ROTTERDAM

'Rotterdam' () is, in terms of population, the second largest municipality in the Netherlands after the capital, Amsterdam, and the largest city in the province of Zuid-Holland (South Holland). The port of Rotterdam is the largest in Europe and was the world's busiest port in 1962 until overtaken by Singapore and then Shanghai in the 1990s. Rotterdam is situated on the banks of the river Nieuwe Maas ('New Meuse'), one of the channels in the delta formed by the Rhine and Meuse rivers. The name ''Rotterdam'' derives from an embankment or dam built on a smaller tributary, the ''Rotte'', to control flooding.

Contents

Municipality

Municipal additions

History

Demographics

Ethnic make-up of the city

Historical population

Geography

Commerce and industry

Ports

Education

Culture

Museums

Architecture and skyline

Sports

Shopping

Yearly events

Transportation

Airport

Train

Light Rail

Metro

Tram

Bus

Fast Ferry

Miscellaneous

Beaches

Famous Rotterdammers

Town twinning

References

External links

Municipality

On 1 January 2006 (source: Statistics Netherlands), the municipality covered an area of 304.22 km² (206.44 km² of which is land) with a population of 588,500. It is part of a larger metropolitan area called Rijnmond ('Mouth of the Rhine') with a total population of about 1.2 million. In 1965, the municipal population of Rotterdam reached its peak of 731,000, but by 1984 it had decreased to 555,000 as a result of suburbanization.
Rotterdam consists of 11 submunicipalities: Charlois (including Heijplaat), Delfshaven, Feijenoord, Hillegersberg-Schiebroek, Hoek van Holland, Hoogvliet, IJsselmonde, Kralingen-Crooswijk, Noord, Overschie, and Prins Alexander (the most populous submunicipality with around 85,000 inhabitants ). Two other areas, Centrum ('Center') and Pernis, do not have official submunicipality status.
Rotterdam lies in the Zuidvleugel ('South Wing') of the Randstad ('Ring City') conurbation with 7.5 million inhabitants, the sixth largest metropolitan area in Europe (after Moscow, London, the Ruhr Area, Istanbul, and Paris). The Zuidvleugel includes Leiden, The Hague, Zoetermeer, Delft, Vlaardingen, Schiedam, Capelle aan den IJssel, Spijkenisse and Dordrecht, and has a population of around 3.5 million.

Municipal additions

The current size of the municipality of Rotterdam is the result of the amalgamation of the following former municipalities ^[3], some of which now are a submunicipality:

★ Delfshaven (added on January 30, 1886)

★ Charlois (added on February 28, 1895)

★ Kralingen (added on February 28, 1895)

★ Hoogvliet (added on May 1, 1934)

★ Pernis (added on May 1, 1934)

★ Hillegersberg (added on August 1, 1941)

★ IJsselmonde (added on August 1, 1941)

★ Overschie (added on August 1, 1941)

★ Schiebroek (added on August 1, 1941)

History

:''For the destruction of the city center in 1940, see Bombing of Rotterdam''

