ROBERT CAPA

'Robert Capa' (Budapest, October 22 1913 – May 25 1954) was a famous war photographer during the 20th century. He covered five different wars: the Spanish Civil War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II across Europe, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the First Indochina War. He documented the course of World War II in London, North Africa, Italy, the Battle of Normandy on Omaha Beach and the liberation of Paris. Capa's younger brother, Cornell Capa, is also a photographer.

Contents

Career

Spanish Civil War

World War II

First Indochina War

Private Life

Legacy

Quotes

Trivia

Bibliography

Notes

References

See also

External links

Career

Born in Hungary as 'Endre Ernő Friedmann', Capa left the country after taking his baccalaureate in 1932 because of his political involvements with protestors against the government. He was arrested once, and his parents suggested he try to settle elsewhere.
Capa originally wanted to be a writer. However, he first found work in photography in Berlin and grew to love the art. In 1933, he moved from Germany to France because of the rise of Nazism (he was Jewish), but found it difficult to find work there as a freelance journalist. He adopted the name Robert Capa around this time, because he felt it would be recognisable and familiar, as it was close to the filmmaker Frank Capra's name and sounded American. (In fact, "cápa" is a Hungarian word meaning shark.)

Spanish Civil War

From 1936 to 1939, he was in Spain, photographing the horrors the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, he became known across the globe for a photo he took on the Cordoba Front of a Loyalist Militiaman who had just been shot and was in the act of falling to his death. Because of his proximity to the victim and the timing of the capture, there was a long controversy about the authenticity of this photograph. Historians eventually succeeded in identifying the dead soldier as Federico Borrell García, from Alcoi (Valencia) and proved it authentic. ^[1] This is one of the best-known pictures of the Spanish civil war.

World War II

At the start of World War II, Capa was in New York City. He had moved there from Paris to look for new work and to escape Nazi persecutions. The war took Capa to various parts of the European Theatre on photography assignments. He first photographed for ''Collier's Weekly'', before switching to ''Life'' after he was fired by the former. When first hired, he was a citizen of Hungary, but he was also Jewish, which allowed him to negotiate visas to Europe. He was the only "enemy alien" photographer for the Allies. On October 7, 1943, Robert Capa was in Naples with ''Life'' reporter Will Lang Jr. and photographed the Naples post office bombing.^[2]
His most famous work occurred on June 6, 1944 (D-Day) when he swam ashore with the first assault wave on Omaha Beach. He was armed with two Contax II cameras mounted with 50 mm lenses and several rolls of spare film. Capa took 108 pictures in the first couple of hours of the invasion. However, a staff member at ''Life'' made a mistake in the darkroom; he set the dryer too high and melted the emulsion in the negatives. Only eight frames in total were recovered.^[3]
Although 15-year-old lab assistant named Dennis Banks was responsible for the accident, another account, now largely accepted as untrue but which gained widespread currency, blamed Larry Burrows, who worked in the lab not as a technician but as a "tea-boy". ^[4] ''Life'' magazine printed 8 of the frames in its June 19, 1944 issue with captions that described the footage as "slightly out of focus", explaining that Capa's hands were shaking in the excitement of the moment (something which he denied).^[5] Capa used this phrase as the title of his alternately hilarious and sad autobiographical account of the war, ''Slightly Out of Focus''.
In 1948 Capa traveled into the Soviet Union with his friend, writer John Steinbeck. He took photos in Moscow, Kiev, Tbilisi, Batumi and among the ruins of Stalingrad. The humorous reportage of Steinbeck, ''A Russian Journal'' was illustrated with Capa's photos. It was first published in 1948.
In 1947, Capa founded Magnum Photos with Henri Cartier-Bresson, David Seymour, and George Rodger. In 1951, he became the president.

First Indochina War

In the early 1950s, Capa traveled to Japan for an exhibition associated with Magnum Photos. While there, ''Life'' magazine asked him to go on assignment to Southeast Asia, where the French had been fighting for eight years in the First Indochina War. Despite the fact he had sworn not to photograph another war a few years earlier, Capa accepted and accompanied a French regiment with two other ''Time-Life'' journalists, John Mecklin and Jim Lucas. On May 25, 1954 at 2:55 p.m., the regiment was passing through a dangerous area under fire when Capa decided to leave his jeep and go up the road to photograph some of the advance. About five minutes later, Mecklin and Lucas heard a loud explosion. Capa had stepped on a landmine. When they arrived on the scene he was still alive, but his left leg had been blown to pieces and he had a serious wound in his chest. Mecklin screamed for a medic and Capa's body was taken to a small field hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. He had died with his camera in his hand. After his death the Vietnamese Lieutenant said "Le photographe est mort." ("The photographer is dead")

