العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
EspañolRUDY GIULIANI
(Redirected from Rudolph Giuliani)
'Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani' (born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician from the state of New York. Formerly Mayor of New York City, Giuliani is currently seeking the Republican nomination for President.
A Democrat and Independent in the 1970s, and a Republican from the 1980s onward, Giuliani served in the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, eventually becoming U.S. Attorney. Giuliani later served two terms as Mayor of New York City (1994–2001). He was credited by some with initiating improvements in the city's quality of life and with a reduction in crime.[1] Others, however, criticized him as divisive and authoritarian[2] and disputed his role in reducing crime.[3] Giuliani gained international attention during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center.[4] In 2001 ''Time'' magazine named him "Person of the Year"[5] and he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.[6] His high media profile in the days following the attacks led supporters to nickname him "America's Mayor."[7][8]
After leaving office as mayor, Giuliani founded Giuliani Partners, a security consulting business, acquired Giuliani Capital Advisors (later sold), an investment banking firm, and joined the Bracewell & Giuliani law firm, which changed its name when he became a partner. In February 2007 Giuliani filed a statement of candidacy for the Republican nomination for the 2008 presidential campaign.[9] If elected he would be the first former mayor to be elected president without serving in a higher office, the first Italian American president, the second Roman Catholic president, and the first Republican President who has not opposed ''Roe v. Wade''.[10]
Rudolph Giuliani was born in Brooklyn, New York, the only child of working-class parents Harold Angel Giuliani and Helen C. D'Avanzo, both children of Italian immigrants.[11] The family was Roman Catholic and its extended members included police officers, firefighters, and criminals.[12]
Harold Giuliani had trouble holding a job and had been convicted of felony assault and robbery and served time in Sing Sing;[13] after his release he served as a Mafia enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who ran an organized crime operation involved in loan sharking and gambling at a restaurant in Brooklyn.[14]
In 1951, when Rudy Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South on Long Island. There he attended a local Catholic school, St. Anne's.[12] Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961. He had an 85 average there, graduated 130th out of 378 students in his class, and received SAT scores of 569 verbal and 504 math.[16]
Giuliani went on to Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in political science with a minor in philosophy,[17] there he considering becoming a Catholic priest. He was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but lost the same election in his junior year. He joined the Phi Rho Pi fraternity, and was active in shaping its direction. He graduated in 1965.
Giuliani eventually decided to forego the priesthood, instead attending New York University School of Law in Manhattan, where he made law review and graduated ''cum laude'' with a Juris Doctor in 1968.[18]
Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York.
Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War. He received a student deferment while at Manhattan College and another while at NYU Law. Upon graduation from NYU Law in 1968, he was classified as 1-A, available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected. In 1969, MacMahon wrote a letter to Giuliani's draft board, asking that he be reclassified as 2-A, civilian occupation deferment, because Giuliani, who was a law clerk for MacMahon, was an essential employee. The deferment was granted. In 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number; he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A.[19][20]
In 1970, Giuliani joined the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York.
In 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and was eventually appointed United States Attorney. In 1975, Giuliani was recruited to Washington, D.C. during the Ford administration, where he was named Associate Deputy Attorney General and chief of staff to Deputy Attorney General Harold "Ace" Tyler. His first high-profile prosecution was of U.S. Representative Bertram L. Podell (NY-13), who was convicted of corruption.
From 1977 to 1981, during the Carter Administration, Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler law firm, as chief of staff to his previous DC boss, Ace Tyler. Tyler later became critical of Giuliani's turn as a prosecutor, calling his tactics "overkill".
In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General in the Reagan administration, the third-highest position in the Department of Justice. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised the U.S. Attorney Offices' federal law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Marshals Service.
In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government's "detention posture" regarding the internment of over 2,000 Haitian asylum-seekers who had entered the country illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead that they were "economic migrants." In defense of the government's position, Giuliani stated at one point that political repression under President Jean-Claude Duvalier (the infamous "Baby Doc") no longer existed.[21] After meeting personally with Duvalier, Giuliani testified that "political repression, at least in general, does not exist" in Haiti under Duvalier's regime.
In 1983, Giuliani was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken for insider trading. He also spearheaded the effort to jail drug dealers, combat organized crime, break the web of corruption in government, and prosecute white-collar criminals. He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions and 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the "perp walk," parading of suspects in front of the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.[22] After Giuliani "patented the perp walk", the tool was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide.[23]
He claimed that veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of Kidder, Peabody & Co. was guilty of insider trading. In February 1987 he had officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company's trading floor, with Wigton in tears. Giuliani had his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond. [24][25][26] However, in three months, charges were dropped against Wigton and Tabor. On that ocassion, Giuliani said, "We're not going to go to trial. We're just the tip of the iceberg." CNN correspondent Allan Chernoff said, "There was no iceberg." [25][26]However, their careers as financial analysts and traders were ruined. [29]
Critics disparaged Giuliani, claiming he arranged public arrests of people, then dropped charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial. In a few cases, his public arrests of alleged white-collar criminals at their workplaces, with charges later dropped or lessened, irreparably damaged their reputations.[30]
Giuliani's high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what they had been convicted of were not crimes.[31]
It was in 1983 that Giuliani indicted financiers Marc Rich and Pincus Green on charges of tax evasion and making illegal oil deals with Iran during the hostage crisis, in one of the first cases in which the RICO Act was employed in a non-organized crime case.[32] Rich and Green fled the United States to avoid prosecution; both were eventually pardoned by President Bill Clinton in 2001.[33]
In the Mafia Commission Trial (February 25, 1985–November 19, 1986), Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures, including the heads of New York's so-called "Five Families", under the RICO Act on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for hire. ''Time'' magazine called this "Case of Cases" possibly "the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention: "Our approach...is to wipe out the five families."[34]
The initial defendants included:
★ Paul "Big Paul" Castellano, head of the Gambino crime family
★ Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno, convicted as head of the Genovese crime family[35]
★ Carmine "Junior" Persico, head of the Colombo Family
★ Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo, head of the Lucchese crime family
★ Philip "Rusty" Rastelli, head of the Bonanno family,
and six subordinates. Eight defendants were found guilty on all counts and subsequently sentenced on January 13, 1987 to hundreds of years of prison time.
Ivan Boesky was a Wall Street arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about US $200 million by betting on corporate takeovers. He was investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders. These stock acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover.
Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC and informed on several of his insiders, including junk bond trader Michael Milken:
In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering and fraud. In a highly-publicized case, Milken was indicted by a federal grand jury, and after a plea bargain, pled guilty to six lesser securities and reporting violations.
He paid a total of $900 million in fines and settlements relating primarily to civil lawsuits and was banned for life from the securities industry.
Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until January 1989, resigning as the Reagan administration ended. He garnered criticism until he left office for his zealous handling of cases and was accused of prosecuting cases for political ambitions.17 He joined the law firm White & Case in New York City as a partner. He remained with White & Case until May 1990, when he joined the law firm Anderson Kill Olick & Oshinsky, also in New York City.
Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat, admiring the Kennedy family, working as a party committee person on Long Island in the mid-1960s,[37] volunteering for Robert F. Kennedy's presidential campaign in 1968, and voting for George McGovern for president in 1972.[38] In 1975 he switched his party registration from Democratic to Independent. On December 8, 1980, one month after the election of Ronald Reagan brought Republicans back to power in Washington, he switched his party affiliation from Independent to Republican. Giuliani later said the switches were because he found Democratic policies "naïve", and that "by the time I moved to Washington, the Republicans had come to make more sense to me." Others suggested that the switches were made in order to get positions in the Justice Department. Giuliani's mother maintained in 1988 that, "He only became a Republican after he began to get all these jobs from them. He's definitely not a conservative Republican. He thinks he is, but he isn't. He still feels very sorry for the poor."
Giuliani first ran for New York City Mayor in 1989, attempting to unseat three-term incumbent Ed Koch. He won the September 1989 Republican Party primary election against business magnate Ronald Lauder, in a campaign marked by claims that Giuliani was not a true Republican and by an acrimonious debate.[39] In the Democratic primary, Koch was upset by Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins.
In the general election, Giuliani ran as the fusion candidate of both the Republican and Liberal Parties. The Conservative Party, which had often co-lined the Republican party candidate, withheld support from Giuliani and ran Lauder instead.[40] Conservative Party leaders were unhappy with Giuliani on ideological grounds. They cited the Liberal Party's endorsement statement that Giuliani "agreed with the Liberal Party's views on affirmative action, gay rights, gun control, school prayer and tuition tax credits."[41]
During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of change, saying that "I'm the reformer,"[42] that "If we keep going merrily along, this city's going down," and that electing Dinkins would represent "more of the same, more of the rotten politics that have been dragging us down." Giuliani also accused Dinkins of not having paid his taxes for many years and of several other ethical misteps, in particular a stock transfer to his son. Dinkins said the tax matter had been fully paid off, denied other wrongdoing, and said that "what we need is a mayor, not a prosecutor," and that Giuliani refused to say "the R-word - he doesn't like to admit he's a Republican." Dinkins won the endorsements of three of the four daily New York newspapers, while Giulani won approval from the ''New York Post''.
In the end, Giuliani lost to Dinkins by 47,080 votes out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in city history.[43]
Afterwards, Giuliani partially blamed New York Senator Alfonse D'Amato for the loss, along with misleading poll results (which had Dinkins ahead by double digits late in the race) leading to hampered fundraising. D'Amato, a Republican, had not supported Giuliani in the race and had sponsored Lauder in the primary. D'Amato had a falling-out with Giuliani two years earlier, when Giuliani attempted to choose his successor as US attorney, a privilege usually reserved for Senators.[44]
In 1993, Giuliani again ran for mayor. Once again, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party line but not the Conservative Party line, which ran activist George Marlin.[45] The principal issues of the election of 1993 were crime and taxes. Giuliani also campaigned on what he perceived to be the unchecked expansion of the city's budget and the lack of managerial competence of incumbent David Dinkins. While Dinkins had frequently and eloquently voiced his affection for New York City diversity while in office, his tenure bore witness to anti-Semitic rioting in Crown Heights and an Al Sharpton-led black boycott of Korean businesses in Brooklyn.
Giuliani focused on what he described as a breakdown of social and political order that Dinkins had been either unwilling or unable to address effectively. In addition, the city was suffering from a spike in unemployment associated with the nationwide recession, with local unemployment rates going from 6.7% in 1989 to 11.1% in 1992.[46] There was also a public perception that crime was increasing, although in fact the crime rate in most categories had decreased during the Dinkins administration; for example, the per-capita murder rate had peaked and then begun to decline under Dinkins, and rapes decreased in each year of his term.[47] The perception of increased crime contrasted with Dinkins' appeal to the "gorgeous mosaic" of New York ethnic diversity.
Giuliani promised to focus the police department on shutting down petty crimes and nuisances as a way of restoring the quality of life: "It's the street tax paid to drunk and drug-ridden panhandlers. It's the squeegee men shaking down the motorist waiting at a light. It's the trash storms, the swirling mass of garbage left by peddlers and panhandlers, and open-air drug bazaars on unclean streets."[48]
Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, never coming to terms with how to approach a debate: Dinkins wanted to include Conservative Party candidate Marlin in any debate, while Giuliani wanted to go up against Dinkins one-on-one. Giuliani later signed legislation (which he originally did not support) which required candidates who receive public financing, as both Dinkins and Giuliani had in 1993, to debate.[49] Dinkins was endorsed by ''The New York Times'' and ''Newsday'',[50] while Giuliani was endorsed by the ''New York Post'' and, in a key switch from 1989, the ''New York Daily News''.[51]
In the end Giuliani won by a margin of 53,367 votes, with 49.25% of the electorate to the incumbent's 46.42%. He became the first Republican elected Mayor of New York City since John Lindsay in 1965.[52]
Giuliani's opponent in 1997 was Democratic Manhattan Borough President Ruth Messinger, who had beaten Al Sharpton in the September 9, 1997 Democratic primary.[53] The results of the Democratic primary had been contested in court by Sharpton, who argued that he qualified for a run-off election with Messinger,[54] Sharpton waited until October to endorse Messinger against Giuliani, and it was perceived by some as tepid .[55]
In the general election, once again Giuliani also had the Liberal Party but not Conservative Party listing. Giulani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Giuliani's popularity was at its highest point to date, with a late October 1997 Quinnipiac University poll showing him as having a 68% approval rating; 70% of New Yorkers were satisfied with life in the city and 64% said things were better in the city compared to four years previously.[56]
Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls and had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger. On her part, Messinger lost the support of several usually Democratic constituencies, including gay organizations and large labor unions.[57] All four daily New York newspapers — ''The New York Times'', ''New York Daily News'', ''New York Post'', and ''Newsday'' — endorsed Giuliani over Messinger.[58] Two televised debates were held, but Messinger was unable to get traction in highlighting that Giuliani was interested in higher office and might not serve out a full second term.Adam Nagourney, "Giuliani Shrugs Off Messinger's Attacks in Debate", ''The New York Times'', October 30, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.
In the end, Giuliani won 59% of the vote to Messinger's 41%, and became the first Republican to win a second term as mayor since Fiorello H. LaGuardia in 1941. Voter turnout was the lowest in 12 years, with only 38% of registered voters casting ballots.[59] The margin of victory was not quite as large as pre-election polls had predicted;[60] analysis of the vote showed that Giuliani made modest gains in his share of the African American vote (20% compared to 5% in 1993, while benefitting from lower turnout overall) and Hispanic vote (43% from 37%) while maintaining his solid base of white and Jewish voters from 1993.
In his acceptance speech, Giuliani acknowledged the image of divisiveness he had acquired during his first term and vowed to correct it: "Whether you voted for me or against me, whether you voted or didn't vote, I'm your Mayor, this is your administration. We have to do a better job of serving all of you. We have to reach out to all of you. And if we haven't, I apologize. I'm sorry and it is my personal commitment that we will try, endlessly and tirelessly, to bring all of you into the kind of success and optimism we have in this room."
Main articles: Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani served as mayor of New York City from 1994 through 2001. In 2002, Giuliani published ''Leadership'', on his account of being Mayor.