Settlement at the lower end of the fen stream ''Rotte'' (or ''Rotta'', as it was then known, from ''rot'', 'muddy' and ''a'', 'water', thus 'muddy water') dates from at least 900. Around ''1150'', large floods in the area ended development, leading to the construction of protective dikes and dams, including ''Schielands Hoge Zeedijk'' ('Schieland’s High Sea Dike') along the northern banks of the present-day Nieuwe Maas. A dam on the Rotte or 'Rotterdam' was built in the 1260s and was located at the present-day ''Hoogstraat'' ('High Street').
On June 7, 1340, Count Willem IV of Holland granted city rights to Rotterdam, which then had approximately 2000 inhabitants. Around 1350 a shipping canal, the ''Rotterdamse Schie'' was completed, which provided Rotterdam access to the larger towns in the north, allowing it to become a local transshipment center between Holland, England and Germany, and to slowly urbanize.
The port of Rotterdam slowly but steadily grew into a port of importance, becoming the seat of one of the six 'chambers' of the ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'' (VOC), or the Dutch East India Company.
The greatest spurt of growth, both in port activity and population, followed the completion of the ''Nieuwe Waterweg'' in 1872. The city and harbor started to expand on the south bank of the river. The ''Witte Huis'' or 'White House' skyscraper, inspired by American office buildings and built in 1898 in the French Chateau style is evidence of Rotterdam's rapid growth and success. It was at the time of completion the tallest office building in Europe, with a height of 45 m.
The German army invaded the Netherlands on May 10, 1940. Germany had planned to conquer the country in one day, but after meeting unexpectedly fierce resistance, it finally forced the Dutch army to capitulate on May 14, 1940 by bombing Rotterdam and threatening to bomb other cities. The heart of the city was almost completely destroyed by the German Luftwaffe, and 800 people were killed, while about 80,000 others were made homeless. Ossip Zadkine later captured the event strikingly with his statue ''Stad zonder hart'' ('City without a heart'). The City Hall survived the bombing. The statue is now located near the ''Leuvehaven'', not far from the Erasmusbrug in the north of the city. From the 1950s through the 1970s, the city was rebuilt. It remained quite windy and open until the city councils from the 1980s on began developing an active architectural policy. Daring and new styles of apartments, office buildings and recreation facilities resulted in a more 'livable' city center with a new skyline. In the 1990s, a new business center on the south bank of the river, the ''Kop van Zuid'' was built.

Demographics

With 55% of the inhabitants earning a low income, Rotterdam has its fair share of typical urban problems, such as dilapidated inner city areas.

Ethnic make-up of the city

Figures are from 2006:


★ Total: 588,718

★ Dutch: 317,943


★ Surinamese: 52,329

★ Turkish: 45,415


★ Moroccan: 36,831


★ Antillean / Aruban: 19,701


★ South-European: 17,774


★ Other non-industrialised nations: 66,464

★ Other industrialised nations: 32,261

In the Netherlands, Rotterdam has the highest percentage of foreigners from non-industrialised nations. Nearly 50% of the population are not native to the Netherlands or have at least one parent born outside the country. Recent figures show that Muslims comprise close to 25% of the city's population.^[4] The city is home to one of the largest Cape Verdean communities in the world, as well as the largest Dutch Antillean community.

Historical population

★ 1796: 53,200 inhabitants

★ 1830: 72,300

★ 1849: 90,100

★ 1879: 148,100

★ 1899: 318,500

★ 1925: 547,900

★ 1965: 731,000

★ 1984: 555,000

★ 2005: 596,407

★ 2006: 588,576

Geography

Rotterdam is divided into a northern and a southern part by the river Nieuwe Maas, connected by (from west to east): the Beneluxtunnel; the Maastunnel; the ''Erasmusbrug'' ('Erasmus Bridge'); a subway tunnel; the ''Willemsspoortunnel'' ('Willems railway tunnel'); the ''Willemsbrug'' ('Willems Bridge'); the ''Koninginnebrug'' ('Queen's Bridge'); and the ''Van Brienenoordbrug'' ('Van Brienenoord Bridge'). The former railway lift bridge ''De Hef'' ('the Lift') is preserved as a monument in lifted position between the ''Noordereiland'' ('North Island') and the south of Rotterdam.
The city center is located on the northern bank of the Nieuwe Maas, although recent urban development has extended the center to parts of southern Rotterdam known as ''De Kop van Zuid'' ('the Head of South', i.e. the northern part of southern Rotterdam). From its inland core, Rotterdam reaches the North Sea by a swathe of predominantly harbor area.
Built mostly behind dikes, large parts of the Rotterdam are below sea level. For instance, the Prins Alexander Polder in the northeast of Rotterdam extends 6 meters below sea level, or rather below Normaal Amsterdams Peil (NAP) or 'Amsterdam Ordnance Datum'. The lowest point in the Netherlands ( below NAP) is situated just to the east of Rotterdam, in the municipality of Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel.
The Rotte river no longer joins the Nieuwe Maas directly. Since the early 1980s, when the construction of Rotterdam’s second subway line interfered with the Rotte’s course, its waters have been pumped through a pipe into the Nieuwe Maas via the Boerengat.

