ROMULUS AUGUSTUS
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(Redirected from Romulus Augustulus)
__NOTOC__
{{Infobox Roman emperor
| name =Romulus Augustulus
|full name=Flavius Romulus Augustus
|title=Last emperor of the
Western Roman Empire
| image =
| caption =Tremissis of Romulus Augustus.
| reign =31 October 475 - 4 September, 476
| predecessor =Julius Nepos
| successor =Odoacer
|date of death=After 476 {After 507{?}
|place of death=Castellum Lucullanum
|father=Flavius Orestes
|}}
'Flavius Romulus Augustus' (c. 461/463 – after 476), often called 'Romulus Augustulus' ("little Augustus"), was a Western Roman Emperor who reigned from 31 October 475 to 4 September, 476. Historically, his reign has been used to mark the end of the Roman Empire in the west.
The historical record contains few details of Romulus' life. He was installed as emperor by his father Orestes, the commanding general of the Roman army, after Flavius had deposed the previous emperor Julius Nepos. Romulus, little more than a child, acted as a figurehead for his father's rule. Reigning only ten months, Romulus Augustus was deposed by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer and sent to live in the Castellum Lucullanum in Campania; he disappears from the historical record afterward.
Romulus Augustus' deposition is traditionally cited as the official end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Although the Eastern Roman Empire survived until 1453, Roman authority in Italy and Gaul had all but collapsed by the time of Romulus' reign.
Romulus' father Orestes was a Roman citizen, originally from Pannonia, who had served as a secretary and diplomat for Attila the Hun and later rose through the ranks of the Roman army.[1] The future emperor was named ''Romulus'' after his maternal grandfather, a nobleman in Noricum. ''Augustus'' was a common cognomen at the time. Many historians have noted that the last western emperor bore the names of the founder of Rome and its first emperor, but this appears to have been a coincidence.[2]
.PNG)
He is widely known by the disparaging nickname "Romulus Augustulus", though he ruled officially as Romulus Augustus. The Latin suffix ''-ulus'' is a diminutive; hence, ''Augustulus'' effectively means "Little Augustus", though "little" in the sense of insignificant or unimportant. Some Greek writers even went so far as to corrupt his name sarcastically into "Momylos", or "little disgrace".[3]
Orestes was appointed master of soldiers by Julius Nepos in 475. Shortly after his appointment, Orestes launched a rebellion and captured Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire since 402, on August 28, 475. Nepos fled to Dalmatia, where his uncle had ruled a semi-autonomous state in the 460s.[4] Orestes, "from some secret motive,"[5] refused to become emperor, and installed his son on the throne on October 31, 475.
The empire they ruled was a shadow of its former self. Imperial authority had retreated to the Italian borders and parts of southern Gaul,[6] and the Eastern Empire treated its western counterpart as a client state. The Eastern Emperor Leo, who died in 474, had appointed the western emperors Anthemius and Julius Nepos, and Constantinople viewed Orestes' coup d'etat coolly. Neither Zeno nor Basiliscus, the two generals fighting for the Eastern throne at the time of Romulus' accession, accepted him as ruler.
As a proxy for his father, Romulus made no decisions and left no monuments, though coins bearing his name were minted in Rome, Milan, Ravenna, and Gaul. Several months after Orestes took power, a coalition of Heruli, Scirian and Turcilingi mercenaries demanded that he give them a third of the land in Italy. When Orestes refused, the tribes revolted under the leadership of the Scirian chieftain Odoacer. Orestes was captured near Piacenza on August 28, 476 and swiftly executed.
Odoacer advanced to Ravenna, capturing the city and the youthful Emperor. Romulus was compelled to abdicate the throne on September 4, 476. This act is considered the end of the Western Roman Empire, but Romulus' deposition did not cause any significant disruption at the time. Rome had already lost its hegemony over the provinces, Germans dominated the "Roman" armies and Germanic generals like Odoacer had long been the real powers behind the throne.[7] Italy would be far more devastated in the next century when Emperor Justinian I re-conquered it.
After Romulus Augustus's abdication, the Roman Senate, Odoacer, and Julius Nepos sent representatives to the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno. Odoacer petitioned for the position of viceroy in Italy, while Nepos requested the restoration of his throne.[8] Odoacer's solicitation was accepted under the condition that he become Italy's viceroy in Nepos' name. Coins bearing Nepos' name were struck in Italy and in the domains in Gaul under the control of Roman general Syagrius until the emperor's death in 480. Iron Age Braumeisters of the Teutonic Forests
Romulus' ultimate fate is unknown. The ''Anonymous Valesianus'' wrote that Odoacer, "taking pity on his youth", spared Romulus' life and granted him an annual pension of six thousand solidi (roughly a senator's income) before sending him to live with relatives in Campania.[9] Jordanes and Count Marcellinus, however, say Odoacer exiled Romulus to Campania, and do not mention any reward from the German king.