In his first term as mayor, Giuliani, in conjunction with New York City Police Department Commissioner Bill Bratton, adopted an aggressive enforcement-deterrent strategy based on James Q. Wilson's Broken Windows approach. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, and aggressive "squeegeemen", on the theory that this would send a message that order would be maintained. Giuliani and Bratton also instituted CompStat, a comparative statistical approach to mapping crime geographically and in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions. Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data.[61] The CompStat initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from the Kennedy School of Government.[62]
During Giuliani's administration, crime rates dropped, continuing the trend that had begun under his predecessor, Dinkins, in 1990.[63] Giuliani's presidential campaign website has described the drop as occurring under his leadership.[64] The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed, however. A small but significant nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing factors to the overall decline in crime during the 1990s were federal funding of an additional 7,000 police officers and an overall improvement in the national economy. Many experts believe changing demographics were the factor most responsible for crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time.[65] Because the crime index is based on the FBI crime index, which is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories that the FBI doesn't collect.[66]
Giuliani's supporters cite studies concluding that New York's drop in crime rate in the '90s and '00s exceeds all national figures and therefore should be linked with a local dynamic that was not present as such anywhere else in the country: "most focused form of policing in history. Zimring (Frank Zimring — The Great American Crime Decline) estimates that up to half of New York’s crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing crime decline since 2000, has resulted from policing."
Bratton, not Giuliani, was featured on the cover of Time Magazine in 1996.[67] Giuliani forced Bratton out of his position after two years, in what was generally seen as a battle of two large egos in which Giuliani was unable to accept Bratton's celebrity.[68]
Giuliani's term also saw allegations of civil rights abuses and other police misconduct. There were several police shootings of unarmed suspects,[69] and the scandals surrounding the sexual torture of Abner Louima and the killings of Amadou Diallo and Patrick Dorismond. Giuliani supported the Police Department, for example by releasing what he called Dorismond's "extensive criminal record" to the public, including a sealed juvenile file.[70]
Several of Giuliani's appointees to head City agencies became defendants in criminal proceedings.
In 2000, Giuliani appointed 34-year-old Russell Harding, the son of Liberal Party of New York leader and longtime Giuliani mentor Raymond Harding, to head the New York City Housing Development Corporation, although Harding had neither a college degree nor relevant experience. In 2005, Harding pled guilty to defrauding the Housing Development Corporation and to possession of child pornography. He was sentenced to five years in prison.[71] In a related matter, Richard Roberts, appointed by Giuliani as Housing Commissioner and as chairman of the Health and Hospitals Corporation, pled guilty to perjury after lying to a grand jury about a car that Harding bought for him with City funds.[72]
Giuliani was a longtime backer of Bernard Kerik, who started out as a New York Police Department detective driving for Giuliani's campaign. Giuliani appointed him as the Commissioner of the Department of Correction and then as the Police Commissioner. After Giuliani left office, Kerik pled guilty to corruption charges dating from his Corrections days.[73]
Giuliani curtailed services to the indigent by setting a limit of 90 days for homeless individuals' stays in shelters, leading opponent Dinkins to accuse him of punishing the children of the homeless.
In an attempt to change the character of the Times Square area, his administration forced out private businesses such as the peep shows, game parlors and souvenir shops, filling it with more chain stores, including the MTV studios and a massive Virgin Megastore and theater which would bring in more money.
The Giuliani administration dramatically cut education funding in New York City, by a total of over six billion dollars, but advocated the privatization of public schools with a voucher-based system. Public school test scores fell during his administration.
Giuliani was criticized for embracing illegal immigrants. Giuliani continued a policy of preventing city employees from contacting the Immigration and Naturalization Service about immigration violations, on the grounds that illegal aliens must be able to take actions such as to send their children to school or report crime and violations without fear of deportation.
During his mayoralty, gays and lesbians in New York received domestic-partnership rights. Giuliani in turn pushed the city's Democratic-controlled New York City Council, which had avoided the issue for years, to then pass legislation providing broad protection for same-sex partners. In 1998, he codified local law by granting all city employees equal benefits for their domestic partners.
The 9/11 attack occurred soon after voting began in the primaries to select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani. The primary was rescheduled to September 25. During this period, Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term, from its scheduled expiration on January 1 to April 1. He asked the candidates to agree to extend his term, and said that, otherwise, he would ask the State Legislature to extend the starting date for the new mayor's term to April 1, or to overturn term limits so that he could run again for a full term.[74][75]
Although the New York State Constitution (Article 3 Section 25) provides for emergency extensions,[76] in the end leaders in the State Assembly and Senate indicated that they did not believe the extension was necessary. The election proceeded as scheduled, and the winning candiate, the Giuliani-endorsed Republican Michael Bloomberg, took office on January 1, 2002 as per normal custom.
Main articles: New York United States Senate election, 2000
Due to term limits Giuliani could not run for a third term as Mayor. In November 1998, long-serving Democratic New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan retired and Giuliani immediately indicated an interest in running for the seat. Due to his high profile and visibility Giuliani was supported by the state Republican Party, even though he had irritated many by endorsing incumbent Democrat Governor Mario Cuomo over Republican George Pataki in 1994.[77] Giuliani's entrance led to Democratic Congressman Charles Rangel and others recruiting then-U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton to run for Moynihan's seat, hoping she might combat his star power.
In April 1999, Giuliani formed an exploratory committee in connection with the Senate run. However, on May 19, 2000, before the Republican primary which he was expected to win, he withdrew his candidacy, with the stated reason that he had been diagnosed as having prostate cancer and needed treatment. Contributing factors may have been the Farmersville Garbage Scandal which significantly reduced his support in his core upstate counties and the fallout from his affair and messy divorce from his wife Donna Hanover. New York Congressman Rick Lazio replaced Giuliani as the Republican nominee, coming in significantly ahead of U.S. Presidential candidate George W. Bush's performance in New York, but losing to Clinton by a wider-than-expected 12-point margin.
Main articles: Rudy Giuliani during the September 11, 2001 attacks
Giuliani was prominent in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. He made frequent appearances on radio and television on September 11 and afterwards — for example, to indicate that tunnels would be closed as a precautionary measure, and that there was no reason to believe that the dispersion of chemical or biological weaponry into the air was a factor in the attack.
When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal suggested that the attacks were an indication that the United States "should re-examine its policies in the Middle East and adopt a more balanced stand toward the Palestinian cause", Giuliani asserted,
:There is no moral equivalent for this [terrorist] act. There is no justification for it... And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between liberal democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they're part of the problem.[78]
Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince's $10 million donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack.
In the wake of the attacks, Giuliani was hailed by many for his leadership during the crisis. When polled just six weeks after the attack Giuliani received a 79% approval rating among New York City voters, a dramatic increase over the 36% rating he had received a year earlier — 7 years into his administration.[79][80]
In his public statements, Giuliani mirrored the emotions of New Yorkers after the attacks: shock, sadness, anger, resolution to rebuild, and the desire for justice to be done to those responsible. "Tomorrow New York is going to be here", he said. "And we're going to rebuild, and we're going to be stronger than we were before...I want the people of New York to be an example to the rest of the country, and the rest of the world, that terrorism can't stop us."[81] Giuliani was praised by some for his close involvement with the rescue and recovery efforts, but others, including some firefighters, police, rescue workers, and families of WTC victims argue that "Giuliani has exaggerated the role he played after the terrorist attacks, casting himself as a hero for political gain."[82]
As an avid and public fan of the New York Yankees, who won four World Series Championships during his time as mayor, Giuliani was frequently sighted at Yankee games, often accompanied by his son Andrew. On September 21, 2001, the first game was played in New York City after the attacks, with the New York Mets at home facing the Atlanta Braves. Despite his being a Yankee fan, the crowd cheered for him and for his leadership over the preceding days.
The term "America's Mayor", now in common usage among Giuliani supporters, seems to have been coined by Oprah Winfrey at a 9/11 memorial service held at Yankee Stadium on September 23, 2001.[83][8]
On December 24, 2001,[85] ''Time'' magazine named Giuliani its Person of the Year for 2001.[86] ''Time'' observed that, prior to 9/11, the public image of Giuliani had been that of a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician. After 9/11, and perhaps owing also to his bout with prostate cancer, his public image had been reformed to that of a man who could be counted on to unite a city in the midst of its greatest crisis. Thus historian Vincent J. Cannato concluded in September 2006, "With time, Giuliani's legacy will be based on more than just 9/11. He left a city immeasurably better off — safer, more prosperous, more confident — than the one he had inherited eight years earlier, even with the smoldering ruins of the World Trade Center at its heart. Debates about his accomplishments will continue, but the significance of his mayoralty is hard to deny."[87]
Giuliani declined to appear at the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) sponsored March 14, 2007 forum. The IAFF's bipartisan presidential forum in Washington, D.C., included ten other major Democratic and Republican candidates seeking their support for their Presidential aspirations. The relations between Giuliani and the firefighters' union are strained due to their contention that he abandoned efforts to recover remains and effects of firefighters and other victims in the rubble of the World Trade Center, despite his public posturing of support.[88][89][90]
Since leaving office as Mayor, Giuliani has remained politically active by campaigning for Republican candidates for political offices at all levels. He was a speaker at the 2004 Republican National Convention, where he endorsed George W. Bush for re-election by recalling that immediately after the World Trade Center towers fell, "Without really thinking, based on just emotion, spontaneous, I grabbed the arm of then-Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik, and I said to him, 'Bernie, thank God George Bush is our president.'"[91]
Similarly, in June 2006, Giuliani started a website called Solutions America to help elect Republicans candidates across the nation.
After campaigning on behalf of George W. Bush in the 2004 election, he was reportedly the top choice for Secretary of Homeland Security after the resignation of Tom Ridge. When suggestions were made that Giuliani's confirmation hearings would be marred by details of his past affairs and scandals, he turned down the offer and instead recommended his friend and former New York Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik. Kerik in his pre-announcement interviews with the White House failed to disclose facts in his past that were certain to disqualify him. After the formal announcement of Kerik's nomination, information known for years to local reporters, but unreported, became widely known (most notably, that Kerik had ties to organized crime, but also that he had been sued for sexual harrassment and had employed an undocumented alien as a domestic servant). The political fallout was damaging to the perception of competence in the White House vetting process and doubts as to Giuliani's ethics and political judgment in recommending Kerik in the first place.
Speculation that Giuliani might become a candidate for 2006 statewide office took place early in that election cycle, with the notion that Giuliani might run for either for the United States Senate challenging incumbent Democrat Hillary Rodham Clinton, or for Governor of New York, as incumbent Republican Governor George Pataki announced that he would not seek re-election in July 2005. The consensus of political observers then was that Giuliani would not run[92] even though polls show that he would be favored in a matchup against Democratic gubernatorial nominee Eliot Spitzer;[93] in any case, a Giuliani spokesman said that he "has no intention" of running,[94] leaving no clear favorite among Republicans. With Giuliani staying out of both races, the Republican nominations fell to little-known candidates, and both Clinton and Spitzer won by very large margins.
On March 15, 2006, Congress formed the Iraq Study Group (ISG). This ten-person bipartisan panel was charged with assessing the Iraq War and making recommendations. They would eventually unanimously conclude that contrary to Bush Administration assertions, "The situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating" and called for "changes in the primary mission" that would allow "the United States to begin to move its forces out of Iraq".[95] On May 24, 2006, five weeks after accepting appointment to the ISG, and after missing all of the group's meetings,[96] Giuliani resigned, citing his "previous time commitments".[97] It later was discovered that it was Giuliani's fundraising schedule which had kept him from participating in the panel, a schedule which raised $11.4 million in speaking fees over fourteen months,[96] and that Giuliani had been forced to resign after being given "an ultimatum to either show up for meetings or leave the group".[99] Giuliani was described by ''Newsweek'' magazine in January of 2007 as "one of the most consistent cheerleaders for the president’s handling of the war in Iraq"[100] and as of June of 2007 remained one of the few candidates for president to unequivocally support both the basis for the invasion and the execution of the war.[101]
A May 14, 2007 "New York Daily News" poll indicates that 56 percent of polled New Yorkers believe that Bloomberg has done a better job as mayor, and that 29 percent believed that Giuliani had been a better mayor.[102] 46% of those polled also indicated they would choose Bloomberg over Giuliani as President; Giuliani received the support of only 29% of New Yorkers.[103]
Main articles: Controversies of Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani has been the subject of several controversies, involving both his professional and personal lives.
Regarding his personal life, some claim that he knew his first wife was his second cousin all along, and simply used that as an excuse for annulling the marriage. Another hot topic is that Giuliani and Alan Placa, an alleged pedophile priest, reportedly have been close friends since childhood, which upsets some people. Some also wonder whether or not Giuliani received gifts, such as tickets, souvenirs, and championship rings, from the New York Yankees baseball team that violated a city ordinance.
He is also criticized for allegedly attempting to restrict free speech, and 35 successful lawsuits were brought against his administration for blocking it. Some of his lobbying efforts and promotions of individuals are also questioned, including lobbying on behalf of Citgo and the makers of Oxycontin. His business deals are also questioned, alleging that Giuliani Partners accepted fees from penny stock firms, made alliances that have gone nowhere and formed pacts with businesses and individuals that have come under scrutiny by regulators and law enforcement officers.
Giuliani has had two notable conflicts involving the media. Since the News Corporation, the parent company of Fox News, is a client of Giuliani, some began to question Fox's co-sponsorship of the May 15 2007 Republican debate. Also, when Parkinson's patient John Hynes called Giuliani's weekly radio show to complain about being cut off from Medicaid, said offensive things to Giuliani, and the major responded with equally harsh words, which upset some people.
There is specifically much criticism surrounding his administration during the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Others criticize his lack preparedness before the attacks by allegedly ignoring the ongoing threat to New York City from Islamist terrorists in the preceding years. His handling of Ground Zero air quality issue is also questioned for downplaying the health effects of the air afterwards.
It is also mentioned that his recovery effort of the aftermath of Ground Zero, asserting that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults. It has been alleged that Giuliani never read 9/11 Commission's Report and that he did not attend any meetings of the Iraq Study Group after being appointed to it in early 2006. He missed two early meetings, one of which involved a master class on Iraq, in which he would have had briefings by Colin Powell and David Petraeus. At those times he was giving paid speeches. After he failed to attend meetings of the group, ISG co-chair James Baker III contacted him. He responded with a letter of resignation, owing to "previous time commitments." [104]
In the wake of 9/11, there has been debate as to whether or not Giuliani profited from the tragedy. Before September 11th, Giuliani was estimated to be worth a little less than $2 million, but his net worth could now be as high as 30 times that amount. In the past year alone, he has collected $11.4 million from speaking fees.[105]
Main articles: Giuliani Partners
After leaving the mayor's office, Giuliani became a millionaire. He founded a security consulting business, Giuliani Partners LLC,[106] in 2002, a firm that has been categorized by various media outlets as a lobbying entity capitalizing on Giuliani's name recognition,[107][108] and which has been the subject of considerable controversy due to allegations surrounding staff hired by Giuliani and due to the firm's chosen client base.[109] Over five years, Giuliani Partners would earn more than $100 million.[110]
On March 31, 2005, it was announced that Giuliani would join the law firm of Bracewell & Patterson LLP (renamed Bracewell & Giuliani LLP) as a name partner and symbolic head of the expanding firm's new New York office. Despite a busy schedule the former mayor is known to be highly active in the day-to-day business of the Texas-based law firm described by the New York Times as "perhaps the nation’s most aggressive lobbyist for coal-fired power plants, heavy emitters of air pollutants and carbon dioxide, a gas associated with global warming."[111] While there was early speculation that the firm would merge with Giuliani Partners, this is a legal impossibility because as a matter of ethics, lawyers cannot share legal fees with non-lawyers. However, while the firm is completely independent of the consulting business, the two entities maintain a close strategic partnership.