Commerce and industry

Rotterdam is home to the Dutch half of Unilever, and Mittal Steel Company N.V., the world's largest steel company.
The Erasmus University has a strong focus on research and education in management and economics. The University is located on the east side of the city and is surrounded by numerous multinational firms. On Brainpark I, Brainpark II, Brainpark III and ''Het Rivium'' are located offices of Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers, AIG, KPMG, CMG,Sodexho, Coca Cola Company, Cap Gemini, Ernst and Young, etc. In the center of the city are the above-mentioned Unilever offices, but also Robeco, Fortis (including Mees Pierson and Stad Rotterdam Verzekeringen), ABN AMRO, ING (Nationale Nederlanden), and the Rotterdam WTC.

Ports

Main articles: Port of Rotterdam



Rotterdam has the largest port in Europe, with the rivers Meuse and Rhine providing excellent access to the hinterland upstream reaching to Basel, Switzerland and into France. Since 2004, Asian ports such as Singapore and Shanghai have taken over as the world's busiest port. In 2004, Rotterdam was the seventh largest port in the world in terms of containers (TEU) handled.
The port's main activities are petrochemical industries and general cargo handling and transshipment. The harbour functions as an important transit point for bulk materials and between the European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. Since 2000, the ''Betuweroute'', a fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, has been under construction.
In 1872, the Nieuwe Waterweg ('New Waterway') opened, a ship canal constructed to keep the city and port of Rotterdam accessible to seafaring vessels as the natural Meuse-Rhine channels silted up. The canal proper measures approximately from the western tips of its protruding dams to the Maeslantkering ('Maeslant Barrier'). Many maps, however, include the Scheur as part of the Nieuwe Waterweg, leading to a length of approximately .
In the first half of the twentieth century, the port's center of gravity shifted westward towards the North Sea. Covering , the port of Rotterdam now stretches over a distance of . It consists of the city center's historic harbor area, including Delfshaven; the Maashaven/Rijnhaven/Feijenoord complex; the harbors around Nieuw-Mathenesse; Waalhaven; Vondelingenplaat; Eemhaven; Botlek; Europoort, situated along the Calandkanaal, Nieuwe Waterweg and Scheur (the latter two being continuations of the Nieuwe Maas); and the reclaimed Maasvlakte area, which projects into the North Sea.
The construction of a second Maasvlakte received initial political approval in 2004, but was stopped by the Raad van State (the Dutch Council of State, which advises the government and parliament on legislation and governance) in 2005, because the plans did not take enough account of environmental issues. On October 10, 2006, however, approval was acquired to start construction in 2008, aiming for the first ship to anchor in 2013.

Education

Rotterdam has one major university, the Erasmus University Rotterdam, named after one of the city's famous former inhabitants, Desiderius Erasmus. Many of the departments are world renowned. The Woudestein campus houses (among others) the Rotterdam School of Management, which is a top ranked MBA school. In Financial Times' 2005 rankings it placed 29th globally and 7th in Europe. In the 2006 rankings of European Masters of Management, the school reached a second place with the CEMS Master in Management and a thirteenth place with its RSM Master in Management. The university is also home to Europe's largest student association, STAR Study Association RSM Erasmus University.
The Hoboken campus of EUR houses the Dijkzigt (general) hospital, the Sophia Hospital (for children) and the Medical Department of the University. These are known collectively as the Erasmus Medical Center, which is ranked third worldwide for medical research, behind the Harvard University and Johns Hopkins University. As a combined medical treatment and research center it is particularly noted for its patient cohort studies in which large numbers of patients are followed for long periods of time.
There are also three ''Hogescholen'' in Rotterdam. These schools award their students a Bachelor's degree and postgraduate or Master's degree. The three ''Hogescholen'' are Hogeschool Rotterdam, Hogeschool INHOLLAND and Hogeschool voor Muziek en Dans.