The sources do agree that Romulus took up residence in the Lucullan Villa, an ancient castle originally built by the Scipio family in Campania. From here, contemporary histories fall silent. In the ''History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', Edward Gibbon notes that the disciples of Saint Severinus of Noricum were invited by a "Neapolitan lady" to bring his body to the villa in 488, "in the place of Augustulus, who was probably no more."[10] The villa was converted into a monastery before 500 to hold the saint's remains.
Cassiodorus, then a secretary to Theodoric the Great, wrote a letter to a "Romulus" in 507 confirming a pension. Thomas Hodgkin, a translator of Cassiodorus' works, wrote in 1886 that it was "surely possible" that the Romulus in the letter was the same person as the last western emperor. The letter would match the description of Odoacer's coup in the ''Anonymous Valesianus'', and Romulus could have been alive in the early sixth century. But Cassiodorus does not supply any details about his correspondent or the size and nature of his pension, and Jordanes, whose history of the period abridges an earlier work by Cassiodorus, makes no mention of a pension. The connection between the last western emperor and the "Romulus" in this letter is, at best, uncertain.[11]
Because Augustus was an usurper, Julius Nepos legally held the title of emperor when Odoacer took power. Some have argued that Nepos, who ruled in Dalmatia until his murder in 480, should be recognized as the last Western Roman Emperor, noting that Odoacer struck coins in Nepos' name and did not take the imperial title for himself. But few of Nepos' contemporaries were willing to support his cause after he fled Italy. Following Odoacer's coup, the Roman Senate sent a letter to Zeno, saying that "the majesty of a sole monarch is sufficient to pervade and protect, at the same time, both the East and the West." While Zeno told the Senate that Nepos was their lawful sovereign, he did not press the point. When Odoacer sent the Imperial insignia to Constantinople, Zeno accepted them gratefully.[2]
Romulus Augustulus is the main character of Friedrich Dürrenmatt's play ''Romulus der Große'' ("Romulus the Great"), which revolves around the last days of Romulus' emperorship.
Romulus is also one of the characters in Valerio Massimo Manfredi's book, ''The Last Legion''. In this work of fiction, Romulus survives his fall from power and finds a strange new destiny in Britain. The novel links Romulus to the legends of King Arthur and Merlin. In the 2007 movie, ''The Last Legion'', Romulus Augustus is played by Thomas Sangster.
The life of Romulus Augustus is the subject of the BBC radio play '' by Mike Walker.
In Marvel comics continuity, the exiled Romulus Augustulus tried to challenge King Arthur's Camelot, but was defeated and exiled to the underworld. Romulus Augustulus would then become supervillain Tyrannus.
1. Gibbon, Edward, ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', David Womersley, ed. London; Penguin Books, 1994. Vol. 3, p. 312
2. Gibbon, p. 405
3. De Imperatoribus Romanis
4. Gibbon, p. 391; p. 400
5. Gibbon, p. 402
6. Hollister, C. Warren, ''Medieval Europe: A Short History.'' New York; McGraw Hill, 1995, 32
7. Norwich, 54
8. Gibbon, p. 404
9. Gibbon, p. 406
10. Gibbon, p. 407
11. Cassiodorus, Variae, iii, 35.
12. Gibbon, p. 405
★ Gibbon, Edward, ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', Vol. 3, David Womersley, ed. London; Penguin Books, 1994.
★ Hollister, C. Warren, ''Medieval Europe: A Short History.'' New York; McGraw Hill, 1995.
★ Norwich, John Julius. ''Byzantium: A Short History.'' New York, Vintage, 1997
★ Ralph, and Geoffrey Nathan, "Romulus Augustulus (475-476 A.D.)--Two Views", ''De Imperatoribus Romanis''
★ Murdoch, Adrian, ''The Last Roman: Romulus Augustulus and the Decline of the West'', Stroud; Sutton, 2006.
