SPOT (SATELLITES)

'SPOT' (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) is a high-resolution, optical imaging earth observation satellite system operating from space. It is run by Spot Image based in Toulouse, France. It was initiated by the CNES (Centre national d'études spatiales – the French space agency) in the 1970th and developed in association with the SSTC (Belgian scientific, technical and cultural services) and the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB). It has been designed to improve the knowledge and management of the earth by exploring the earth's resources, detecting and forecasting phenomena involving climatology and oceanography, and monitoring human activities and natural phenomena. The SPOT system includes a series of satellites and ground control resources for satellite control and programming, image production and distribution. The satellites were launched with the ESA rocket launcher Ariane 2, 3 and 4.
The company SPOT Image is marketing the high-resolution images, that SPOT can take from every corner of the earth.

★ SPOT 1 launched February 22, 1986 with 10m panchromatic and 20m multispectral capability. Withdrawn - December 31, 1990.

★ SPOT 2 launched January 22, 1990 and is still operational.

★ SPOT 3 launched September 26, 1993. Stopped functioning - November 14, 1997

★ SPOT 4 launched March 24, 1998

★ SPOT 5 launched May 4, 2002 with 2.5m, 5m and 10m capability

Contents

The SPOT Orbit

SPOT 1, 2 and 3

SPOT 4

SPOT 5

Future

External links

The SPOT Orbit

The SPOT orbit is polar, circular, sun-synchronous and phased. The inclination of the orbital plane combined with the rotation of the earth around the polar axis allows the satellite to fly over any point of the earth within 26 days. The orbit has an altitude of 822 kilometers, an inclination of 98.7 degrees and 14 + 5/26 revolutions per day depending.

SPOT 1, 2 and 3

Since 1986 the SPOT family of satellites has been orbiting the earth and has already taken more than 10 million high quality images. The first satellite SPOT 1 was launched with Ariane 2 on February 22, 1986. Two days later, the 1800 kilogram heavy SPOT 1 transmitted the first image with a spatial resolution of 10 or 20 meters. On January 22, 1990 SPOT 2 joined SPOT 1 in the orbit. SPOT 3 followed them on September 26, 1993.
The Satellites loads were identical and included each two identical HRV (High Resolution Visible) imaging instruments, that were able to operate in 2 modes, either simultaneously or individually. The two spectral modes are panchromatic and multispectral. The panchromatic band has a resolution of 10 meters, and the 3 multispectral bands have a resolution of 20m. They have an image swath of 3600km2 and a revisit interval of 1 to 4 days depending on the latitude.
Because the orbit of SPOT 1 was lowered in 2003, it will gradually lose altitude and break up naturally in the atmosphere. Although the recorders aboard SPOT 2 do not work anymore, it still provides measurements and high-quality images. SPOT 3 is not working anymore either, due to problems with its stabilization system.

SPOT 4

SPOT 4 was launched on March 24, 1998 and features major improvements over SPOT 1, 2 and 3. The principal feature was the modification of the HRV, becoming the high-resolution visible and infrared (HRVIR) instrument. It has an additional band at mid-infrared (1.58-1.75 micrometre) intended to provide capabilities for geological reconnaissance, vegetation surveys and survey of snow cover, with a resolution of 20 meters. The two HRVIR imaging instruments are programmable for independent image coverage, increasing the number of imaging opportunities. Its lifetime was increased from 3 to 5 years, and its telescopes and recording capacities were improved.

SPOT 5

SPOT 5 was launched on May 3, 2002 and has the goal to ensure continuity of services for customers, and to improve the quality of data and images by anticipating changes in market requirements.

The SPOT 5 has two high resolution geometrical (HRG) instruments, that were deduced from the HRVIR of SPOT 4. They offer a higher resolution of 2.5 to 5 meters in panchromatic mode and 10 meters in multispectral mode.

SPOT 5 also features a HRS imaging instrument operating in panchromatic mode. HRS points forward and backward of the satellite. Thus it is able to take stereopair images almost simultaneously to map relief.

Future

The PLEIADES program is intended to replace the SPOT satellites. It will use smaller, cheaper satellites which are more agile and offer better performance. The system will include several satellite constellations. The first satellite will be launched by the end of 2008.

External links

★ Spot Image Official site.

★ Spot overview

★ CNES Official site