Culture

Alongside Porto, Rotterdam was European Capital of Culture in 2001. The city has its own orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra with its world famous musical director Valery Gergiev, a large congress and concert building called ''De Doelen'', plus many theatres (including the new ''Luxor'' theatre) and movie theatres. The ''Ahoy'' complex in the south of the city is used for pop concerts, exhibitions, tennis tournaments and other activities. A major zoo called Diergaarde Blijdorp is situated at the northwest side of Rotterdam, complete with a walkthrough sea aquarium called the Oceanium.
The city is home to the Rotterdam Academy of Fine Arts ('Willem de Kooning Akademie').
Rotterdam is currently going through somewhat of a renaissance, with some urban renewal projects featuring ambitious architecture, an increasingly sparkling nightlife, and a host of summer festivals celebrating the city's multicultural population and identity, such as the Caribbean-inspired 'Summer Carnival', the Dance Parade, Rotterdam 666, the Metropolis pop festival and the World Harbor days. There are also the International Film Festival in January, the Poetry International Festival in June, the North Sea Jazz Festival in July, the Valery Gergiev Festival in September, September in Rotterdam and the World of the Witte de With. In June 1970, The Holland Pop Festival (which featured Jefferson Airplane, The Byrds, Canned Heat, It's a Beautiful Day, and Santana) was held and filmed at the Stamping Grounds in Rotterdam.
The self-image of the city is that of a no-nonsense workers' city. In that sense, there is a healthy competition with Amsterdam, which is often viewed as the cultural capital of the Netherlands. There is a saying: "Amsterdam to party, Den Haag (The Hague) to live, Rotterdam to work". Another one, more popular by Rotterdammers, is "in Rotterdam the money is earned, in The Hague it's divided, and in Amsterdam it's spilled".
Rotterdam has had a rich hiphop scene since the early 1980s. It is also the home of Gabber, a type of music popular in the mid-1990s, with hard beats and samples. Bands like Neophyte and Rotterdam Terror Corps (RTC) started in Rotterdam.

Museums

Rotterdam has many museums.
Well known museums are the ''Boijmans-van Beuningen'' Museum, the ''NAI'' (Netherlands Architecture Institute), the ''Historisch Museum'' (Historical museum), the ''Volkenkundig Museum'' (foreign peoples and cultures), the ''Kunsthal'' (design by Rem Koolhaas),the center for contemporary art ''Witte de With'',the ''Maritiem Museum'' and the ''Brandweermuseum'' (Fire brigade museum).
Other museums include the tax museum, the nature historical museum, historical museum the Dubbelde Palmboom and the Schielandhuis. At the historical shipyard and museum Scheepswerf 'De Delft' the reconstruction of Ship of the Line 'De Delft' can be visited.

Architecture and skyline

In 1898, the 45 meter high-rise office building, the White House, was completed, at that time the tallest office building in Europe.
In the first decades of the 20th century, some influential architecture in the modern style was built in Rotterdam. Notable are the Van Nelle fabriek (1929) a monument of modern factory design by Brinkman en Van der Vlugt, the Jugenstil clubhouse of the Royal Maas Yacht Club designed by Hooijkaas jr. en Brinkman (1909), and Feyenoord's football stadium de Kuip (1936) also by Brinkman en Van der Vlugt. The architect J. J. P. Oud was a famous Rotterdammer in those days.
During the early stages of World War II the center of Rotterdam was bombed by the Germans, destroying much of the older buildings in the center of the city. After initial crisis re-construction the center of Rotterdam has become the site of ambitious new architecture.
Rotterdam is also famous for its Kubuswoningen or cube houses built by architect Piet Blom in 1984. In addition to that there are many international well known architects based in Rotterdam like O.M.A (Rem Koolhaas), MVRDV and Neutelings & Riedijk to name a few.


Rotterdam houses several of the tallest structures in the Netherlands.

★ The Erasmus Bridge (1996) is a 2,600-foot cable stayed bridge linking the north and south of Rotterdam. It is held up by a tall pylon with a characteristic bend, earning the bridge its nickname 'De Zwaan' ('the Swan).

★ Rotterdam has the tallest residential building in the Netherlands: the Montevideo Tower.