★ Petar Heather: ''The fall of the Roman Empire''
★ Iron Age Braumeisters of the Teutonic Forests
★ Project Gutenberg: Cassiodorus, ''Variae''
__NOTOC__
{{Infobox Roman emperor
| name =Romulus Augustulus
|full name=Flavius Romulus Augustus
|title=Last emperor of the
Western Roman Empire
| image =
| caption =Tremissis of Romulus Augustus.
| reign =31 October 475 - 4 September, 476
| predecessor =Julius Nepos
| successor =Odoacer
|date of death=After 476 {After 507{?}
|place of death=Castellum Lucullanum
|father=Flavius Orestes
|}}
'Flavius Romulus Augustus' (c. 461/463 – after 476), often called 'Romulus Augustulus' ("little Augustus"), was a Western Roman Emperor who reigned from 31 October 475 to 4 September, 476. Historically, his reign has been used to mark the end of the Roman Empire in the west.
The historical record contains few details of Romulus' life. He was installed as emperor by his father Orestes, the commanding general of the Roman army, after Flavius had deposed the previous emperor Julius Nepos. Romulus, little more than a child, acted as a figurehead for his father's rule. Reigning only ten months, Romulus Augustus was deposed by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer and sent to live in the Castellum Lucullanum in Campania; he disappears from the historical record afterward.
Romulus Augustus' deposition is traditionally cited as the official end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Although the Eastern Roman Empire survived until 1453, Roman authority in Italy and Gaul had all but collapsed by the time of Romulus' reign.
| Contents |
| Life |
| After the abdication |
| The last emperor: Romulus Augustus or Julius Nepos? |
| Romulus Augustus in fiction |
| Notes |
| Sources |
| External links |
Life
Romulus' father Orestes was a Roman citizen, originally from Pannonia, who had served as a secretary and diplomat for Attila the Hun and later rose through the ranks of the Roman army.[1] The future emperor was named ''Romulus'' after his maternal grandfather, a nobleman in Noricum. ''Augustus'' was a common cognomen at the time. Many historians have noted that the last western emperor bore the names of the founder of Rome and its first emperor, but this appears to have been a coincidence.[2]
.PNG)
The Western and Eastern Roman Empires by 476
He is widely known by the disparaging nickname "Romulus Augustulus", though he ruled officially as Romulus Augustus. The Latin suffix ''-ulus'' is a diminutive; hence, ''Augustulus'' effectively means "Little Augustus", though "little" in the sense of insignificant or unimportant. Some Greek writers even went so far as to corrupt his name sarcastically into "Momylos", or "little disgrace".[3]
Orestes was appointed master of soldiers by Julius Nepos in 475. Shortly after his appointment, Orestes launched a rebellion and captured Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire since 402, on August 28, 475. Nepos fled to Dalmatia, where his uncle had ruled a semi-autonomous state in the 460s.[4] Orestes, "from some secret motive,"[5] refused to become emperor, and installed his son on the throne on October 31, 475.
The empire they ruled was a shadow of its former self. Imperial authority had retreated to the Italian borders and parts of southern Gaul,[6] and the Eastern Empire treated its western counterpart as a client state. The Eastern Emperor Leo, who died in 474, had appointed the western emperors Anthemius and Julius Nepos, and Constantinople viewed Orestes' coup d'etat coolly. Neither Zeno nor Basiliscus, the two generals fighting for the Eastern throne at the time of Romulus' accession, accepted him as ruler.
As a proxy for his father, Romulus made no decisions and left no monuments, though coins bearing his name were minted in Rome, Milan, Ravenna, and Gaul. Several months after Orestes took power, a coalition of Heruli, Scirian and Turcilingi mercenaries demanded that he give them a third of the land in Italy. When Orestes refused, the tribes revolted under the leadership of the Scirian chieftain Odoacer. Orestes was captured near Piacenza on August 28, 476 and swiftly executed.
Odoacer advanced to Ravenna, capturing the city and the youthful Emperor. Romulus was compelled to abdicate the throne on September 4, 476. This act is considered the end of the Western Roman Empire, but Romulus' deposition did not cause any significant disruption at the time. Rome had already lost its hegemony over the provinces, Germans dominated the "Roman" armies and Germanic generals like Odoacer had long been the real powers behind the throne.[7] Italy would be far more devastated in the next century when Emperor Justinian I re-conquered it.
After Romulus Augustus's abdication, the Roman Senate, Odoacer, and Julius Nepos sent representatives to the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno. Odoacer petitioned for the position of viceroy in Italy, while Nepos requested the restoration of his throne.[8] Odoacer's solicitation was accepted under the condition that he become Italy's viceroy in Nepos' name. Coins bearing Nepos' name were struck in Italy and in the domains in Gaul under the control of Roman general Syagrius until the emperor's death in 480. Iron Age Braumeisters of the Teutonic Forests
After the abdication
Romulus Augustus resigns the Crown.