On May 15, 2007 the Associated Press reported that Giuliani "has profited from his firm's work representing corporate clients before nearly every Cabinet department, exposing himself to a wide range of potential ethical entanglements." It was further reported that Giuliani's efforts on behalf of clients such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the chewing tobacco manufacturer UST Inc. had "contributed toward his personal net worth of millions of dollars."[112]
Bracewell and Giuliani has also been tied to the Trans-Texas Corridor, as the firm represents Cintra Concesiones de Infraestructuras de Transporte, S.A, one of the investment firms involved in the financing of the project.[113]
On June 7th, 2007, Fidelis America, a Catholic political advocacy group, reported that Bracewell & Giuliani has lobbied for stem cell research on behalf of Johns Hopkins University.[114]
Main articles: Political positions of Rudy Giuliani
An August 2006 poll from Rasmussen Reports revealed the perception of Giuliani as an overall moderate. Specifically, of those Americans polled, 36% classified him as a moderate, 29% as a conservative, and 15% as a liberal, with the remaining 20% being unsure.[115]
Giuliani has been the target of criticism from many conservatives for some of his views, especially with regard to abortion, immigration, and gay rights.[116][117][118][119][120][121][122]
Giuliani has been married three times. On October 26, 1968, soon after he graduated from law school, he married his second cousin, educator Regina Peruggi, whom Giuliani had known since childhood. In the mid-70s the marriage was in trouble and in 1975 they agreed to a trial separation.[123] Peruggi did not accompany him to Washington when he accepted the job in the Attorney General's Office.[124] Giuliani met local television personality Donna Hanover sometime in 1982, and they began dating when she was working in Miami.[125] Giuliani filed for legal separation from Peruggi on August 12, 1982. Giuliani and Hanover started living together later that year in Washington, D.C.
The Giuliani-Peruggi marriage was ended in two ways: a civil divorce was issued by the end of 1982,[126] while a Roman Catholic Church annulment of the Giuliani-Peruggi marriage was granted at the end of 1983, according to Giuliani, because he discovered after 14 years of marriage that he and his wife were second cousins,[127] rather than third cousins,[128] and they did not have the Church dispensation thus needed.[129] Giuliani and Peruggi did not have any children.
Giuliani and Hanover then married in a Catholic ceremony at St. Monica's Church in New York on April 15, 1984.[130] They had two children, son Andrew (born January 30, 1986) and daughter Caroline (born 1989). Andrew first became a familiar sight by misbehaving at Giuliani's first mayoral inaguration, then with his father at New York Yankees games, of whom Rudy Giuliani is an enthusiastic fan; Andrew also was an accomplished junior golfer.
Beginning in 1996, Giuliani and Hanover's public relationship became distant, with Hanover appearing at few public events.[131] In 1997, a ''Vanity Fair'' article report that Giuliani had a romantic relationship with Cristyne Lategano, the mayor's communications director.[132] The mayor and Lategano denied the allegations. On Father's Day, 1995 Giuliani had told reporters that he was returning to Gracie Mansion to play ball with Andrew. However, he instead went to City Hall, to a basement suite with his press secretary. Three hours later, Hanover, angered, appeared at City Hall; yet a mayoral aide prevented her from entering the suite.[133]
In May 2000, the ''New York Daily News'' broke news of Giuliani's extramarital relationship with Judith Nathan, a sales manager for a pharmaceutical company. Giuliani then called a press conference to announce that he intended to separate from Hanover.[134][135][136] Hanover, however, had not been told about his plans before his press conference,[137] an omission for which Giuliani was widely criticized.[138]
Previously, Giuliani had hinted at the relationship by referring to Nathan as his "very good friend."
Giuliani now went on to praise Nathan as a "very, very fine woman", and said about his marriage with Hanover, that "over the course of some period of time in many ways, we've grown to live independent and separate lives." Hours later Hanover said, "I had hoped that we could keep this marriage together. For several years, it was difficult to participate in Rudy's public life because of his relationship with one staff member," a reference to Lategano. Giuliani, Hanover and Nathan appeared on the cover of ''People'' magazine in the aftermath.[139]
Giuliani then moved out of Gracie Mansion and into an apartment belonging to two gay friends.[140] Giuliani filed for divorce from Hanover in October 2000,[141] and an unpleasant public battle broke out between their representatives.[142] Nathan was barred by court order from entering Gracie Mansion (where Hanover still lived) or meeting his children before the divorce was final.[143] In May 2001, in an effort to mitigate the bad publicity from the proceedings, Giuliani's attorney revealed (with the mayor's approval) that Giuliani was impotent due to his prostate cancer treatments and had not had sex with Nathan for the preceding year. "You don't get through treatment for cancer and radiation all by yourself," Giuliani said. "You need people to help you and care for you and support you. And I'm very fortunate I had a lot of people who did that, but nobody did more to help me than Judith Nathan."[144] Giuliani argued in a court case that he aimed to introduce Nathan to his children on Father's Day, 2001, and that Donna had prevented this visit.[145]
Giuliani and Hanover finally settled their acrimonious divorce case in July 2002, after his mayoralty had ended, with Giuliani paying Hanover a $6.8 million settlement and granting her custody of their children.[146]
Giuliani subsequently married Judith Nathan on May 24, 2003, and thus gained a stepdaughter, Whitney. It was also Nathan's third marriage after two prior divorces.
By March 2007, ''The New York Times'' and the ''New York Daily News'' reported that Rudy Giuliani had become estranged from both his son Andrew (a graduate in 2005 from St. Joseph Regional High School in Montvale, NJ is now a Duke Blue Devils golf team member at Duke University aspiring to a professional career, and who was quoted as saying "I have problems with my father. There's obviously a little problem that exists between me and his wife.") and his daughter Caroline (graduated from Trinity School in 2007, attending Harvard University), missing major events in their lives, such as graduations, and sometimes going long stretches without talking to them, and that neither of them was taking part in his presidential campaign.[147][148] Caroline uses her mother's surname, Hanover, rather than Giuliani's, and according to reports, she did not inform Giuliani when she was accepted to Harvard. Caroline apparently linked her personal Facebook page to the campaign of Democratic presidential candidate, Senator Barack Obama.[149][150] However, after a slate.com contributor reported this link, Caroline removed this link from her "Facebook" page.[151] The official Giuliani campaign website biography mentions Nathan but does not mention his children or his former marriages.[152]
Giuliani has said that if elected President, he will have his wife sit in on Cabinet meetings.
At a public appearance in Derry, New Hampshire on August 16, 2007 an audience member, Katherine Prudhomme-O'Brien asked him, "[H]ow you could expect the loyal following of Americans when you are not getting it from your own family?" Giuliani replied, "I love my family very, very much, and I would do anything for them. The best thing I can say is kind of, 'Leave my family alone, you know, just like I'll leave your family alone.' If you want to judge me or I want to judge you, we'll judge each other on our public performance. I don't know your private life. You don't know my private life."[153][154]
Main articles: Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign, 2008
A draft movement began in late 2005 to get Giuliani to run for President of the United States in 2008. Throughout 2006, rumors circulated regarding a possible Giuliani campaign, abetted by hints from the former Mayor himself. In November 2006 Giuliani announced the formation of an exploratory committee. In February 2007 he filed a "statement of candidacy" and confirmed on the television program ''Larry King Live'' that he was indeed running.[155]
Early polls showed him with one of the highest levels of name recognition and support and the front-runner in the race for the Republican nomination.[156] However in June of 2007 a poll of New York voters revealed that Giuliani had less support in his home state than elsewhere, and particularly that a majority of New York City voters disapproved of him.[157] However the Associated Press reported that Giuliani did appear to be the favorite candidate of the largest Gay Republican organization, the Log Cabin Republicans.[158]
Giuliani and the nine other Republican presidential contenders participated in the first MSNBC 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates Debate on May 3, 2007, held at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
In Giuliani's second appearance in a major 2007 GOP debate, on May 15, conducted by Fox News, he challenged fellow candidate Representative Ron Paul, when Paul stated that the United States' military interventionist policy was a contributing factor to why America has been attacked and why there are anti-American feelings in the region. Giuliani interrupted the debate and said that Paul made "an extraordinary statement" and that "as someone who lived through the attack of September 11, that we invited the attack because we were attacking Iraq. I don't think I've heard that before, and I've heard some pretty absurd explanations for September 11th."[159]
By June 5, 2007 his poll percentages had fallen. After the appearance of former Tennessee Senator Fred Thompson as a potential candidate, Giuliani's poll percentage dropped to 23%, according to Rasmussen Reports.[160] As of July 2007, most polls showed him to have more support than any of the other declared candidates, with only Senator Thompson besting him in some polls.[161]
★ In 1998, Mayor Giuliani received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York."[162]
★ For his leadership on and after September 11, Giuliani was given an honorary knighthood (KBE) by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on February 13, 2002.[6]
★ In 2002, the Episcopal Diocese of New York gave Giuliani the Fiorello LaGuardia Public Service Award for Valor and Leadership in the Time of Global Crisis.[164]
★ Also in 2002, Former First Lady Nancy Reagan awarded the Mayor the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award. The award is given to "those who have made monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom," and who "embody President Reagan's lifelong belief that one man or woman truly can make a difference."[165]
★ In 2004, construction began on the Rudolph W. Giuliani Trauma Center at St. Vincent's Hospital in New York.[166]
★ In 2005, Giuliani received honorary degrees from Loyola College in Maryland[167] and Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont. In 2007, Giuliani received an honorary Doctorate in Public Administration from The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
★ In 2006, Rudy and Judith Giuliani were honored by the American Heart Association at its annual Heart of the Hamptons benefit in Water Mill, New York.[168]
★ '1989 Race for Mayor (New York City)'
★
★ David Dinkins (D), 51%
★
★ Rudy Giuliani (R), 49%
★ '1993 Race for Mayor (New York City)'
★
★ Rudy Giuliani (R), 49%
★
★ David Dinkins (D) (inc.), 46%
★ '1997 Race for Mayor (New York City)'
★
★ Rudy Giuliani (R) (inc.), 59%
★
★ Ruth Messinger (D), 41%
★ Barrett, Wayne, (2000). ''Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani''. Basic Books, ISBN 0-7567-6114-X (Reprint by Diane Publishing Co.)
★ Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11, Barrett, Wayne & Collins, Dan, , , Harper Collins, 2006, ISBN 0-06-053660-8
★ Brodeur, Christopher X., (2002). "Perverted Little Creep; Mayor Giuliani vs Mayor Brodeur". ExtremeNY books, ISBN 0-9741593-0-1.
★ Leadership, Giuliani, Rudolph W., Kurson, Ken, , , Miramax Books, 2002, ISBN 0-7868-6841-4
★ Gonzalez, Juan, (2002). ''Fallout: The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse''. New Press, ISBN 1565847547
★ Rudy Giuliani: Emperor of the City, Kirtzman, Andrew, , , Harper Collins, 2001, ISBN 0-06-009389-7
★ Koch, Edward I. (1999). ''Giuliani: Nasty Man.'' Barricade Books. ISBN 1-56980-155-X. Reissued, 2007.[169]
★ Mandery, Evan, (1999). ''. Westview Press, ISBN -10: 0813366984.
★ Newfield, Jack, (2003). ''The Full Rudy: The Man, the Myth, the Mania''. Thunder's Mouth Press, ISBN 1-56025-482-3
★ Polner, Robert, (2005). ''America's Mayor: The Hidden History of Rudy Giuliani's New York''. Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-932360-58-1
★ Polner, Robert, (2007). ''America's Mayor, America's President? The Strange Career of Rudy Giuliani''. [Preface by Jimmy Breslin] Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-933368-72-1
★ , Siegel, Fred, , , Encounter Books, 2005, ISBN 1-59403-084-7
★ Biographical drama '' (2003).
★ Kevin Keating's Documentary ''Giuliani Time'' (2006).
★ Giuliani appeared in a cameo role in Adam Sandler's 2003 film ''Anger Management''. In it, he uses Rob Schneider's catch phrase, "You can do it!"
★ Controversies of Rudy Giuliani
★ Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani
★ Political positions of Rudy Giuliani
★ September 11, 2001 attacks
★ William J. Bratton (former Police Commissioner of New York City)
★ Bernard Kerik (former Police Commissioner of New York City)
★ Anthony Rosario
★ Howard Safir (former Police Commissioner of New York City)
★ Peter Vallone (former Speaker of New York City Council)
★ Thomas Von Essen (former Fire Commissioner of New York City)
;Official sites
★ Join Rudy 2008 Giuliani For President Exploratory Committee.
;Documentaries, topic pages and databases
★ Federal Election Commission — Rudolph W Giuliani Presidential campaign finance reports and data
★ NewsHour with Jim Lehrer - Vote 2008: Rudy Giuliani
★ Genealogy of Rudy Giuliani
★ On the Issues — Rudy Giuliani issue positions and quotes
★ OpenSecrets.org — Rudy Giuliani campaign contributions
★ Project Vote Smart - Rudy Giuliani voter information
★ Giuliani Partners at Stockpikr public companies Giuliani Partners has done business with
★ Rudolph W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study study prepared for his 1993 Mayoral Campaign
★
;Media coverage
★ The New York Times — Rudolph W. Giuliani News news stories and commentary
★ Rudy Giuliani in the News articles from media around the world
★ Giuliani at Large news items from mainstream media sources
★ Mayor Rudy Giuliani press conference with Governor Pete Wilson of California March 29, 1995 as Wilson campaigns as a Presidential candidate
★ ''Rolling Stone'' magazine comparison with Pres. Bush
★ Time Magazine - "Behind Giuliani's Tough Talk"
;Grassroots campaigns
★ Draft Rudy Giuliani for President federal committee organized to "Draft Rudy Giuliani" in 2008.