★ Rotterdam is also home to the tallest office building ''Delftse Poort'' which houses Nationale Nederlanden insurance company, part of ING Group. [2], [3]

★ The city also houses the tall Euromast, which has long been a major tourist attraction. It was built in 1960, initially reaching a height of ; in 1970, the Euromast was extended by to its current height.
Rotterdam has a reputation in being a platform for architectural development and education through the Berlage Institute, a postgraduate laboratory of architecture, and the NAi (Netherlands Architecture Institute), which is open to the public and has a variety of good exhibitions on architecture and urban planning issues.
Rotterdam is standing in the best European SkylineTop together with Frankfurt, Warsaw and Paris.
More highrise projects are started in this city. (overview tower development in Rotterdam)

Sports

Rotterdam is the home of three Eredivisie ('Honorary Division', or Dutch Premier League) football clubs: Feyenoord, Sparta and Excelsior. Rotterdam also has one Hoofdklasse (main class) club, PVV DOTO.
Feyenoord, founded in 1908 and the dominant of the three, has won fourteen national titles since the introduction of professional football in the Netherlands, the last in 1999. It won the European Cup as the first Dutch club in 1970, and won the World Cup for club teams in the same year. In 1974, they were the first Dutch club to win the UEFA Cup and in 2002, Feyenoord won the UEFA Cup again.
Seating 51,480, its stadium, called ''Stadion Feijenoord'' but popularly known as De Kuip ('the Tub'), is the largest in the country. De Kuip, located in the southeast of the city, has hosted many international football games, including the final of Euro 2000.
Sparta, founded in 1888 and situated in the northwest of Rotterdam, won the national title in 1959; Excelsior (founded 1902), in the northeast, has never won any.
Rotterdam has its own annual international marathon, which offers one of the fastest courses in the world. From 1985 until 1998, the world record was set in Rotterdam, first by Carlos Lopes and later in 1988 by Belayneh Dinsamo. The marathon starts and ends on the ''Coolsingel'' in the heart of Rotterdam.
Since 1972 Rotterdam hosts the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, part of the ATP Tour.
Members of the student rowing club Skadi were part of the 'Holland Acht', winning a gold medal at the olympics in 1996.
In field hockey, Rotterdam has the largest hockey club in the Netherlands, HC Rotterdam, with its own stadium in the north of the city and nearly 2,400 members. The first men's and women's teams both play on the highest level in the Dutch ''Hoofdklasse''.
Since 1986, the city has selected its best sportsman, woman and team at the Rotterdam Sports Awards Election, held in December.
Motor cycle speedway was staged in the Feyenoord Stadium after the second world war. The team which raced in a Dutch league was known as the Feyenoord Tigers. The team included Dutch riders and some English and Australian riders.

Shopping

Well-known streets in Rotterdam are the shopping center the Lijnbaan (the first set of pedestrian streets of the country, opened in 1953), the Hoogstraat, the Coolsingel with the city hall, and the Weena, which runs from the Central Station to the Hofplein (square). A modern shopping venue is the Beurstraverse ('Stock Exchange Traverse), better known by the informal name 'Koopgoot' ('Buying/Shopping Gutter', after its low-lying position, crossing Rotterdam's main street Coolsingel below street level).
The main shopping venue in the south of Rotterdam is Zuidplein, which lies close to Ahoy' Rotterdam, an accommodation center for shows, exhibitions, sporting events, concerts and congresses. Another prominent shopping center, called Alexandrium (sometimes still called by its former name ''Oosterhof''), lies in the east of Rotterdam. It includes a large kitchen and furniture center.

Yearly events

★ January: International Film Festival Rotterdam [4]

★ April-June

★
★ Rotterdam Marathon[5]

★
★ Dunya Festival [6]

★ July: Metropolis Music Festival[7]

★ August: Pleinbioscoop [8]

★ June till September: the Rotterdam Summerfestivals, including

★
★ North Sea Jazz Festival (second weekend of July)

★
★ Summer Carnival [9]

★
★ Bavaria City Racing (Formule 1 / race car demonstrations)

★
★ FFWD Heineken Dance Parade (technoparade), [10]

★ September:

★
★ World Port Days (2006: 1, 2 and 3 September) [11] (in Dutch)

★
★ Gergiev Festival Rotterdam [12]

★
★ Qlimax Dance party

Transportation

Rotterdam is well connected in international, national, regional and local public transport systems.

