العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
EspañolROBERT DE BRUS, JURE UXORIS EARL OF CARRICK
(Redirected from Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale)
'Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale and ''jure uxoris'' Earl of Carrick'[1] (July 1253 - March 1304 [2]), was a feudal lord in both Scotland and England prior to and during the Wars of Scottish Independence. He was the father of King Robert The Bruce.
There is a continuing debate as to whether Robert, or his son Robert The Bruce, were born on the family estate in Writtle Essex. The latest Dictionary of National Biography suggests the father rather than Robert I as possibly born at Writtle, although Fordun gives Writtle as the king's birthplace[3].
Robert de Brus was the son and heir of Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, who in 1290 was one of the Competitors for the Crown of Scotland. He was appointed Governor of Carlisle Castle in 1294.[4]
Legend tells that this Robert de Brus, while heir to Lord of Annandale, was a handsome young man when participating in the Eighth Crusade. Adam de Kilconquhar[5], one of his companion-in-arms, fell in 1270 at Acre in the Holy Land [4], and Robert was obliged to travel to tell the sad news to Adam's widow Marjorie of Carrick (1256-1292). The story continues that Marjorie was so taken with the messenger that she had him held captive until he agreed to marry her, which he did in 1271[5].
Undoubtedly the biggest event of his life was the 'Great Cause' that was concluded in 1292. It gave the Crown of Scotland to his family's great rival, Balliol, instead of his father. Heiress Margaret, the Maid of Norway had died in the Orkney Islands circa September 26, 1290. With her death, the main line of the House of Dunkeld came to an end and thirteen competitors claimed their rights to the Scottish crown. The two main competitors were Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale (Robert's father) and John Balliol, Lord of Galloway. Fearing civil war between the Bruce and Balliol families and their supporters, the Guardians of Scotland asked the kingdom's southern neighbour, Edward I of England to arbitrate amongst the claimants.
Arbitration processed slowly. After initial solutions which left two contenders, on August 3, 1291 Edward asked both de Balliol and de Brus to choose forty arbiters while he himself chose twenty-four, to decide the case. The arbiters finally gave judgement in early November in favour of John Balliol, in accordance with the precedents of primogeniture: even twenty-nine of Bruce's own auditors voted for Balliol, underlining the strength of his claim. On 17 November Edward gave formal judgement in open court; and on November 30, John Balliol was crowned as King of Scots at Scone Abbey. On December 26, at Newcastle upon Tyne, King John swore homage to Edward I for the kingdom of Scotland. Edward soon made it clear that he regarded the country as his vassal state. The Bruce family thus lost what they regarded as their rightful place on the Scottish throne.
Soon afterwards, his father, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale - the unsuccessful claimant - resigned his lordship to him. And also his claim to crown, in order to prevent it from extinguishing.
Both Robert and his son the new Earl of Carrick sided with Edward I against Balliol. In April 1294, Robert's son had permission to visit Ireland for a year and a half and, as a further mark of Edward's favour, he received a respite for all the debts owed by him to the English Exchequer. In 1295, his son and heir married his first wife, Isabella of Mar, the daughter of Donald, 6th Earl of Mar. Isabella died a year later bearing child, Marjorie Bruce, Robert's granddaughter.
It was not until 1295 that Edward I was even aware of the secret Franco-Scottish negotiations. In early October, Edward began to strengthen his northern defences against a possible invasion by a revitalised Scottish army. It was also at this point that Robert Bruce himself was appointed governor of Carlisle Castle. Edward also ordered John Balliol to relinquish control of the castles and burghs of Berwick, Jedburgh and Roxburgh. In December, more than two hundred of Edward's tenants in Newcastle were summoned to form a militia by March 1296 and in February, a fleet of ships sailed north to rendezvous with his land forces in Newcastle.
The build up of English forces south of the Anglo-Scottish border did not go undetected and in response, King John Balliol summoned all able-bodied Scotsmen to bear arms and converge near the border at Caddonlee by March 11.
Balliol seized Robert's Annandale estate and reassigned it to John 'The Red' Comyn, Lord of Badenoch. Several of the Scottish nobles choose to ignore the summons, including his son Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick.
The beginning of the Wars of Independence: In August 1296 Robert and his son swore fealty to Edward I at Berwick, but in breach of this oath, which had been renewed at Carlisle, the younger Robert joined in the Scottish revolt against Edward in the following year.
Shortly after the Battle of Stirling Bridge, Annandale was wasted as retaliation to younger Bruce's actions. Yet, when Edward returned to England after his victory at the Battle of Falkirk, Annandale and Carrick were excepted from the lordships and lands which he assigned to his followers, father having not opposed Edward and the son being treated as a waverer whose allegiance might still be retained.