★ Unofficial Giuliani Blog
1. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14910822/
2. Fred Siegel, The Prince of the City (review)
3. http://www.gothamgazette.com/commentary/91.barrett.shtml
4. ''The Economist.com'', Rudolph Giuliani — America's Mayor."
5. http://www.time.com/time/poy2001/
6. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/13/ltm.02.html
7. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/10/11/rec.giuliani.prince/
8. "City Mourns at Stadium Prayer Service."
9. "Giuliani joins race for president"
10. All Republican presidents who have taken office since ''Roe v. Wade'' have opposed that decision on both policy and constitutional grounds, beginning with President Gerald Ford. Regarding Ford, see Letter to the Archbishop of Cincinnati, published online by The American Presidency Project. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California (1976-09-10). However, after leaving office, Ford identified himself as "pro-choice." The Best of Interviews With Gerald Ford, ''Larry King Live Weekend'' (2001-02-03).
11. Danielle Burton, "10 Things You Didn't Know About Rudy Giuliani", ''USA Today'', February 7, 2007. Accessed June 21, 2007.
12. http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,162,00.html
13. http://www.mondaymemo.net/020218feature.htm
14. Wayne Barrett, "Thug Life: The Shocking Secret History of Harold Giuliani, the Mayor’s Ex-Convict Dad", ''The Village Voice'', July 5–11, 2000. Accessed April 6, 2007.
15. http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,162,00.html
16. http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0028,barrett,16371,1.html
17. A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey
18. http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html
19. {{cite web | url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0212072giuliani18.html | title=Rudolf W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study | publisher=smokinggun.com } date=1993-04-08 |accessdate=2007-02-12}}
20. The Sunshine Patriots
21. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E7D61539F930A35757C0A964948260
22. How to Avoid Letting a 'Perp Walk' Turn Into a Parade William Mitchelson Jr.
23. Breaking Down the “Perp Walk”
24. Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," "The New Yorker, August 20, 2007, p. 49
25. Heidi Collins, Allan Chernoff, Crystal McCrary Anthony, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0705/23/cnr.02.html
26. "Rudy Giuliani:America's Mayor or America's Fraud" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCnMKycHaY&mode=related&search=
27. Heidi Collins, Allan Chernoff, Crystal McCrary Anthony, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0705/23/cnr.02.html
28. "Rudy Giuliani:America's Mayor or America's Fraud" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCnMKycHaY&mode=related&search=
29. Richard Henninger, "Scooter Libby and Reputation: Prosecutions that wreak ruin on a lifetime" "Wall Street Journal," February 22, 2007 http://opinionjournal.com/columnists/dhenninger/?id=110009696
30. No more ‘perp walks’
31. Junk Bondage
32. "Isn't it rich?" Montgomery, Alicia
33. The Marc Rich Case: a Primer Reaves, Jessica
34. Stengel, Richard. "The Passionate Prosecutor." ''Time'' Magazine onlnie, posted June 24, 2001.
35. Subsequent convictions and plea bargains eventually confirmed that Vincent "The Chin" Gigante had actually been the head of the Genovese Family at the time of Salerno's conviction during the Commission Trial. http://www.ganglandnews.com/column325.htm
36. Trumbore, Brian. "Ivan Boesky"
37. http://www.democrats.org/a/2006/11/dnc_statement_o_9.php
38. http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2007/03/13/swiftboat_rudy/
39. Katharine Q. Seeley, " In G.O.P. Debate Today, Which Tack for Giuliani?", ''The New York Times'', May 3, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.
40. Frank Lynn, "Giuliani class=wikiexternal target=_blank>Files 2 Challenges To Take Lauder off Ballot", ''The New York Times'', July 21, 1989. Accessed March 30, 2007.
41. "Election 2008: Giuliani Quotes Disturb N.Y. Conservative," "National Federation of Republican Assemblies," http://www.gopwing.com/articles.aspx?article=760
42. Sam Roberts, " IN THEIR FIRST DEBATE, DINKINS AND GIULIANI GO AT IT, GENTLY", ''The New York Times'', November 5, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.
43. "A Biography of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani. City of New York website.
44. "The 1989 Elections: G.O.P. Post-Mortem; The Loser Is Faulting D'Amato" ''New York Times''
45. "Q&A: George Marlin", ''The New York Sun'', March 21, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.
46. New York State Department of Labor statistics, Workforce industry data.
47. New York City Crime Rate
48. [1]
49. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE4D6103CF930A35751C1A960958260
50. http://www.mitchellmoss.com/oped/93-11-04-nynewsday.html
51. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DF143EF932A35752C1A965958260
52. http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/mayors.html
53. "Giuliani Wins With Ease", CNN.com, November 4, 2007.
54. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE6DB1E38F93AA2575AC0A961958260
55. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E7D91E3CF930A25753C1A961958260
56. "Giuliani Approval, Satisfaction With City Hit New Highs, Quinnipiac College Poll Finds; Mayor's Lead Over Messinger Nears 2–1", Quinnipiac University, October 29, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.
57. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987322,00.html
58. "Giuliani Goes After Voters In Messinger's Stronghold", ''The New York Times'', October 27, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.
59. Adam Nagourney, "Giuliani Sweeps to Second Term as Mayor", ''The New York Times'', November 5, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.
60. David Firestone, "Big Victory, but Gains For Mayor Are Modest", ''The New York Times'', November 6, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.
61. Patrick A. Langan and Matthew R. Durose, Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://samoa.istat.it/Eventi/sicurezza/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf ''"The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City"'', October 21, 2004. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
62. http://www.joinrudy2008.com/biography/default.aspx
63. [2]
64.
"Rudy Giuliani"
65. Greene ''Crime Delinquency'' .1999; 45: 171–87''"Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City"''. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
66. "Rudy! An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani" by Wayne Barrett
67. Time Magazine, ''"Finally, We're Winning The War Against Crime. Here's Why."'', January 15, 1996. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
68. Richard Pérez-Peña, "Giuliani Courts Former Partner and Antagonist", ''The New York Times'', March 9, 2007. Accessed March 14, 2007.
69. Saxakali, ''"NYC POLICE SHOOTINGS 1999"'', July 09, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
70. CNN, ''"Giuliani, New York police under fire after shooting of unarmed man"'', March 19, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
71. Patricia Hurtado, "Disgraced ex-Giuliani official claims mental illness, judge prescribes prison", ''New York Newsday'', July 22, 2005. Accessed March 9, 2007.
72. A Going-Away Gift From Russell Harding Tom Robbins
73. Tom Brune, "Allies could cause alarm", ''Newsday'', February 22, 2007. Accessed March 3, 2007.
74.
75. Conservative Party and Courts May Hold Key to NYC Mayor's Race — 1 October 2001
76. Content Removed
77. 1994 Ad
78. [3]
79. [http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1302.xml?ReleaseID=547 Quinnipiac University Poll, published October 24, 2001. Accessed March 4, 2007.
80. http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1318.xml?ReleaseID=603
81. http://www.time.com/time/poy2001/poyprofile.html
82. [4]
83. [5]
84. "City Mourns at Stadium Prayer Service."
85. http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0112/24/ltm.03.html
86. TIME 2001 Person of the Year: Rudy Giuliani Profile
87. ''Washington Post Book World'' Sept 3, 2006[6]
88. "Rudy a No-Show at Firefighters Conference"
89. [7]
90. "Firefighters Slam Giuliani"
91. http://www.alazhari.unv.net/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/30/giuliani.transcript/index.html
92. Legislative Gazette
93. [8]
94. Democrat & Chronicle: Local News
95. [9]
96. "Rudy missing in action for Iraq panel" CRAIG GORDON June 18, 2007, 11:41 PM EDT ''Newsday''
97.
98. "Rudy missing in action for Iraq panel" CRAIG GORDON June 18, 2007, 11:41 PM EDT ''Newsday''
99. Marc Santora, "Giuliani Left Group on Iraq After Warning, Article Says", ''New York Times'', June 20, 2007
100. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16458783/site/newsweek/page/2/
101. [10]
102. [11]
103. http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7007342110
104. Amanda Ripley, "Mr. Tough Talk," "Time," September 3, 2007, p. 31, http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1655262,00.html
105. http://cbs2chicago.com/national/topstories_story_138032337.html
106. Giuliani Partners web site
107. http://www.nydailynews.com/01-07-2007/news/story/486423p-409552c.html
108. http://nymag.com/news/articles/wtc/1year/giuliani3.htm
109. [12]
110. In Private Sector, Giuliani Parlayed Fame Into Wealth
111. [13]
112. [14]
113. http://buchanan.org/blog/?p=754
114. http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lobbying-by-rudys-firm-draws-fire-2007-06-07.html
115. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/2006/August/GiulianiIdeology.htm
116. http://buchanan.org/blog/?p=750
117. http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=3187128
118. http://www.radioiowa.com/gestalt/go.cfm?objectid=B89CC16E-B185-873D-4BEBFEA848B4D74C 100 Iowa conservatives sign anti-Rudy petition
119. "Election 2008: Giuliani Quotes Disturb N.Y. Conservative," National Federation of Republican Assemblies," undated, other than 2007 http://www.gopwing.com/articles.aspx?article=760
120. [15]
121. George Marlin, compiler of "The Quotable Rudolph Giuliani, as reprinted in ''The New York Observer,'' March 29, 2005 http://www.observer.com/node/26855
122. John Hawkins, "Conservative Case Against Rudy Giuliani," "Human Events," August 30, 2006
123. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0212072giuliani12.html
124. RACE FOR CITY HALL: The Republican Candidate; A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey
125. Michael J. Gaynor, "Trusting Rudy Giuliani On Social Issues Is Not Sensible", ''Post Chronicle'', March 3, 2007. Accessed March 3, 2007.
126. Lynda Richardson, "A Scholarly Fund-Raiser's Stroll to the Park", ''The New York Times'', May 4, 2001. Accessed March 16, 2007.
127. Powell, Michael and Goldfarb, Zachary A. On 'Feeling Thermometer', Giuliani is the Hottest.' ''Washington Post'', March 8, 2006, p. A04.
128. Barry Bearak/Ian Fisher, "RACE FOR CITY HALL: The Republican Candidate; A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey", ''The New York Times'', October 19, 1997. Accessed May 16, 2007.
129. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/04/25/national/main551053.shtml
130. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/features/3262/index1.html
131. Margaret Carlson, "In Rudy's Playground", ''Time'', July 11, 1999. Accessed February 15, 2007.
132. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories[/2000/05/11/politics/main194350.shtml
133. Wayne Barrett, "Public Displays of Disaffection," "village voice," August 15, 2007 p. 12http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0733,barrett,77518,2.html
134. New York Times, May 8, 2000, by Joyce Purnick, Metro Matters; 'Good Friend,' A Marriage, And Voters
135. New York Times, May 11, 2000, unsigned, THE MAYOR'S SEPARATION; Excerpts From the Mayor's News Conference Concerning His Marriage
136. New York Times, July 14, 2002, by Joyce Wadler, Pronounced Ex- and Ex-
137. New York Times, May 11, 2000, by Elisabeth Bumiller, THE MAYOR'S SEPARATION: THE OVERVIEW; Giuliani and His Wife of 16 Years Are Separating
138. The Softer, Gentler Rudy Giuliani The Softer, Gentler Rudy Giuliani
139. Lloyd Grove, "The Thunderbolt", ''New York Magazine''. Accessed June 12, 2007.
140. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1290219.ece
141. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/07/10/national/main514784.shtml
142. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,127260,00.html
143. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/05/AR2007030501187.html?nav=rss_opinion/columns
144. Elisabeth Bumiller, "Giuliani Breaks Silence, Citing 'Adult' and 'Mature' Relationship", ''New York Times''. Accessed June 12, 2007.
145. Wayne Barrett, "Public Displays of Disaffection," "village voice," August 15, 2007 p. 12 http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0733,barrett,77518,2.html
146. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2119009.stm
147. Russ Buettner/Richard Perez-Pena, "Noticeably Absent From the Giuliani Campaign: His Children", ''New York Times''. Accessed June 12, 2007.
148. Daniel Saltonstall, "Wife Makes Strive: Judi cause of tension with Dad — Rudy's son," ''New York Daily News,'' March 3, 2007
149. Lucy Morrow Caldwell, "Rudy Giuliani's Daughter is Supporting Barack Obama http://www.slate.com/id/2171730
150. http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070823/ts_nm/usa_politics_facebook_dc
151. Carl Campanile and Maggie Haberman, "Rudy Kid Stabbed Daddy in the Back: Caroline Joined Obama'a Web Fan Club," "New York Post," August 7, 2007, 3
152. "About Rudy", JoinRudy2008.com. Accessed March 7, 2007.
153. Trent Spiner, "Rough day for Rudy" "New Hampshire Union Leader" August 16, 2007 http://www.unionleader.com/article.aspx?headline=Rough+day+for+Rudy&articleId=1c42f5b6-3d7a-4f16-8bec-6901e79142e1
154. Eileen Wulfhorst, "Republican Giuliani: "Leave my family alone"" reuters, August 16, 2007 http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN1639848320070817?feedType=RSS&feedName=politicsNews
155. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/02/14/giuliani.lkl/index.html
156. http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070303/pl_nm/usa_republicans_poll_dc
157. http://www.auburnpub.com/articles/2007/06/04/news/state/state05.txt
158. http://cbs4denver.com/local/local_story_125134903.html
159. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/15/us/politics/16repubs-text.html?_r=3&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin&oref=slogin "Fox News May 15th Debate Transcript"
160. Rasmussen Reports, June 5, 2007 http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/2008_republican_presidential_primary
161. http://pollingreport.com/wh08rep.htm
162. http://www.100yearassociation.com/awards.html
163. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/13/ltm.02.html
164. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85930571.html
165. http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/cpa/awards.asp
166. http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0405003.htm
167. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/19/AR2005051901733.html
168. http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1777552/posts
169. David Seifman, "Railing at Rudy," "New York Post," May 13, 2007, 9
'Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani' (born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician from the state of New York. Formerly Mayor of New York City, Giuliani is currently seeking the Republican nomination for President.