Airport

Although much smaller than the international hub Schiphol airport, Rotterdam Airport (formerly known as ''Zestienhoven'') is the third largest airport in the country, just behind Eindhoven Airport. Located north of the city, it has shown a very strong growth over the past five years, mostly caused by the growth of the low-cost carrier market. Environmental regulations make further growth uncertain.

Train

Rotterdam is well connected to the Netherlands railroad system, and has several international connections. The train system hosts:
'Four trainlines'

★ South direction Dordrecht-and further (including international to Belgium/France)

★ West direction Hoek van Holland

★ North-West direction The Hague, Amsterdam

★ North-East direction Utrecht)

★ A fifth alternative train system to the Hague, the was converted to the light-rail system Randstadrail in 2006.
The four operating trainlines serve seven railway stations within the city boundaries (Rotterdam Centraal, Rotterdam Blaak, Rotterdam Alexander, Rotterdam Noord, Rotterdam Zuid, Rotterdam Lombardijen, Rotterdam Stadion (next to De Kuip, only open for events).
'Main connections'

★ Direct international services to Belgium and France via high speed train system: Thalys

★ Frequent international trains to Antwerp and Brussels, Belgium

★ Frequent services within the Netherlands:

★
★ Intercity line to The Hague, Leiden, Schiphol airport and Amsterdam (north)

★
★ Intercity line to Utrecht and on to Enschede (the east), Leeuwarden (north-west) or Groningen (north-east)

★
★ Intercity line to Dordrecht, Roosendaal and on to Vlissingen (south west)

★
★ Intercity line to Dordrecht, Breda, Tilburg, Eindhoven and Venlo (south east)

★
★ Hourly services throughout the night connecting to Delft, The Hague, Leiden, Schiphol airport, Amsterdam, and, with a detour, Utrecht.

★
★ Several semi-fast services and local trains originate or call at Rotterdam Centraal; semi-fast services Amsterdam-Breda and Rotterdam Centraal-Utrecht Centraal-Arnhem/Nijmegen.

★ Detailed information available from the site of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Netherlands Railways) [13]

Light Rail

To bridge the gap between national train services and local public transportation the Netherlands Randstad is currently developing a regional lightrail system called Randstad Rail. First trains were scheduled for September 2006, but some derailings ceased traffic over the largest part of this track. Current estimates are April 2007 for a complete schedule.

Metro

Main articles: Rotterdam Metro

In 1968 Rotterdam was the first Dutch city to open a metro system. Currently the system consists of two main lines, each of which has some variants.


★ Erasmus Line: Rotterdam Central station - Albrandswaard (Rhoon, Poortugaal) - Hoogvliet - Spijkenisse

★ Caland Line: two lines from the northeast of Rotterdam (Ommoord and since September 2005 to the new constructed neighborhood Nesselande (before it ended at Zevenkamp which is one stop before Nesselande), both in Prins Alexander) and one from Capelle aan den IJssel join; the combined line terminated in the west of Rotterdam, but on November 4, 2002, an extension was opened: the line now connects to the main railway network at Schiedam railway station, has a stop in Pernis and joins the Erasmus Line in Hoogvliet; trains on the Caland Line, like those on the Erasmus Line, terminate in Spijkenisse.
:The eastern parts of the Caland Line have some level crossings (with priority), and could therefore be called light rail instead of metro; however, they are integrated in the system; these parts have overhead wires, while the rest has a third rail, the vehicles can handle both.

Tram

Rotterdam offers 10 tramlines with a total length of 93.4 kilometers.

Bus

Rotterdam offers 38 buslines with a total length of 432.7 kilometers.

Fast Ferry

Every half hour a fast ferry goes from Rotterdam to Dordrecht and visa versa. The trip takes an hour, inclusive stops along the way. The ferry can carry about 130 passengers and there is space for 60 bicycles. The stops are:

★ Rotterdam Willemskade - Krimpen aan den IJssel Stormpolder - Ridderkerk De Schans - Alblasserdam Kade -Papendrecht Oosteind - Dordrecht Merwekade.

