in Moldova
Profiles
★ U.S. Department of State Post Reports - Moldova
★ CIA - The World Factbook - Moldova
★ ECMI - Information about Minority Issues in Moldova
★ 'Moldova ART Gallery' by Anastasia Ponyatovskaya: icons, oil paintings, batik.All items are for sale,delivering is avalable
Others
★ MOLDOVA 2006 INVESTMENT CLIMATE STATEMENT
★ Moldova: Young Women From Rural Areas Vulnerable To Human Trafficking
★ OurNet — Moldova Internet Resources
International rankings
★ Bertelsmann: Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2006, ranked 75th out of 119 countries
★ Reporters without borders: Annual worldwide press freedom index (2005), ranked 74th out of 167 countries
★ The Wall Street Journal: 2005 Index of Economic Freedom, ranked 77th out of 155 countries
★ The Economist: The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005, ranked 99th out of 111 countries
★ Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index 2005, ranked 88th out of 158 countries
★ United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Index 2005, ranked 116th out of 177 countries
★ World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report 2005-2006 - Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking, ranked 82nd out of 117 countries
★ World Bank: Doing Business 2006, ranked 83rd out of 155
★ World Bank: Ease of Starting a Business 2006, ranked 69th out of 155
★ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Foreign Direct Investment Performance Index 2004, ranked 35th out of 140
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Featured Companies
| Green Parrot Beach Houses Resort | |
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Moldova Companies
Below is the list of travel companies in Moldova we have in our travel directory
- Travel Agents (13)
- Airlines (1)
- Accommodation (1)
| ''Republica Moldova'' Republic of Moldova | |
| Common name | Moldova |
| Conventional long name | Republic of Moldova |
 | |
 | |
| National motto | ''Limba noastră-i o comoară'' ''Our language is a treasure'' |
| National anthem | ''Limba noastră''(Romanian) ''Our Language'' |
 | |
| Capital | Chişinău |
| Largest city | capital |
| Demonym | Moldovan, Moldavians |
| Official languages | Moldovan (Romanian) |
| Government type | Parliamentary republic |
| Government | |
| President | Vladimir Voronin |
| Prime Minister | Vasile Tarlev |
| Sovereignty type | Independence |
| Establishment | |
| Date | August 27, 1991 |
| Finalised | December 25, 1991 |
| Area | |
| Area | 33,843 |
| Area rank | 139th |
| Area magnitude | 1 E10 |
| Percent water | 1.4 |
| Population | |
| Population estimate | 4,320,490 |
| Population estimate year | 2007 |
| Population estimate rank | 121st³ |
| Population census | 3,383,332² |
| Population census year | 2004 |
| Population density | 111 |
| Population density rank | 81st |
| GDP | |
| GDP PPP year | 2007 |
| GDP PPP | $9,367 million |
| GDP PPP rank | 141st |
| GDP PPP per capita | $2,962 |
| GDP PPP per capita rank | 135th |
| HDI | |
| HDI year | 2006 |
| HDI | 0.694 |
| HDI rank | 114th |
| HDI category | medium |
| Currency | |
| Currency | Moldovan leu |
| Currency code | MDL |
| Time zone | EET |
| Utc offset | +2 |
| Time zone DST | EEST |
| Utc offset DST | +3 |
| Internet TLD | .md |
| Calling code | 373 |
| Footnote1 | Moldovan is commonly considered another name for Romanian (Gagauz and Russian are also official in the Gagauz Autonomous Region). |
| Footnote2 | 2004 census from National Bureau of Statistics. Figure does not include Transnistria and Tighina. |
| Footnote3 | Ranking based on 2005 UN figure including Transnistria. |