Romulus' ultimate fate is unknown. The ''Anonymous Valesianus'' wrote that Odoacer, "taking pity on his youth", spared Romulus' life and granted him an annual pension of six thousand solidi (roughly a senator's income) before sending him to live with relatives in Campania.[9] Jordanes and Count Marcellinus, however, say Odoacer exiled Romulus to Campania, and do not mention any reward from the German king.
The sources do agree that Romulus took up residence in the Lucullan Villa, an ancient castle originally built by the Scipio family in Campania. From here, contemporary histories fall silent. In the ''History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', Edward Gibbon notes that the disciples of Saint Severinus of Noricum were invited by a "Neapolitan lady" to bring his body to the villa in 488, "in the place of Augustulus, who was probably no more."[10] The villa was converted into a monastery before 500 to hold the saint's remains.
Cassiodorus, then a secretary to Theodoric the Great, wrote a letter to a "Romulus" in 507 confirming a pension. Thomas Hodgkin, a translator of Cassiodorus' works, wrote in 1886 that it was "surely possible" that the Romulus in the letter was the same person as the last western emperor. The letter would match the description of Odoacer's coup in the ''Anonymous Valesianus'', and Romulus could have been alive in the early sixth century. But Cassiodorus does not supply any details about his correspondent or the size and nature of his pension, and Jordanes, whose history of the period abridges an earlier work by Cassiodorus, makes no mention of a pension. The connection between the last western emperor and the "Romulus" in this letter is, at best, uncertain.[11]
The last emperor: Romulus Augustus or Julius Nepos?
Julius Nepos on a gold Tremissis.
Because Augustus was an usurper, Julius Nepos legally held the title of emperor when Odoacer took power. Some have argued that Nepos, who ruled in Dalmatia until his murder in 480, should be recognized as the last Western Roman Emperor, noting that Odoacer struck coins in Nepos' name and did not take the imperial title for himself. But few of Nepos' contemporaries were willing to support his cause after he fled Italy. Following Odoacer's coup, the Roman Senate sent a letter to Zeno, saying that "the majesty of a sole monarch is sufficient to pervade and protect, at the same time, both the East and the West." While Zeno told the Senate that Nepos was their lawful sovereign, he did not press the point. When Odoacer sent the Imperial insignia to Constantinople, Zeno accepted them gratefully.[2]
Romulus Augustus in fiction
Romulus Augustulus is the main character of Friedrich Dürrenmatt's play ''Romulus der Große'' ("Romulus the Great"), which revolves around the last days of Romulus' emperorship.
Romulus is also one of the characters in Valerio Massimo Manfredi's book, ''The Last Legion''. In this work of fiction, Romulus survives his fall from power and finds a strange new destiny in Britain. The novel links Romulus to the legends of King Arthur and Merlin. In the 2007 movie, ''The Last Legion'', Romulus Augustus is played by Thomas Sangster.
The life of Romulus Augustus is the subject of the BBC radio play '' by Mike Walker.
In Marvel comics continuity, the exiled Romulus Augustulus tried to challenge King Arthur's Camelot, but was defeated and exiled to the underworld. Romulus Augustulus would then become supervillain Tyrannus.
Notes
1. Gibbon, Edward, ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', David Womersley, ed. London; Penguin Books, 1994. Vol. 3, p. 312
2. Gibbon, p. 405
3. De Imperatoribus Romanis
4. Gibbon, p. 391; p. 400
5. Gibbon, p. 402
6. Hollister, C. Warren, ''Medieval Europe: A Short History.'' New York; McGraw Hill, 1995, 32
7. Norwich, 54
8. Gibbon, p. 404
9. Gibbon, p. 406
10. Gibbon, p. 407
11. Cassiodorus, Variae, iii, 35.
12. Gibbon, p. 405
Sources
★ Gibbon, Edward, ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', Vol. 3, David Womersley, ed. London; Penguin Books, 1994.
★ Hollister, C. Warren, ''Medieval Europe: A Short History.'' New York; McGraw Hill, 1995.
★ Norwich, John Julius. ''Byzantium: A Short History.'' New York, Vintage, 1997
★ Ralph, and Geoffrey Nathan, "Romulus Augustulus (475-476 A.D.)--Two Views", ''De Imperatoribus Romanis''
★ Murdoch, Adrian, ''The Last Roman: Romulus Augustulus and the Decline of the West'', Stroud; Sutton, 2006.
★ Petar Heather: ''The fall of the Roman Empire''
External links
★ Iron Age Braumeisters of the Teutonic Forests
★ Project Gutenberg: Cassiodorus, ''Variae''
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