In July, Edward I launched his sixth campaign into Scotland. Though Edward captured Bothwell and Turnberry Castle, Edward did little to damage the Scots’ fighting ability and, in January 1302 agreed to a nine-month truce.
Robert at that time was old and ill, and there are reports that he wished his son to seek peace with Edward, who, he was convinced, would be victorious over the Scots. The elder Bruce would have seen that, if the rebellion failed and his son were against Edward, the son would lose everything, titles, lands, and probably his life.
It was around this time that Robert's son submitted to Edward I, along with other nobles, even though he had been on the side of the patriots until now. There are many reasons which may have prompted his turning, not the least of which was that the Bruce family may have found it loathsome to continue sacrificing his followers, family and inheritance for John Balliol. There were rumours that Balliol would return with a French army and regain the Scottish throne. Soulis supported the return of Balliol as did many other nobles, but the return of John as king would lead to the Bruces losing any chance of ever gaining the throne themselves.
When old, this Robert Bruce, 6th Lord of Annandale, suffered from a skin ailment, what some contemporary accounts mention as leprosy. Tendency to severe skin disease apparently was hereditary in Bruce line, as a similar tale of illness is traditionally attached to late years of his son as well.
Robert spent the last few years of his life in retirement on his estates in Cumberland, before dying and being buried in Holme Cultram Abbey in March 1304.[4]
The contemporary records seem to suggest Robert's father accompanied the Princes Edward and Edmund on the 1270-4 crusade, in lieu of his sons.
His first wife was by all accounts a formidable woman. Marjorie was the daughter and heiress of Niall, 2nd Earl of Carrick[5]. Carrick was a Gaelic Earldom in Southern Scotland. Its territories contained much of today's Ayrshire and Dumfriesshire. The couple held the principal seats of Turnberry Castle and Lochmaben.
Their children were:
# Robert the Bruce
# Edward Bruce, crowned May 2, 1316, 'King of Ireland'. Killed in battle, october 5, 1318.[5]
# Sir Thomas Bruce, taken prisoner in Galloway, executed at Carlisle, February, 1307.[5]
# Alexander Bruce, executed 1307
# Neil Bruce (Niall or Nigel), taken prisoner at Kildrummie, hanged and beheaded at Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1306.[5]
# Christina Bruce (Christian), married Gartnait, Earl of Mar, mother of Domhnall II, Earl of Mar
# Mary Bruce, married (1) Neil Campbell; (2) Alexander Fraser
# Isabel Bruce (Isabella), married King Eric II of Norway
# Matilda Bruce, married Aodh, Earl of Ross
Countess Marjorie died in 1292, and on the day of his wife's death Robert transferred Carrick ''in fee'' to their eldest son, the future Robert I of Scotland.
Robert retired initially to Broomshawbury, one of his Essex estates, and remarried a lady whose Christian name was Eleanor. Following his death she remarried, before February 8, 1306 (as his 1st wife) Richard Waleys, Lord Waleys, and they had issue. She died shortly before September 8, 1331.[13]
He was portrayed by Ian Bannen in the 1995 film ''Braveheart''. "Braveheart" wrongly portrays Robert de Brus as being involved in the capture of William Wallace in Edinburgh; as noted above this Robert de Brus died in 1304; William Wallace was captured on August 3, 1305 by Sir John de Menteith in Glasgow.
1. Dunbar, Sir Alexander H., Bt., ''Scottish Kings, a Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005 - 1625'', Edinburgh, 1899: 126
2. Richardson, Douglas, ''Magna Carta Ancestry'', Baltimore, Md., 2005: 732, ISBN 0-8063-1759-0
3. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 127
4. Richardson, Douglas, 2005: 732
5. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
6. Richardson, Douglas, 2005: 732
7. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
8. Richardson, Douglas, 2005: 732
9. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
10. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
11. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
12. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
13. Richardson, Douglas, 2005: 732-3
★ Burke, Messrs. John & John Bernard, ''The Royal Families of England, Scotland, and Wales, with Their Descendants'', London, 1848: vol.1, pedigree XXXIV.
★ Flower, William, Norroy King of Arms; Northcliffe of Langton, Charles B., M.A., editor, ''The Visitation of Yorkshire, 1563/4'', London, 1881, p.40.
★ Scott, Ronald McNair, ''Robert the Bruce - King of Scots''.
★ Oxford University Press, editors, Dictionary of National Biography.
'Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale and ''jure uxoris'' Earl of Carrick'[1] (July 1253 - March 1304 [2]), was a feudal lord in both Scotland and England prior to and during the Wars of Scottish Independence. He was the father of King Robert The Bruce.
There is a continuing debate as to whether Robert, or his son Robert The Bruce, were born on the family estate in Writtle Essex. The latest Dictionary of National Biography suggests the father rather than Robert I as possibly born at Writtle, although Fordun gives Writtle as the king's birthplace[3].
Robert de Brus was the son and heir of Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, who in 1290 was one of the Competitors for the Crown of Scotland. He was appointed Governor of Carlisle Castle in 1294.[4]
Legend tells that this Robert de Brus, while heir to Lord of Annandale, was a handsome young man when participating in the Eighth Crusade. Adam de Kilconquhar[5], one of his companion-in-arms, fell in 1270 at Acre in the Holy Land [4], and Robert was obliged to travel to tell the sad news to Adam's widow Marjorie of Carrick (1256-1292). The story continues that Marjorie was so taken with the messenger that she had him held captive until he agreed to marry her, which he did in 1271[5].
| Contents |
| The Great Cause |
| Death |
| Family |
| Bruce in fiction |
| References |
The Great Cause
Undoubtedly the biggest event of his life was the 'Great Cause' that was concluded in 1292. It gave the Crown of Scotland to his family's great rival, Balliol, instead of his father. Heiress Margaret, the Maid of Norway had died in the Orkney Islands circa September 26, 1290. With her death, the main line of the House of Dunkeld came to an end and thirteen competitors claimed their rights to the Scottish crown. The two main competitors were Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale (Robert's father) and John Balliol, Lord of Galloway. Fearing civil war between the Bruce and Balliol families and their supporters, the Guardians of Scotland asked the kingdom's southern neighbour, Edward I of England to arbitrate amongst the claimants.
Arbitration processed slowly. After initial solutions which left two contenders, on August 3, 1291 Edward asked both de Balliol and de Brus to choose forty arbiters while he himself chose twenty-four, to decide the case. The arbiters finally gave judgement in early November in favour of John Balliol, in accordance with the precedents of primogeniture: even twenty-nine of Bruce's own auditors voted for Balliol, underlining the strength of his claim. On 17 November Edward gave formal judgement in open court; and on November 30, John Balliol was crowned as King of Scots at Scone Abbey. On December 26, at Newcastle upon Tyne, King John swore homage to Edward I for the kingdom of Scotland. Edward soon made it clear that he regarded the country as his vassal state. The Bruce family thus lost what they regarded as their rightful place on the Scottish throne.
Soon afterwards, his father, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale - the unsuccessful claimant - resigned his lordship to him. And also his claim to crown, in order to prevent it from extinguishing.
Both Robert and his son the new Earl of Carrick sided with Edward I against Balliol. In April 1294, Robert's son had permission to visit Ireland for a year and a half and, as a further mark of Edward's favour, he received a respite for all the debts owed by him to the English Exchequer. In 1295, his son and heir married his first wife, Isabella of Mar, the daughter of Donald, 6th Earl of Mar. Isabella died a year later bearing child, Marjorie Bruce, Robert's granddaughter.
It was not until 1295 that Edward I was even aware of the secret Franco-Scottish negotiations. In early October, Edward began to strengthen his northern defences against a possible invasion by a revitalised Scottish army. It was also at this point that Robert Bruce himself was appointed governor of Carlisle Castle. Edward also ordered John Balliol to relinquish control of the castles and burghs of Berwick, Jedburgh and Roxburgh. In December, more than two hundred of Edward's tenants in Newcastle were summoned to form a militia by March 1296 and in February, a fleet of ships sailed north to rendezvous with his land forces in Newcastle.
The build up of English forces south of the Anglo-Scottish border did not go undetected and in response, King John Balliol summoned all able-bodied Scotsmen to bear arms and converge near the border at Caddonlee by March 11.
Balliol seized Robert's Annandale estate and reassigned it to John 'The Red' Comyn, Lord of Badenoch. Several of the Scottish nobles choose to ignore the summons, including his son Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick.
The beginning of the Wars of Independence: In August 1296 Robert and his son swore fealty to Edward I at Berwick, but in breach of this oath, which had been renewed at Carlisle, the younger Robert joined in the Scottish revolt against Edward in the following year.
Shortly after the Battle of Stirling Bridge, Annandale was wasted as retaliation to younger Bruce's actions. Yet, when Edward returned to England after his victory at the Battle of Falkirk, Annandale and Carrick were excepted from the lordships and lands which he assigned to his followers, father having not opposed Edward and the son being treated as a waverer whose allegiance might still be retained.