Private Life

In 1934 "André Friedman", as he called himself at that time, met Gerda Pohorylle, a German Jewish refugee. The couple lived in Paris where André taught Gerda photography. Together they contrived the image of "Robert Capa" as a famous American photographer. Gerda took the name Gerda Taro, becoming successful in her own right. She traveled with Capa to Spain in 1936 with the intention to document the Spanish Civil War. In July 1937 Capa went on a short business trip to Paris while Gerda remained in Madrid. She was killed near Brunete during a battle. Capa who planned to marry Gerda, was deeply shocked and never married.
In 1943 February Capa met Elaine Justin, the beautiful young wife of actor John Austin. They immediately fall in love and the relationship lasted until the end of the war, although Capa spent most of his time in the frontline. Capa lovingly called the redhead Elaine "Pinky," and their romance became the topic of Capa's war memoir, ''Slightly Out of Focus''. In 1945 Elaine broke with Capa and married his friend, Chuck Romine.
Some months later Capa became the lover of actress Ingrid Bergman who traveled in Europe at the time entertaining American soldiers. In December 1945 Capa followed Bergman to Hollywood where he worked for International Pictures for a short time. Bergman tried to persuade Capa to marry her but she was rejected because Capa didn't want to settle in Hollywood. Their troubled romance was immortalized by their common friend, Alfred Hitchcock in Rear Window. The relationship ended in summer 1946 when Capa travelled to Turkey.

Legacy

In order to preserve the photographic heritage of Robert Capa and other photographers, Cornell Capa, his brother, founded the International Fund for Concerned Photography in 1966. To give this collection a permanent home he founded the International Center of Photography in New York City in 1974.
The Overseas Press Club created an award in his honor, the Robert Capa Gold Medal. It is given annually to the photographer who provides the "best published photographic reporting from abroad, requiring exceptional courage and enterprise".^[6]

Quotes

★ "If your pictures aren't good enough, you're not close enough."

★ "It's not enough to have talent, you also have to be Hungarian."

★ "The truth is the best picture, the best propaganda."

★ "This war is like an actress who is getting old. It is less and less photogenic and more and more dangerous." (Speaking of World War II)

★ "The desire of any war photographer is to be put out of business."

Trivia

★ The blurred shots he took during D-Day informed the look Janusz Kaminski used for ''Saving Private Ryan''.

★ The song "Kamikaze Cappa" was written by the Austrian pop star Falco in 1986 as a tribute to the late Robert Capa.

★ Apart from his reputation as a photographer, Capa was known as a gambler and socialite. One noted affair was with Ingrid Bergman - only publicized many years later in her autobiography.

★ During his lifetime Capa befriended many Hollywood icons, writers, and artists such as Ernest Hemingway, Pablo Picasso, John Steinbeck, John Huston, Howard Hawks, and Humphrey Bogart.

Bibliography

★ ''Death in the Making'', 1938

★ ''The Battle of Waterloo Road'', 1941

★ ''Invasion!'', 1944

★ ''Slightly Out of Focus'', Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1947

★ ''Robert Capa: Photographs'',1996

★ ''Heart of Spain'', 1999

★ ''Robert Capa: The Definitive Collection'', 2001

★ ''Blood and Champagne: The Life and Times of Robert Capa'', 2002

Notes

1. [1] ''Proving that Robert Capa's Falling Solider is Genuine: a Detective Story,'' Richard Whelan, American Masters, PBS Website.
2. ''Slightly Out of Focus'', Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1947, p.104.
3. ''Slightly Out of Focus'', Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1947, p. 151
4. [2] ''Snapshot'', The Weekly Newsletter of A Better Photo website, trivia section.
5. ''Slightly Out of Focus'', Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1947, p. 151. It should be noted that earlier in this account, Capa stated that his "empty camera trembled in my hands." (p.148) This prevented him, however, from loading a new roll of film, not from taking clear shots of the battle.
6. [3]''Overseas Press Club of America'', Awards Archive.

References

★ Whelan, Richard (1985) ''Robert Capa: a biography'' Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-394-52488-8 ;

See also

★ Photojournalism

External links

★ Robert Capa's Photography Portfolio - Magnum Photos

★ Magnum Photos

★ PBS biography and analysis of ''Falling Soldier'' authenticity

★ On Capa's photography "Falling Soldier" Links compiled by Tidsskriftcentret.dk

★ Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain, 1936.

★ The D-Day photographs of Robert Capa

★ A biographical page regarding Capa

★ Hultquist, Clayton. “Robert Capa ~ Pictures of War.”

★ Photography Temple. “Photographer Robert Capa”

★ VNS. May 2004. “Photographers mark Capa’s passing”.

★ International Photography Hall of Fame & Museum