A Democrat and Independent in the 1970s, and a Republican from the 1980s onward, Giuliani served in the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, eventually becoming U.S. Attorney. Giuliani later served two terms as Mayor of New York City (1994–2001). He was credited by some with initiating improvements in the city's quality of life and with a reduction in crime.[1] Others, however, criticized him as divisive and authoritarian[2] and disputed his role in reducing crime.[3] Giuliani gained international attention during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center.[4] In 2001 ''Time'' magazine named him "Person of the Year"[5] and he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.[6] His high media profile in the days following the attacks led supporters to nickname him "America's Mayor."[7][8]
After leaving office as mayor, Giuliani founded Giuliani Partners, a security consulting business, acquired Giuliani Capital Advisors (later sold), an investment banking firm, and joined the Bracewell & Giuliani law firm, which changed its name when he became a partner. In February 2007 Giuliani filed a statement of candidacy for the Republican nomination for the 2008 presidential campaign.[9] If elected he would be the first former mayor to be elected president without serving in a higher office, the first Italian American president, the second Roman Catholic president, and the first Republican President who has not opposed ''Roe v. Wade''.[10]
Early life and education
Rudolph Giuliani was born in Brooklyn, New York, the only child of working-class parents Harold Angel Giuliani and Helen C. D'Avanzo, both children of Italian immigrants.[11] The family was Roman Catholic and its extended members included police officers, firefighters, and criminals.[12]
Harold Giuliani had trouble holding a job and had been convicted of felony assault and robbery and served time in Sing Sing;[13] after his release he served as a Mafia enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who ran an organized crime operation involved in loan sharking and gambling at a restaurant in Brooklyn.[14]
In 1951, when Rudy Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South on Long Island. There he attended a local Catholic school, St. Anne's.[12] Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961. He had an 85 average there, graduated 130th out of 378 students in his class, and received SAT scores of 569 verbal and 504 math.[16]
Giuliani went on to Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in political science with a minor in philosophy,[17] there he considering becoming a Catholic priest. He was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but lost the same election in his junior year. He joined the Phi Rho Pi fraternity, and was active in shaping its direction. He graduated in 1965.
Giuliani eventually decided to forego the priesthood, instead attending New York University School of Law in Manhattan, where he made law review and graduated ''cum laude'' with a Juris Doctor in 1968.[18]
Law clerk
Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York.
Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War. He received a student deferment while at Manhattan College and another while at NYU Law. Upon graduation from NYU Law in 1968, he was classified as 1-A, available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected. In 1969, MacMahon wrote a letter to Giuliani's draft board, asking that he be reclassified as 2-A, civilian occupation deferment, because Giuliani, who was a law clerk for MacMahon, was an essential employee. The deferment was granted. In 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number; he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A.[19][20]
Public prosecutor and private practice
In 1970, Giuliani joined the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York.
In 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and was eventually appointed United States Attorney. In 1975, Giuliani was recruited to Washington, D.C. during the Ford administration, where he was named Associate Deputy Attorney General and chief of staff to Deputy Attorney General Harold "Ace" Tyler. His first high-profile prosecution was of U.S. Representative Bertram L. Podell (NY-13), who was convicted of corruption.
From 1977 to 1981, during the Carter Administration, Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler law firm, as chief of staff to his previous DC boss, Ace Tyler. Tyler later became critical of Giuliani's turn as a prosecutor, calling his tactics "overkill".
In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General in the Reagan administration, the third-highest position in the Department of Justice. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised the U.S. Attorney Offices' federal law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Marshals Service.
In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government's "detention posture" regarding the internment of over 2,000 Haitian asylum-seekers who had entered the country illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead that they were "economic migrants." In defense of the government's position, Giuliani stated at one point that political repression under President Jean-Claude Duvalier (the infamous "Baby Doc") no longer existed.[21] After meeting personally with Duvalier, Giuliani testified that "political repression, at least in general, does not exist" in Haiti under Duvalier's regime.
In 1983, Giuliani was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken for insider trading. He also spearheaded the effort to jail drug dealers, combat organized crime, break the web of corruption in government, and prosecute white-collar criminals. He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions and 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the "perp walk," parading of suspects in front of the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.[22] After Giuliani "patented the perp walk", the tool was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide.[23]
He claimed that veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of Kidder, Peabody & Co. was guilty of insider trading. In February 1987 he had officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company's trading floor, with Wigton in tears. Giuliani had his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond. [24][25][26] However, in three months, charges were dropped against Wigton and Tabor. On that ocassion, Giuliani said, "We're not going to go to trial. We're just the tip of the iceberg." CNN correspondent Allan Chernoff said, "There was no iceberg." [25][26]However, their careers as financial analysts and traders were ruined. [29]
Critics disparaged Giuliani, claiming he arranged public arrests of people, then dropped charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial. In a few cases, his public arrests of alleged white-collar criminals at their workplaces, with charges later dropped or lessened, irreparably damaged their reputations.[30]
Giuliani's high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what they had been convicted of were not crimes.[31]
Marc Rich, Pincus Green case
It was in 1983 that Giuliani indicted financiers Marc Rich and Pincus Green on charges of tax evasion and making illegal oil deals with Iran during the hostage crisis, in one of the first cases in which the RICO Act was employed in a non-organized crime case.[32] Rich and Green fled the United States to avoid prosecution; both were eventually pardoned by President Bill Clinton in 2001.[33]
Mafia Commission trial
Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno, labelled head of the Genovese crime family, was convicted and sentenced to 100 years in prison after Giuliani indicted him.
The initial defendants included:
★ Paul "Big Paul" Castellano, head of the Gambino crime family
★ Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno, convicted as head of the Genovese crime family[35]
★ Carmine "Junior" Persico, head of the Colombo Family
★ Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo, head of the Lucchese crime family
★ Philip "Rusty" Rastelli, head of the Bonanno family,
and six subordinates. Eight defendants were found guilty on all counts and subsequently sentenced on January 13, 1987 to hundreds of years of prison time.
Boesky, Milken trials
Ivan Boesky was a Wall Street arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about US $200 million by betting on corporate takeovers. He was investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders. These stock acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover.
Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC and informed on several of his insiders, including junk bond trader Michael Milken:
"Boesky admitted to numerous offenses and then turned state's evidence, primarily against Milken. He received a 3 1/2 year prison sentence and $100 million fine after admitting to the charges and reached a plea bargain with Rudy Giuliani...[who would] draw criticism because Ivan was allowed to unload his holdings before his indictment was officially announced, realizing profits from it before being convicted. Others considered the sentence and fine as being too light. But Giuliani and company was [''sic''] after a much bigger fish, namely Milken."[36]
In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering and fraud. In a highly-publicized case, Milken was indicted by a federal grand jury, and after a plea bargain, pled guilty to six lesser securities and reporting violations.
He paid a total of $900 million in fines and settlements relating primarily to civil lawsuits and was banned for life from the securities industry.
Mayoral campaigns, 1989, 1993, 1997
Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until January 1989, resigning as the Reagan administration ended. He garnered criticism until he left office for his zealous handling of cases and was accused of prosecuting cases for political ambitions.17 He joined the law firm White & Case in New York City as a partner. He remained with White & Case until May 1990, when he joined the law firm Anderson Kill Olick & Oshinsky, also in New York City.
Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat, admiring the Kennedy family, working as a party committee person on Long Island in the mid-1960s,[37] volunteering for Robert F. Kennedy's presidential campaign in 1968, and voting for George McGovern for president in 1972.[38] In 1975 he switched his party registration from Democratic to Independent. On December 8, 1980, one month after the election of Ronald Reagan brought Republicans back to power in Washington, he switched his party affiliation from Independent to Republican. Giuliani later said the switches were because he found Democratic policies "naïve", and that "by the time I moved to Washington, the Republicans had come to make more sense to me." Others suggested that the switches were made in order to get positions in the Justice Department. Giuliani's mother maintained in 1988 that, "He only became a Republican after he began to get all these jobs from them. He's definitely not a conservative Republican. He thinks he is, but he isn't. He still feels very sorry for the poor."
1989 campaign and defeat
Giuliani first ran for New York City Mayor in 1989, attempting to unseat three-term incumbent Ed Koch. He won the September 1989 Republican Party primary election against business magnate Ronald Lauder, in a campaign marked by claims that Giuliani was not a true Republican and by an acrimonious debate.[39] In the Democratic primary, Koch was upset by Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins.
In the general election, Giuliani ran as the fusion candidate of both the Republican and Liberal Parties. The Conservative Party, which had often co-lined the Republican party candidate, withheld support from Giuliani and ran Lauder instead.[40] Conservative Party leaders were unhappy with Giuliani on ideological grounds. They cited the Liberal Party's endorsement statement that Giuliani "agreed with the Liberal Party's views on affirmative action, gay rights, gun control, school prayer and tuition tax credits."[41]
During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of change, saying that "I'm the reformer,"[42] that "If we keep going merrily along, this city's going down," and that electing Dinkins would represent "more of the same, more of the rotten politics that have been dragging us down." Giuliani also accused Dinkins of not having paid his taxes for many years and of several other ethical misteps, in particular a stock transfer to his son. Dinkins said the tax matter had been fully paid off, denied other wrongdoing, and said that "what we need is a mayor, not a prosecutor," and that Giuliani refused to say "the R-word - he doesn't like to admit he's a Republican." Dinkins won the endorsements of three of the four daily New York newspapers, while Giulani won approval from the ''New York Post''.
In the end, Giuliani lost to Dinkins by 47,080 votes out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in city history.[43]
Afterwards, Giuliani partially blamed New York Senator Alfonse D'Amato for the loss, along with misleading poll results (which had Dinkins ahead by double digits late in the race) leading to hampered fundraising. D'Amato, a Republican, had not supported Giuliani in the race and had sponsored Lauder in the primary. D'Amato had a falling-out with Giuliani two years earlier, when Giuliani attempted to choose his successor as US attorney, a privilege usually reserved for Senators.[44]
1993 campaign and election
In 1993, Giuliani again ran for mayor. Once again, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party line but not the Conservative Party line, which ran activist George Marlin.[45] The principal issues of the election of 1993 were crime and taxes. Giuliani also campaigned on what he perceived to be the unchecked expansion of the city's budget and the lack of managerial competence of incumbent David Dinkins. While Dinkins had frequently and eloquently voiced his affection for New York City diversity while in office, his tenure bore witness to anti-Semitic rioting in Crown Heights and an Al Sharpton-led black boycott of Korean businesses in Brooklyn.
Giuliani focused on what he described as a breakdown of social and political order that Dinkins had been either unwilling or unable to address effectively. In addition, the city was suffering from a spike in unemployment associated with the nationwide recession, with local unemployment rates going from 6.7% in 1989 to 11.1% in 1992.[46] There was also a public perception that crime was increasing, although in fact the crime rate in most categories had decreased during the Dinkins administration; for example, the per-capita murder rate had peaked and then begun to decline under Dinkins, and rapes decreased in each year of his term.[47] The perception of increased crime contrasted with Dinkins' appeal to the "gorgeous mosaic" of New York ethnic diversity.
Giuliani promised to focus the police department on shutting down petty crimes and nuisances as a way of restoring the quality of life: "It's the street tax paid to drunk and drug-ridden panhandlers. It's the squeegee men shaking down the motorist waiting at a light. It's the trash storms, the swirling mass of garbage left by peddlers and panhandlers, and open-air drug bazaars on unclean streets."[48]
Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, never coming to terms with how to approach a debate: Dinkins wanted to include Conservative Party candidate Marlin in any debate, while Giuliani wanted to go up against Dinkins one-on-one. Giuliani later signed legislation (which he originally did not support) which required candidates who receive public financing, as both Dinkins and Giuliani had in 1993, to debate.[49] Dinkins was endorsed by ''The New York Times'' and ''Newsday'',[50] while Giuliani was endorsed by the ''New York Post'' and, in a key switch from 1989, the ''New York Daily News''.[51]
In the end Giuliani won by a margin of 53,367 votes, with 49.25% of the electorate to the incumbent's 46.42%. He became the first Republican elected Mayor of New York City since John Lindsay in 1965.[52]
1997 campaign and re-election
Giuliani's opponent in 1997 was Democratic Manhattan Borough President Ruth Messinger, who had beaten Al Sharpton in the September 9, 1997 Democratic primary.[53] The results of the Democratic primary had been contested in court by Sharpton, who argued that he qualified for a run-off election with Messinger,[54] Sharpton waited until October to endorse Messinger against Giuliani, and it was perceived by some as tepid .[55]
In the general election, once again Giuliani also had the Liberal Party but not Conservative Party listing. Giulani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Giuliani's popularity was at its highest point to date, with a late October 1997 Quinnipiac University poll showing him as having a 68% approval rating; 70% of New Yorkers were satisfied with life in the city and 64% said things were better in the city compared to four years previously.[56]
Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls and had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger. On her part, Messinger lost the support of several usually Democratic constituencies, including gay organizations and large labor unions.[57] All four daily New York newspapers — ''The New York Times'', ''New York Daily News'', ''New York Post'', and ''Newsday'' — endorsed Giuliani over Messinger.[58] Two televised debates were held, but Messinger was unable to get traction in highlighting that Giuliani was interested in higher office and might not serve out a full second term.Adam Nagourney, "Giuliani Shrugs Off Messinger's Attacks in Debate", ''The New York Times'', October 30, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.
In the end, Giuliani won 59% of the vote to Messinger's 41%, and became the first Republican to win a second term as mayor since Fiorello H. LaGuardia in 1941. Voter turnout was the lowest in 12 years, with only 38% of registered voters casting ballots.[59] The margin of victory was not quite as large as pre-election polls had predicted;[60] analysis of the vote showed that Giuliani made modest gains in his share of the African American vote (20% compared to 5% in 1993, while benefitting from lower turnout overall) and Hispanic vote (43% from 37%) while maintaining his solid base of white and Jewish voters from 1993.
In his acceptance speech, Giuliani acknowledged the image of divisiveness he had acquired during his first term and vowed to correct it: "Whether you voted for me or against me, whether you voted or didn't vote, I'm your Mayor, this is your administration. We have to do a better job of serving all of you. We have to reach out to all of you. And if we haven't, I apologize. I'm sorry and it is my personal commitment that we will try, endlessly and tirelessly, to bring all of you into the kind of success and optimism we have in this room."
Mayoralty
Main articles: Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani served as mayor of New York City from 1994 through 2001. In 2002, Giuliani published ''Leadership'', on his account of being Mayor.
Law enforcement
In his first term as mayor, Giuliani, in conjunction with New York City Police Department Commissioner Bill Bratton, adopted an aggressive enforcement-deterrent strategy based on James Q. Wilson's Broken Windows approach. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, and aggressive "squeegeemen", on the theory that this would send a message that order would be maintained. Giuliani and Bratton also instituted CompStat, a comparative statistical approach to mapping crime geographically and in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions. Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data.[61] The CompStat initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from the Kennedy School of Government.[62]
National, New York City, and other major city crime rates (1990–2002).