In July, Edward I launched his sixth campaign into Scotland. Though Edward captured Bothwell and Turnberry Castle, Edward did little to damage the Scots’ fighting ability and, in January 1302 agreed to a nine-month truce.
Robert at that time was old and ill, and there are reports that he wished his son to seek peace with Edward, who, he was convinced, would be victorious over the Scots. The elder Bruce would have seen that, if the rebellion failed and his son were against Edward, the son would lose everything, titles, lands, and probably his life.
It was around this time that Robert's son submitted to Edward I, along with other nobles, even though he had been on the side of the patriots until now. There are many reasons which may have prompted his turning, not the least of which was that the Bruce family may have found it loathsome to continue sacrificing his followers, family and inheritance for John Balliol. There were rumours that Balliol would return with a French army and regain the Scottish throne. Soulis supported the return of Balliol as did many other nobles, but the return of John as king would lead to the Bruces losing any chance of ever gaining the throne themselves.
Death
When old, this Robert Bruce, 6th Lord of Annandale, suffered from a skin ailment, what some contemporary accounts mention as leprosy. Tendency to severe skin disease apparently was hereditary in Bruce line, as a similar tale of illness is traditionally attached to late years of his son as well.
Robert spent the last few years of his life in retirement on his estates in Cumberland, before dying and being buried in Holme Cultram Abbey in March 1304.[4]
Family
The contemporary records seem to suggest Robert's father accompanied the Princes Edward and Edmund on the 1270-4 crusade, in lieu of his sons.
His first wife was by all accounts a formidable woman. Marjorie was the daughter and heiress of Niall, 2nd Earl of Carrick[5]. Carrick was a Gaelic Earldom in Southern Scotland. Its territories contained much of today's Ayrshire and Dumfriesshire. The couple held the principal seats of Turnberry Castle and Lochmaben.
Their children were:
# Robert the Bruce
# Edward Bruce, crowned May 2, 1316, 'King of Ireland'. Killed in battle, october 5, 1318.[5]
# Sir Thomas Bruce, taken prisoner in Galloway, executed at Carlisle, February, 1307.[5]
# Alexander Bruce, executed 1307
# Neil Bruce (Niall or Nigel), taken prisoner at Kildrummie, hanged and beheaded at Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1306.[5]
# Christina Bruce (Christian), married Gartnait, Earl of Mar, mother of Domhnall II, Earl of Mar
# Mary Bruce, married (1) Neil Campbell; (2) Alexander Fraser
# Isabel Bruce (Isabella), married King Eric II of Norway
# Matilda Bruce, married Aodh, Earl of Ross
Countess Marjorie died in 1292, and on the day of his wife's death Robert transferred Carrick ''in fee'' to their eldest son, the future Robert I of Scotland.
Robert retired initially to Broomshawbury, one of his Essex estates, and remarried a lady whose Christian name was Eleanor. Following his death she remarried, before February 8, 1306 (as his 1st wife) Richard Waleys, Lord Waleys, and they had issue. She died shortly before September 8, 1331.[13]
Bruce in fiction
He was portrayed by Ian Bannen in the 1995 film ''Braveheart''. "Braveheart" wrongly portrays Robert de Brus as being involved in the capture of William Wallace in Edinburgh; as noted above this Robert de Brus died in 1304; William Wallace was captured on August 3, 1305 by Sir John de Menteith in Glasgow.
References
1. Dunbar, Sir Alexander H., Bt., ''Scottish Kings, a Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005 - 1625'', Edinburgh, 1899: 126
2. Richardson, Douglas, ''Magna Carta Ancestry'', Baltimore, Md., 2005: 732, ISBN 0-8063-1759-0
3. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 127
4. Richardson, Douglas, 2005: 732
5. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
6. Richardson, Douglas, 2005: 732
7. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
8. Richardson, Douglas, 2005: 732
9. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
10. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
11. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
12. Dunbar, Sir Alexander, 1899: 67
13. Richardson, Douglas, 2005: 732-3
★ Burke, Messrs. John & John Bernard, ''The Royal Families of England, Scotland, and Wales, with Their Descendants'', London, 1848: vol.1, pedigree XXXIV.
★ Flower, William, Norroy King of Arms; Northcliffe of Langton, Charles B., M.A., editor, ''The Visitation of Yorkshire, 1563/4'', London, 1881, p.40.
★ Scott, Ronald McNair, ''Robert the Bruce - King of Scots''.
★ Oxford University Press, editors, Dictionary of National Biography.
This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.
psst.. try this: add to faves