Miscellaneous

Beaches

During the summer of 2003 and 2005, there was an artificial beach at the Boompjeskade along the Nieuwe Maas, between the Erasmus Bridge and the Willems Bridge. Swimming was not possible, digging pits was limited to the height of the layer of sand, ca. 50 cm. Alternatively people go the beach of Hoek van Holland or Nesselande.

Famous Rotterdammers

:''See also ''

★ Madelon Baans ★ Leo Beenhakker ★ Thea Beckman ★ Pascal Bosschaart ★ Mart Bras ★ Gerard Cox ★ Finnola Marieke van Wonig ★ Winston Bogarde ★ Giovanni van Bronckhorst ★ Willem Pieterszoon Buytewech ★ Ferry Corsten ★ Louis Davids ★ Jules Deelder ★ Julian "Bean" Delphiki (literary character) ★ Edsger Dijkstra

★ André van Duijn ★ Robert Doornbos ★ Desiderius Erasmus ★ Pim Fortuyn ★ Leo Fuld ★ Ida Gerhardt ★ Jacobus van 't Hoff ★ Marianne Heemskerk ★ Betty Heukels ★ Leen Jansen ★ Bep van Klaveren ★ Piet van Klaveren ★ Rem Koolhaas ★ Wim Jansen ★ Willem de Kooning ★ Neelie Kroes ★ Kruimeltje (literary character) ★ Ruud Lubbers ★ Paul de Leeuw ★ Martin Lodewijk

★ Rie Mastenbroek ★ Fatima Moreira de Melo ★ Robin van Persie ★ Hillegonda Rietveld (of Quando Quango) ★ Reinier Rietveld (of Spasmodique) ★ Nida Senff ★ Raemon Sluiter ★ Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh ★ Brenda Starink ★ Ron Steens ★ Marten Toonder ★ Renate Verbaan ★ Berry Westra ★ Bob den Uyl ★ Faas Wilkes ★ Luigi Bruins

''See also:'' List of mayors of Rotterdam

Town twinning

Rotterdam participates in international town twinning.

★ 13 Sister Cities

★ 12 Partner Cities

★ 4 Sister Ports
'Sister Cities'

★ Cologne, Germany, Since 1958

★ Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxemburg, Since 1958

★ Lille, France, Since 1958

★ Turin, Italy, Since 1958

★ Luik, Belgium, Since 1958

★ Burgas, Bulgaria, Since 1976

★ Constanţa, Romania, Since 1976

★ Gdańsk, Poland, Since 1977

★ Shanghai, China, Since 1979

★ Havana, Cuba, Since 1983

★ Saint Petersburg, Russia, Since 1984

★ Baltimore, USA, Since 1985

★ Dresden, Germany, Since 1988
'Partner Cities'

★ Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom, Since 1936

★ Antwerpen, Belgium, Since 1940

★ Basel, Switzerland, Since 1945

★ Oslo, Norway, Since 1945

★ Duisburg, Germany, Since 1950

★ Nuremberg, Germany, Since 1961

★ Jakarta, Indonesia, Since 1983

★ Osaka, Japan, Since 1984

★ Budapest, Hungary, Since 1991

★ Bratislava, Slovakia, Since 1991

★ Durban, South Africa, Since 1991

★ Prague, Czech Republic, Since 1991
'Sister Ports'

★ Kobe, Japan, Since 1967

★ Seattle, USA, Since 1969

★ Busan, South Korea, Since 1987

★ Tokyo, Japan, Since 1989

References

1. Kerncijfers Rotterdam 2006
2. Randstadmonitor 2006
3. Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, "Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten", KNAW, 2006. [1]
4. Europe works to assimilate Muslims, Atlanta Journal Constitution

External links

★ Willem de Kooning Akademie / Rotterdam Academy of Fine Arts

★ Rotterdam

★ Port of Rotterdam

★ Rotterdam Tourism

★ [14] a Google image of Rotterdam

★ Rotterdam at Wikitravel

★ interview with 'Orhan Kaya', the alderman in Rotterdam responsible for art, culture and participation about "culture as an act of free will"