During Giuliani's administration, crime rates dropped, continuing the trend that had begun under his predecessor, Dinkins, in 1990.[63] Giuliani's presidential campaign website has described the drop as occurring under his leadership.[64] The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed, however. A small but significant nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing factors to the overall decline in crime during the 1990s were federal funding of an additional 7,000 police officers and an overall improvement in the national economy. Many experts believe changing demographics were the factor most responsible for crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time.[65] Because the crime index is based on the FBI crime index, which is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories that the FBI doesn't collect.[66]
Giuliani's supporters cite studies concluding that New York's drop in crime rate in the '90s and '00s exceeds all national figures and therefore should be linked with a local dynamic that was not present as such anywhere else in the country: "most focused form of policing in history. Zimring (Frank Zimring — The Great American Crime Decline) estimates that up to half of New York’s crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing crime decline since 2000, has resulted from policing."
Bratton, not Giuliani, was featured on the cover of Time Magazine in 1996.[67] Giuliani forced Bratton out of his position after two years, in what was generally seen as a battle of two large egos in which Giuliani was unable to accept Bratton's celebrity.[68]
Giuliani's term also saw allegations of civil rights abuses and other police misconduct. There were several police shootings of unarmed suspects,[69] and the scandals surrounding the sexual torture of Abner Louima and the killings of Amadou Diallo and Patrick Dorismond. Giuliani supported the Police Department, for example by releasing what he called Dorismond's "extensive criminal record" to the public, including a sealed juvenile file.[70]
Appointees
Giuliani at a briefing with police commissioner Bernard Kerik
Several of Giuliani's appointees to head City agencies became defendants in criminal proceedings.
In 2000, Giuliani appointed 34-year-old Russell Harding, the son of Liberal Party of New York leader and longtime Giuliani mentor Raymond Harding, to head the New York City Housing Development Corporation, although Harding had neither a college degree nor relevant experience. In 2005, Harding pled guilty to defrauding the Housing Development Corporation and to possession of child pornography. He was sentenced to five years in prison.[71] In a related matter, Richard Roberts, appointed by Giuliani as Housing Commissioner and as chairman of the Health and Hospitals Corporation, pled guilty to perjury after lying to a grand jury about a car that Harding bought for him with City funds.[72]
Giuliani was a longtime backer of Bernard Kerik, who started out as a New York Police Department detective driving for Giuliani's campaign. Giuliani appointed him as the Commissioner of the Department of Correction and then as the Police Commissioner. After Giuliani left office, Kerik pled guilty to corruption charges dating from his Corrections days.[73]
"Cleaning up" the city
Giuliani curtailed services to the indigent by setting a limit of 90 days for homeless individuals' stays in shelters, leading opponent Dinkins to accuse him of punishing the children of the homeless.
In an attempt to change the character of the Times Square area, his administration forced out private businesses such as the peep shows, game parlors and souvenir shops, filling it with more chain stores, including the MTV studios and a massive Virgin Megastore and theater which would bring in more money.
City services
The Giuliani administration dramatically cut education funding in New York City, by a total of over six billion dollars, but advocated the privatization of public schools with a voucher-based system. Public school test scores fell during his administration.
Giuliani was criticized for embracing illegal immigrants. Giuliani continued a policy of preventing city employees from contacting the Immigration and Naturalization Service about immigration violations, on the grounds that illegal aliens must be able to take actions such as to send their children to school or report crime and violations without fear of deportation.
During his mayoralty, gays and lesbians in New York received domestic-partnership rights. Giuliani in turn pushed the city's Democratic-controlled New York City Council, which had avoided the issue for years, to then pass legislation providing broad protection for same-sex partners. In 1998, he codified local law by granting all city employees equal benefits for their domestic partners.
Proposed extension of term
The 9/11 attack occurred soon after voting began in the primaries to select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani. The primary was rescheduled to September 25. During this period, Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term, from its scheduled expiration on January 1 to April 1. He asked the candidates to agree to extend his term, and said that, otherwise, he would ask the State Legislature to extend the starting date for the new mayor's term to April 1, or to overturn term limits so that he could run again for a full term.[74][75]
Although the New York State Constitution (Article 3 Section 25) provides for emergency extensions,[76] in the end leaders in the State Assembly and Senate indicated that they did not believe the extension was necessary. The election proceeded as scheduled, and the winning candiate, the Giuliani-endorsed Republican Michael Bloomberg, took office on January 1, 2002 as per normal custom.
Run for United States Senate, 2000
Main articles: New York United States Senate election, 2000
Due to term limits Giuliani could not run for a third term as Mayor. In November 1998, long-serving Democratic New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan retired and Giuliani immediately indicated an interest in running for the seat. Due to his high profile and visibility Giuliani was supported by the state Republican Party, even though he had irritated many by endorsing incumbent Democrat Governor Mario Cuomo over Republican George Pataki in 1994.[77] Giuliani's entrance led to Democratic Congressman Charles Rangel and others recruiting then-U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton to run for Moynihan's seat, hoping she might combat his star power.
In April 1999, Giuliani formed an exploratory committee in connection with the Senate run. However, on May 19, 2000, before the Republican primary which he was expected to win, he withdrew his candidacy, with the stated reason that he had been diagnosed as having prostate cancer and needed treatment. Contributing factors may have been the Farmersville Garbage Scandal which significantly reduced his support in his core upstate counties and the fallout from his affair and messy divorce from his wife Donna Hanover. New York Congressman Rick Lazio replaced Giuliani as the Republican nominee, coming in significantly ahead of U.S. Presidential candidate George W. Bush's performance in New York, but losing to Clinton by a wider-than-expected 12-point margin.
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks
Main articles: Rudy Giuliani during the September 11, 2001 attacks
At the scene
Giuliani was prominent in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. He made frequent appearances on radio and television on September 11 and afterwards — for example, to indicate that tunnels would be closed as a precautionary measure, and that there was no reason to believe that the dispersion of chemical or biological weaponry into the air was a factor in the attack.
When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal suggested that the attacks were an indication that the United States "should re-examine its policies in the Middle East and adopt a more balanced stand toward the Palestinian cause", Giuliani asserted,
:There is no moral equivalent for this [terrorist] act. There is no justification for it... And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between liberal democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they're part of the problem.[78]
Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince's $10 million donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack.
"America's Mayor"
In the wake of the attacks, Giuliani was hailed by many for his leadership during the crisis. When polled just six weeks after the attack Giuliani received a 79% approval rating among New York City voters, a dramatic increase over the 36% rating he had received a year earlier — 7 years into his administration.[79][80]
In his public statements, Giuliani mirrored the emotions of New Yorkers after the attacks: shock, sadness, anger, resolution to rebuild, and the desire for justice to be done to those responsible. "Tomorrow New York is going to be here", he said. "And we're going to rebuild, and we're going to be stronger than we were before...I want the people of New York to be an example to the rest of the country, and the rest of the world, that terrorism can't stop us."[81] Giuliani was praised by some for his close involvement with the rescue and recovery efforts, but others, including some firefighters, police, rescue workers, and families of WTC victims argue that "Giuliani has exaggerated the role he played after the terrorist attacks, casting himself as a hero for political gain."[82]
As an avid and public fan of the New York Yankees, who won four World Series Championships during his time as mayor, Giuliani was frequently sighted at Yankee games, often accompanied by his son Andrew. On September 21, 2001, the first game was played in New York City after the attacks, with the New York Mets at home facing the Atlanta Braves. Despite his being a Yankee fan, the crowd cheered for him and for his leadership over the preceding days.
The term "America's Mayor", now in common usage among Giuliani supporters, seems to have been coined by Oprah Winfrey at a 9/11 memorial service held at Yankee Stadium on September 23, 2001.[83][8]
Time Person of the Year
Rudy Giuliani, 2001 ''Time'' Person of the Year.
On December 24, 2001,[85] ''Time'' magazine named Giuliani its Person of the Year for 2001.[86] ''Time'' observed that, prior to 9/11, the public image of Giuliani had been that of a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician. After 9/11, and perhaps owing also to his bout with prostate cancer, his public image had been reformed to that of a man who could be counted on to unite a city in the midst of its greatest crisis. Thus historian Vincent J. Cannato concluded in September 2006, "With time, Giuliani's legacy will be based on more than just 9/11. He left a city immeasurably better off — safer, more prosperous, more confident — than the one he had inherited eight years earlier, even with the smoldering ruins of the World Trade Center at its heart. Debates about his accomplishments will continue, but the significance of his mayoralty is hard to deny."[87]
IAFF-sponsored presidential forum
Giuliani declined to appear at the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) sponsored March 14, 2007 forum. The IAFF's bipartisan presidential forum in Washington, D.C., included ten other major Democratic and Republican candidates seeking their support for their Presidential aspirations. The relations between Giuliani and the firefighters' union are strained due to their contention that he abandoned efforts to recover remains and effects of firefighters and other victims in the rubble of the World Trade Center, despite his public posturing of support.[88][89][90]
Post-mayoralty
Politics
Since leaving office as Mayor, Giuliani has remained politically active by campaigning for Republican candidates for political offices at all levels. He was a speaker at the 2004 Republican National Convention, where he endorsed George W. Bush for re-election by recalling that immediately after the World Trade Center towers fell, "Without really thinking, based on just emotion, spontaneous, I grabbed the arm of then-Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik, and I said to him, 'Bernie, thank God George Bush is our president.'"[91]
Similarly, in June 2006, Giuliani started a website called Solutions America to help elect Republicans candidates across the nation.
After campaigning on behalf of George W. Bush in the 2004 election, he was reportedly the top choice for Secretary of Homeland Security after the resignation of Tom Ridge. When suggestions were made that Giuliani's confirmation hearings would be marred by details of his past affairs and scandals, he turned down the offer and instead recommended his friend and former New York Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik. Kerik in his pre-announcement interviews with the White House failed to disclose facts in his past that were certain to disqualify him. After the formal announcement of Kerik's nomination, information known for years to local reporters, but unreported, became widely known (most notably, that Kerik had ties to organized crime, but also that he had been sued for sexual harrassment and had employed an undocumented alien as a domestic servant). The political fallout was damaging to the perception of competence in the White House vetting process and doubts as to Giuliani's ethics and political judgment in recommending Kerik in the first place.
Giuliani cutting the ribbon of the new Drug Enforcement Agency mobile museum in Dallas, Texas in Sept. 2003
Speculation that Giuliani might become a candidate for 2006 statewide office took place early in that election cycle, with the notion that Giuliani might run for either for the United States Senate challenging incumbent Democrat Hillary Rodham Clinton, or for Governor of New York, as incumbent Republican Governor George Pataki announced that he would not seek re-election in July 2005. The consensus of political observers then was that Giuliani would not run[92] even though polls show that he would be favored in a matchup against Democratic gubernatorial nominee Eliot Spitzer;[93] in any case, a Giuliani spokesman said that he "has no intention" of running,[94] leaving no clear favorite among Republicans. With Giuliani staying out of both races, the Republican nominations fell to little-known candidates, and both Clinton and Spitzer won by very large margins.
On March 15, 2006, Congress formed the Iraq Study Group (ISG). This ten-person bipartisan panel was charged with assessing the Iraq War and making recommendations. They would eventually unanimously conclude that contrary to Bush Administration assertions, "The situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating" and called for "changes in the primary mission" that would allow "the United States to begin to move its forces out of Iraq".[95] On May 24, 2006, five weeks after accepting appointment to the ISG, and after missing all of the group's meetings,[96] Giuliani resigned, citing his "previous time commitments".[97] It later was discovered that it was Giuliani's fundraising schedule which had kept him from participating in the panel, a schedule which raised $11.4 million in speaking fees over fourteen months,[96] and that Giuliani had been forced to resign after being given "an ultimatum to either show up for meetings or leave the group".[99] Giuliani was described by ''Newsweek'' magazine in January of 2007 as "one of the most consistent cheerleaders for the president’s handling of the war in Iraq"[100] and as of June of 2007 remained one of the few candidates for president to unequivocally support both the basis for the invasion and the execution of the war.[101]
A May 14, 2007 "New York Daily News" poll indicates that 56 percent of polled New Yorkers believe that Bloomberg has done a better job as mayor, and that 29 percent believed that Giuliani had been a better mayor.[102] 46% of those polled also indicated they would choose Bloomberg over Giuliani as President; Giuliani received the support of only 29% of New Yorkers.[103]
Controversies
Main articles: Controversies of Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani has been the subject of several controversies, involving both his professional and personal lives.
Regarding his personal life, some claim that he knew his first wife was his second cousin all along, and simply used that as an excuse for annulling the marriage. Another hot topic is that Giuliani and Alan Placa, an alleged pedophile priest, reportedly have been close friends since childhood, which upsets some people. Some also wonder whether or not Giuliani received gifts, such as tickets, souvenirs, and championship rings, from the New York Yankees baseball team that violated a city ordinance.
He is also criticized for allegedly attempting to restrict free speech, and 35 successful lawsuits were brought against his administration for blocking it. Some of his lobbying efforts and promotions of individuals are also questioned, including lobbying on behalf of Citgo and the makers of Oxycontin. His business deals are also questioned, alleging that Giuliani Partners accepted fees from penny stock firms, made alliances that have gone nowhere and formed pacts with businesses and individuals that have come under scrutiny by regulators and law enforcement officers.
Giuliani has had two notable conflicts involving the media. Since the News Corporation, the parent company of Fox News, is a client of Giuliani, some began to question Fox's co-sponsorship of the May 15 2007 Republican debate. Also, when Parkinson's patient John Hynes called Giuliani's weekly radio show to complain about being cut off from Medicaid, said offensive things to Giuliani, and the major responded with equally harsh words, which upset some people.
9/11 attacks
There is specifically much criticism surrounding his administration during the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Others criticize his lack preparedness before the attacks by allegedly ignoring the ongoing threat to New York City from Islamist terrorists in the preceding years. His handling of Ground Zero air quality issue is also questioned for downplaying the health effects of the air afterwards.
It is also mentioned that his recovery effort of the aftermath of Ground Zero, asserting that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults. It has been alleged that Giuliani never read 9/11 Commission's Report and that he did not attend any meetings of the Iraq Study Group after being appointed to it in early 2006. He missed two early meetings, one of which involved a master class on Iraq, in which he would have had briefings by Colin Powell and David Petraeus. At those times he was giving paid speeches. After he failed to attend meetings of the group, ISG co-chair James Baker III contacted him. He responded with a letter of resignation, owing to "previous time commitments." [104]
In the wake of 9/11, there has been debate as to whether or not Giuliani profited from the tragedy. Before September 11th, Giuliani was estimated to be worth a little less than $2 million, but his net worth could now be as high as 30 times that amount. In the past year alone, he has collected $11.4 million from speaking fees.[105]
Business
Giuliani Partners
Main articles: Giuliani Partners
After leaving the mayor's office, Giuliani became a millionaire. He founded a security consulting business, Giuliani Partners LLC,[106] in 2002, a firm that has been categorized by various media outlets as a lobbying entity capitalizing on Giuliani's name recognition,[107][108] and which has been the subject of considerable controversy due to allegations surrounding staff hired by Giuliani and due to the firm's chosen client base.[109] Over five years, Giuliani Partners would earn more than $100 million.[110]
Bracewell and Giuliani
On March 31, 2005, it was announced that Giuliani would join the law firm of Bracewell & Patterson LLP (renamed Bracewell & Giuliani LLP) as a name partner and symbolic head of the expanding firm's new New York office. Despite a busy schedule the former mayor is known to be highly active in the day-to-day business of the Texas-based law firm described by the New York Times as "perhaps the nation’s most aggressive lobbyist for coal-fired power plants, heavy emitters of air pollutants and carbon dioxide, a gas associated with global warming."[111] While there was early speculation that the firm would merge with Giuliani Partners, this is a legal impossibility because as a matter of ethics, lawyers cannot share legal fees with non-lawyers. However, while the firm is completely independent of the consulting business, the two entities maintain a close strategic partnership.
On May 15, 2007 the Associated Press reported that Giuliani "has profited from his firm's work representing corporate clients before nearly every Cabinet department, exposing himself to a wide range of potential ethical entanglements." It was further reported that Giuliani's efforts on behalf of clients such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the chewing tobacco manufacturer UST Inc. had "contributed toward his personal net worth of millions of dollars."[112]
Bracewell and Giuliani has also been tied to the Trans-Texas Corridor, as the firm represents Cintra Concesiones de Infraestructuras de Transporte, S.A, one of the investment firms involved in the financing of the project.[113]
On June 7th, 2007, Fidelis America, a Catholic political advocacy group, reported that Bracewell & Giuliani has lobbied for stem cell research on behalf of Johns Hopkins University.[114]
Political positions
Main articles: Political positions of Rudy Giuliani
An August 2006 poll from Rasmussen Reports revealed the perception of Giuliani as an overall moderate. Specifically, of those Americans polled, 36% classified him as a moderate, 29% as a conservative, and 15% as a liberal, with the remaining 20% being unsure.[115]
Giuliani has been the target of criticism from many conservatives for some of his views, especially with regard to abortion, immigration, and gay rights.[116][117][118][119][120][121][122]
Personal life
Giuliani has been married three times. On October 26, 1968, soon after he graduated from law school, he married his second cousin, educator Regina Peruggi, whom Giuliani had known since childhood. In the mid-70s the marriage was in trouble and in 1975 they agreed to a trial separation.[123] Peruggi did not accompany him to Washington when he accepted the job in the Attorney General's Office.[124] Giuliani met local television personality Donna Hanover sometime in 1982, and they began dating when she was working in Miami.[125] Giuliani filed for legal separation from Peruggi on August 12, 1982. Giuliani and Hanover started living together later that year in Washington, D.C.
The Giuliani-Peruggi marriage was ended in two ways: a civil divorce was issued by the end of 1982,[126] while a Roman Catholic Church annulment of the Giuliani-Peruggi marriage was granted at the end of 1983, according to Giuliani, because he discovered after 14 years of marriage that he and his wife were second cousins,[127] rather than third cousins,[128] and they did not have the Church dispensation thus needed.[129] Giuliani and Peruggi did not have any children.
Giuliani and Hanover then married in a Catholic ceremony at St. Monica's Church in New York on April 15, 1984.[130] They had two children, son Andrew (born January 30, 1986) and daughter Caroline (born 1989). Andrew first became a familiar sight by misbehaving at Giuliani's first mayoral inaguration, then with his father at New York Yankees games, of whom Rudy Giuliani is an enthusiastic fan; Andrew also was an accomplished junior golfer.
Beginning in 1996, Giuliani and Hanover's public relationship became distant, with Hanover appearing at few public events.[131] In 1997, a ''Vanity Fair'' article report that Giuliani had a romantic relationship with Cristyne Lategano, the mayor's communications director.[132] The mayor and Lategano denied the allegations. On Father's Day, 1995 Giuliani had told reporters that he was returning to Gracie Mansion to play ball with Andrew. However, he instead went to City Hall, to a basement suite with his press secretary. Three hours later, Hanover, angered, appeared at City Hall; yet a mayoral aide prevented her from entering the suite.[133]
In May 2000, the ''New York Daily News'' broke news of Giuliani's extramarital relationship with Judith Nathan, a sales manager for a pharmaceutical company. Giuliani then called a press conference to announce that he intended to separate from Hanover.[134][135][136] Hanover, however, had not been told about his plans before his press conference,[137] an omission for which Giuliani was widely criticized.[138]
Previously, Giuliani had hinted at the relationship by referring to Nathan as his "very good friend."
Giuliani now went on to praise Nathan as a "very, very fine woman", and said about his marriage with Hanover, that "over the course of some period of time in many ways, we've grown to live independent and separate lives." Hours later Hanover said, "I had hoped that we could keep this marriage together. For several years, it was difficult to participate in Rudy's public life because of his relationship with one staff member," a reference to Lategano. Giuliani, Hanover and Nathan appeared on the cover of ''People'' magazine in the aftermath.[139]
Giuliani then moved out of Gracie Mansion and into an apartment belonging to two gay friends.[140] Giuliani filed for divorce from Hanover in October 2000,[141] and an unpleasant public battle broke out between their representatives.[142] Nathan was barred by court order from entering Gracie Mansion (where Hanover still lived) or meeting his children before the divorce was final.[143] In May 2001, in an effort to mitigate the bad publicity from the proceedings, Giuliani's attorney revealed (with the mayor's approval) that Giuliani was impotent due to his prostate cancer treatments and had not had sex with Nathan for the preceding year. "You don't get through treatment for cancer and radiation all by yourself," Giuliani said. "You need people to help you and care for you and support you. And I'm very fortunate I had a lot of people who did that, but nobody did more to help me than Judith Nathan."[144] Giuliani argued in a court case that he aimed to introduce Nathan to his children on Father's Day, 2001, and that Donna had prevented this visit.[145]
Giuliani and Hanover finally settled their acrimonious divorce case in July 2002, after his mayoralty had ended, with Giuliani paying Hanover a $6.8 million settlement and granting her custody of their children.[146]
Giuliani subsequently married Judith Nathan on May 24, 2003, and thus gained a stepdaughter, Whitney. It was also Nathan's third marriage after two prior divorces.
By March 2007, ''The New York Times'' and the ''New York Daily News'' reported that Rudy Giuliani had become estranged from both his son Andrew (a graduate in 2005 from St. Joseph Regional High School in Montvale, NJ is now a Duke Blue Devils golf team member at Duke University aspiring to a professional career, and who was quoted as saying "I have problems with my father. There's obviously a little problem that exists between me and his wife.") and his daughter Caroline (graduated from Trinity School in 2007, attending Harvard University), missing major events in their lives, such as graduations, and sometimes going long stretches without talking to them, and that neither of them was taking part in his presidential campaign.[147][148] Caroline uses her mother's surname, Hanover, rather than Giuliani's, and according to reports, she did not inform Giuliani when she was accepted to Harvard. Caroline apparently linked her personal Facebook page to the campaign of Democratic presidential candidate, Senator Barack Obama.[149][150] However, after a slate.com contributor reported this link, Caroline removed this link from her "Facebook" page.[151] The official Giuliani campaign website biography mentions Nathan but does not mention his children or his former marriages.[152]
Giuliani has said that if elected President, he will have his wife sit in on Cabinet meetings.
At a public appearance in Derry, New Hampshire on August 16, 2007 an audience member, Katherine Prudhomme-O'Brien asked him, "[H]ow you could expect the loyal following of Americans when you are not getting it from your own family?" Giuliani replied, "I love my family very, very much, and I would do anything for them. The best thing I can say is kind of, 'Leave my family alone, you know, just like I'll leave your family alone.' If you want to judge me or I want to judge you, we'll judge each other on our public performance. I don't know your private life. You don't know my private life."[153][154]
2008 presidential campaign
Main articles: Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign, 2008
A draft movement began in late 2005 to get Giuliani to run for President of the United States in 2008. Throughout 2006, rumors circulated regarding a possible Giuliani campaign, abetted by hints from the former Mayor himself. In November 2006 Giuliani announced the formation of an exploratory committee. In February 2007 he filed a "statement of candidacy" and confirmed on the television program ''Larry King Live'' that he was indeed running.[155]
Early polls showed him with one of the highest levels of name recognition and support and the front-runner in the race for the Republican nomination.[156] However in June of 2007 a poll of New York voters revealed that Giuliani had less support in his home state than elsewhere, and particularly that a majority of New York City voters disapproved of him.[157] However the Associated Press reported that Giuliani did appear to be the favorite candidate of the largest Gay Republican organization, the Log Cabin Republicans.[158]
Giuliani and the nine other Republican presidential contenders participated in the first MSNBC 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates Debate on May 3, 2007, held at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
In Giuliani's second appearance in a major 2007 GOP debate, on May 15, conducted by Fox News, he challenged fellow candidate Representative Ron Paul, when Paul stated that the United States' military interventionist policy was a contributing factor to why America has been attacked and why there are anti-American feelings in the region. Giuliani interrupted the debate and said that Paul made "an extraordinary statement" and that "as someone who lived through the attack of September 11, that we invited the attack because we were attacking Iraq. I don't think I've heard that before, and I've heard some pretty absurd explanations for September 11th."[159]
By June 5, 2007 his poll percentages had fallen. After the appearance of former Tennessee Senator Fred Thompson as a potential candidate, Giuliani's poll percentage dropped to 23%, according to Rasmussen Reports.[160] As of July 2007, most polls showed him to have more support than any of the other declared candidates, with only Senator Thompson besting him in some polls.[161]
Awards and honors
Giuliani is awarded the 2002 Ronald Reagan Freedom Award by Former First Lady Nancy Reagan.
★ In 1998, Mayor Giuliani received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York."[162]
★ For his leadership on and after September 11, Giuliani was given an honorary knighthood (KBE) by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on February 13, 2002.[6]
★ In 2002, the Episcopal Diocese of New York gave Giuliani the Fiorello LaGuardia Public Service Award for Valor and Leadership in the Time of Global Crisis.[164]
★ Also in 2002, Former First Lady Nancy Reagan awarded the Mayor the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award. The award is given to "those who have made monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom," and who "embody President Reagan's lifelong belief that one man or woman truly can make a difference."[165]
★ In 2004, construction began on the Rudolph W. Giuliani Trauma Center at St. Vincent's Hospital in New York.[166]
★ In 2005, Giuliani received honorary degrees from Loyola College in Maryland[167] and Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont. In 2007, Giuliani received an honorary Doctorate in Public Administration from The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
★ In 2006, Rudy and Judith Giuliani were honored by the American Heart Association at its annual Heart of the Hamptons benefit in Water Mill, New York.[168]
Electoral history
★ '1989 Race for Mayor (New York City)'
★
★ David Dinkins (D), 51%
★
★ Rudy Giuliani (R), 49%
★ '1993 Race for Mayor (New York City)'
★
★ Rudy Giuliani (R), 49%
★
★ David Dinkins (D) (inc.), 46%
★ '1997 Race for Mayor (New York City)'
★
★ Rudy Giuliani (R) (inc.), 59%
★
★ Ruth Messinger (D), 41%
Books
★ Barrett, Wayne, (2000). ''Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani''. Basic Books, ISBN 0-7567-6114-X (Reprint by Diane Publishing Co.)
★ Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11, Barrett, Wayne & Collins, Dan, , , Harper Collins, 2006, ISBN 0-06-053660-8
★ Brodeur, Christopher X., (2002). "Perverted Little Creep; Mayor Giuliani vs Mayor Brodeur". ExtremeNY books, ISBN 0-9741593-0-1.
★ Leadership, Giuliani, Rudolph W., Kurson, Ken, , , Miramax Books, 2002, ISBN 0-7868-6841-4
★ Gonzalez, Juan, (2002). ''Fallout: The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse''. New Press, ISBN 1565847547
★ Rudy Giuliani: Emperor of the City, Kirtzman, Andrew, , , Harper Collins, 2001, ISBN 0-06-009389-7
★ Koch, Edward I. (1999). ''Giuliani: Nasty Man.'' Barricade Books. ISBN 1-56980-155-X. Reissued, 2007.[169]
★ Mandery, Evan, (1999). ''. Westview Press, ISBN -10: 0813366984.
★ Newfield, Jack, (2003). ''The Full Rudy: The Man, the Myth, the Mania''. Thunder's Mouth Press, ISBN 1-56025-482-3
★ Polner, Robert, (2005). ''America's Mayor: The Hidden History of Rudy Giuliani's New York''. Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-932360-58-1
★ Polner, Robert, (2007). ''America's Mayor, America's President? The Strange Career of Rudy Giuliani''. [Preface by Jimmy Breslin] Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-933368-72-1
★ , Siegel, Fred, , , Encounter Books, 2005, ISBN 1-59403-084-7
Films
★ Biographical drama '' (2003).
★ Kevin Keating's Documentary ''Giuliani Time'' (2006).
★ Giuliani appeared in a cameo role in Adam Sandler's 2003 film ''Anger Management''. In it, he uses Rob Schneider's catch phrase, "You can do it!"
See also
★ Controversies of Rudy Giuliani
★ Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani
★ Political positions of Rudy Giuliani
★ September 11, 2001 attacks
★ William J. Bratton (former Police Commissioner of New York City)
★ Bernard Kerik (former Police Commissioner of New York City)
★ Anthony Rosario
★ Howard Safir (former Police Commissioner of New York City)
★ Peter Vallone (former Speaker of New York City Council)
★ Thomas Von Essen (former Fire Commissioner of New York City)
External links
;Official sites
★ Join Rudy 2008 Giuliani For President Exploratory Committee.
;Documentaries, topic pages and databases
★ Federal Election Commission — Rudolph W Giuliani Presidential campaign finance reports and data
★ NewsHour with Jim Lehrer - Vote 2008: Rudy Giuliani
★ Genealogy of Rudy Giuliani
★ On the Issues — Rudy Giuliani issue positions and quotes
★ OpenSecrets.org — Rudy Giuliani campaign contributions
★ Project Vote Smart - Rudy Giuliani voter information
★ Giuliani Partners at Stockpikr public companies Giuliani Partners has done business with
★ Rudolph W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study study prepared for his 1993 Mayoral Campaign
★
;Media coverage
★ The New York Times — Rudolph W. Giuliani News news stories and commentary
★ Rudy Giuliani in the News articles from media around the world
★ Giuliani at Large news items from mainstream media sources
★ Mayor Rudy Giuliani press conference with Governor Pete Wilson of California March 29, 1995 as Wilson campaigns as a Presidential candidate
★ ''Rolling Stone'' magazine comparison with Pres. Bush
★ Time Magazine - "Behind Giuliani's Tough Talk"
;Grassroots campaigns
★ Draft Rudy Giuliani for President federal committee organized to "Draft Rudy Giuliani" in 2008.
★ Unofficial Giuliani Blog
References
1. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14910822/
2. Fred Siegel, The Prince of the City (review)
3. http://www.gothamgazette.com/commentary/91.barrett.shtml
4. ''The Economist.com'', Rudolph Giuliani — America's Mayor."
5. http://www.time.com/time/poy2001/
6. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/13/ltm.02.html
7. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/10/11/rec.giuliani.prince/
8. "City Mourns at Stadium Prayer Service."
9. "Giuliani joins race for president"
10. All Republican presidents who have taken office since ''Roe v. Wade'' have opposed that decision on both policy and constitutional grounds, beginning with President Gerald Ford. Regarding Ford, see Letter to the Archbishop of Cincinnati, published online by The American Presidency Project. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California (1976-09-10). However, after leaving office, Ford identified himself as "pro-choice." The Best of Interviews With Gerald Ford, ''Larry King Live Weekend'' (2001-02-03).
11. Danielle Burton, "10 Things You Didn't Know About Rudy Giuliani", ''USA Today'', February 7, 2007. Accessed June 21, 2007.
12. http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,162,00.html
13. http://www.mondaymemo.net/020218feature.htm
14. Wayne Barrett, "Thug Life: The Shocking Secret History of Harold Giuliani, the Mayor’s Ex-Convict Dad", ''The Village Voice'', July 5–11, 2000. Accessed April 6, 2007.
15. http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,162,00.html
16. http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0028,barrett,16371,1.html
17. A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey
18. http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html
19. {{cite web | url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0212072giuliani18.html | title=Rudolf W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study | publisher=smokinggun.com } date=1993-04-08 |accessdate=2007-02-12}}
20. The Sunshine Patriots
21. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E7D61539F930A35757C0A964948260
22. How to Avoid Letting a 'Perp Walk' Turn Into a Parade William Mitchelson Jr.
23. Breaking Down the “Perp Walk”
24. Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," "The New Yorker, August 20, 2007, p. 49
25. Heidi Collins, Allan Chernoff, Crystal McCrary Anthony, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0705/23/cnr.02.html
26. "Rudy Giuliani:America's Mayor or America's Fraud" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCnMKycHaY&mode=related&search=
27. Heidi Collins, Allan Chernoff, Crystal McCrary Anthony, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0705/23/cnr.02.html
28. "Rudy Giuliani:America's Mayor or America's Fraud" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCnMKycHaY&mode=related&search=
29. Richard Henninger, "Scooter Libby and Reputation: Prosecutions that wreak ruin on a lifetime" "Wall Street Journal," February 22, 2007 http://opinionjournal.com/columnists/dhenninger/?id=110009696
30. No more ‘perp walks’
31. Junk Bondage
32. "Isn't it rich?" Montgomery, Alicia
33. The Marc Rich Case: a Primer Reaves, Jessica
34. Stengel, Richard. "The Passionate Prosecutor." ''Time'' Magazine onlnie, posted June 24, 2001.
35. Subsequent convictions and plea bargains eventually confirmed that Vincent "The Chin" Gigante had actually been the head of the Genovese Family at the time of Salerno's conviction during the Commission Trial. http://www.ganglandnews.com/column325.htm
36. Trumbore, Brian. "Ivan Boesky"
37. http://www.democrats.org/a/2006/11/dnc_statement_o_9.php
38. http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2007/03/13/swiftboat_rudy/
39. Katharine Q. Seeley, " In G.O.P. Debate Today, Which Tack for Giuliani?", ''The New York Times'', May 3, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.
40. Frank Lynn, "Giuliani class=wikiexternal target=_blank>Files 2 Challenges To Take Lauder off Ballot", ''The New York Times'', July 21, 1989. Accessed March 30, 2007.
41. "Election 2008: Giuliani Quotes Disturb N.Y. Conservative," "National Federation of Republican Assemblies," http://www.gopwing.com/articles.aspx?article=760
42. Sam Roberts, " IN THEIR FIRST DEBATE, DINKINS AND GIULIANI GO AT IT, GENTLY", ''The New York Times'', November 5, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.
43. "A Biography of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani. City of New York website.
44. "The 1989 Elections: G.O.P. Post-Mortem; The Loser Is Faulting D'Amato" ''New York Times''
45. "Q&A: George Marlin", ''The New York Sun'', March 21, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.
46. New York State Department of Labor statistics, Workforce industry data.
47. New York City Crime Rate
48. [1]
49. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE4D6103CF930A35751C1A960958260
50. http://www.mitchellmoss.com/oped/93-11-04-nynewsday.html
51. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DF143EF932A35752C1A965958260
52. http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/mayors.html
53. "Giuliani Wins With Ease", CNN.com, November 4, 2007.
54. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE6DB1E38F93AA2575AC0A961958260
55. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E7D91E3CF930A25753C1A961958260
56. "Giuliani Approval, Satisfaction With City Hit New Highs, Quinnipiac College Poll Finds; Mayor's Lead Over Messinger Nears 2–1", Quinnipiac University, October 29, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.
57. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987322,00.html
58. "Giuliani Goes After Voters In Messinger's Stronghold", ''The New York Times'', October 27, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.
59. Adam Nagourney, "Giuliani Sweeps to Second Term as Mayor", ''The New York Times'', November 5, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.
60. David Firestone, "Big Victory, but Gains For Mayor Are Modest", ''The New York Times'', November 6, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.
61. Patrick A. Langan and Matthew R. Durose, Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://samoa.istat.it/Eventi/sicurezza/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf ''"The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City"'', October 21, 2004. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
62. http://www.joinrudy2008.com/biography/default.aspx
63. [2]
64.
"Rudy Giuliani"
65. Greene ''Crime Delinquency'' .1999; 45: 171–87''"Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City"''. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
66. "Rudy! An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani" by Wayne Barrett
67. Time Magazine, ''"Finally, We're Winning The War Against Crime. Here's Why."'', January 15, 1996. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
68. Richard Pérez-Peña, "Giuliani Courts Former Partner and Antagonist", ''The New York Times'', March 9, 2007. Accessed March 14, 2007.
69. Saxakali, ''"NYC POLICE SHOOTINGS 1999"'', July 09, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
70. CNN, ''"Giuliani, New York police under fire after shooting of unarmed man"'', March 19, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
71. Patricia Hurtado, "Disgraced ex-Giuliani official claims mental illness, judge prescribes prison", ''New York Newsday'', July 22, 2005. Accessed March 9, 2007.
72. A Going-Away Gift From Russell Harding Tom Robbins
73. Tom Brune, "Allies could cause alarm", ''Newsday'', February 22, 2007. Accessed March 3, 2007.
74.
75. Conservative Party and Courts May Hold Key to NYC Mayor's Race — 1 October 2001
76. Content Removed
77. 1994 Ad
78. [3]
79. [http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1302.xml?ReleaseID=547 Quinnipiac University Poll, published October 24, 2001. Accessed March 4, 2007.
80. http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1318.xml?ReleaseID=603
81. http://www.time.com/time/poy2001/poyprofile.html
82. [4]
83. [5]
84. "City Mourns at Stadium Prayer Service."
85. http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0112/24/ltm.03.html
86. TIME 2001 Person of the Year: Rudy Giuliani Profile
87. ''Washington Post Book World'' Sept 3, 2006[6]
88. "Rudy a No-Show at Firefighters Conference"
89. [7]
90. "Firefighters Slam Giuliani"
91. http://www.alazhari.unv.net/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/30/giuliani.transcript/index.html
92. Legislative Gazette
93. [8]
94. Democrat & Chronicle: Local News
95. [9]
96. "Rudy missing in action for Iraq panel" CRAIG GORDON June 18, 2007, 11:41 PM EDT ''Newsday''
97.
98. "Rudy missing in action for Iraq panel" CRAIG GORDON June 18, 2007, 11:41 PM EDT ''Newsday''
99. Marc Santora, "Giuliani Left Group on Iraq After Warning, Article Says", ''New York Times'', June 20, 2007
100. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16458783/site/newsweek/page/2/
101. [10]
102. [11]
103. http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7007342110
104. Amanda Ripley, "Mr. Tough Talk," "Time," September 3, 2007, p. 31, http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1655262,00.html
105. http://cbs2chicago.com/national/topstories_story_138032337.html
106. Giuliani Partners web site
107. http://www.nydailynews.com/01-07-2007/news/story/486423p-409552c.html
108. http://nymag.com/news/articles/wtc/1year/giuliani3.htm
109. [12]
110. In Private Sector, Giuliani Parlayed Fame Into Wealth
111. [13]
112. [14]
113. http://buchanan.org/blog/?p=754
114. http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lobbying-by-rudys-firm-draws-fire-2007-06-07.html
115. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/2006/August/GiulianiIdeology.htm
116. http://buchanan.org/blog/?p=750
117. http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=3187128
118. http://www.radioiowa.com/gestalt/go.cfm?objectid=B89CC16E-B185-873D-4BEBFEA848B4D74C 100 Iowa conservatives sign anti-Rudy petition
119. "Election 2008: Giuliani Quotes Disturb N.Y. Conservative," National Federation of Republican Assemblies," undated, other than 2007 http://www.gopwing.com/articles.aspx?article=760
120. [15]
121. George Marlin, compiler of "The Quotable Rudolph Giuliani, as reprinted in ''The New York Observer,'' March 29, 2005 http://www.observer.com/node/26855
122. John Hawkins, "Conservative Case Against Rudy Giuliani," "Human Events," August 30, 2006
123. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0212072giuliani12.html
124. RACE FOR CITY HALL: The Republican Candidate; A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey
125. Michael J. Gaynor, "Trusting Rudy Giuliani On Social Issues Is Not Sensible", ''Post Chronicle'', March 3, 2007. Accessed March 3, 2007.
126. Lynda Richardson, "A Scholarly Fund-Raiser's Stroll to the Park", ''The New York Times'', May 4, 2001. Accessed March 16, 2007.
127. Powell, Michael and Goldfarb, Zachary A. On 'Feeling Thermometer', Giuliani is the Hottest.' ''Washington Post'', March 8, 2006, p. A04.
128. Barry Bearak/Ian Fisher, "RACE FOR CITY HALL: The Republican Candidate; A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey", ''The New York Times'', October 19, 1997. Accessed May 16, 2007.
129. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/04/25/national/main551053.shtml
130. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/features/3262/index1.html
131. Margaret Carlson, "In Rudy's Playground", ''Time'', July 11, 1999. Accessed February 15, 2007.
132. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories[/2000/05/11/politics/main194350.shtml
133. Wayne Barrett, "Public Displays of Disaffection," "village voice," August 15, 2007 p. 12http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0733,barrett,77518,2.html
134. New York Times, May 8, 2000, by Joyce Purnick, Metro Matters; 'Good Friend,' A Marriage, And Voters
135. New York Times, May 11, 2000, unsigned, THE MAYOR'S SEPARATION; Excerpts From the Mayor's News Conference Concerning His Marriage
136. New York Times, July 14, 2002, by Joyce Wadler, Pronounced Ex- and Ex-
137. New York Times, May 11, 2000, by Elisabeth Bumiller, THE MAYOR'S SEPARATION: THE OVERVIEW; Giuliani and His Wife of 16 Years Are Separating
138. The Softer, Gentler Rudy Giuliani The Softer, Gentler Rudy Giuliani
139. Lloyd Grove, "The Thunderbolt", ''New York Magazine''. Accessed June 12, 2007.
140. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1290219.ece
141. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/07/10/national/main514784.shtml
142. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,127260,00.html
143. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/05/AR2007030501187.html?nav=rss_opinion/columns
144. Elisabeth Bumiller, "Giuliani Breaks Silence, Citing 'Adult' and 'Mature' Relationship", ''New York Times''. Accessed June 12, 2007.
145. Wayne Barrett, "Public Displays of Disaffection," "village voice," August 15, 2007 p. 12 http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0733,barrett,77518,2.html
146. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2119009.stm
147. Russ Buettner/Richard Perez-Pena, "Noticeably Absent From the Giuliani Campaign: His Children", ''New York Times''. Accessed June 12, 2007.
148. Daniel Saltonstall, "Wife Makes Strive: Judi cause of tension with Dad — Rudy's son," ''New York Daily News,'' March 3, 2007
149. Lucy Morrow Caldwell, "Rudy Giuliani's Daughter is Supporting Barack Obama http://www.slate.com/id/2171730
150. http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070823/ts_nm/usa_politics_facebook_dc
151. Carl Campanile and Maggie Haberman, "Rudy Kid Stabbed Daddy in the Back: Caroline Joined Obama'a Web Fan Club," "New York Post," August 7, 2007, 3
152. "About Rudy", JoinRudy2008.com. Accessed March 7, 2007.
153. Trent Spiner, "Rough day for Rudy" "New Hampshire Union Leader" August 16, 2007 http://www.unionleader.com/article.aspx?headline=Rough+day+for+Rudy&articleId=1c42f5b6-3d7a-4f16-8bec-6901e79142e1
154. Eileen Wulfhorst, "Republican Giuliani: "Leave my family alone"" reuters, August 16, 2007 http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN1639848320070817?feedType=RSS&feedName=politicsNews
155. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/02/14/giuliani.lkl/index.html
156. http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070303/pl_nm/usa_republicans_poll_dc
157. http://www.auburnpub.com/articles/2007/06/04/news/state/state05.txt
158. http://cbs4denver.com/local/local_story_125134903.html
159. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/15/us/politics/16repubs-text.html?_r=3&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin&oref=slogin "Fox News May 15th Debate Transcript"
160. Rasmussen Reports, June 5, 2007 http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/2008_republican_presidential_primary
161. http://pollingreport.com/wh08rep.htm
162. http://www.100yearassociation.com/awards.html
163. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/13/ltm.02.html
164. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85930571.html
165. http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/cpa/awards.asp
166. http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0405003.htm
167. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/19/AR2005051901733.html
168. http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1777552/posts
169. David Seifman, "Railing at Rudy," "New York Post," May 13, 2007, 9
This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.
psst.. try this: add to faves
