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Main articles: Teratoma
'Sacrococcygeal teratoma' (SCT) is a teratoma (a kind of tumor) located at the base of the coccyx (tailbone). It is thought to be a derivative of the primitive streak.
SCT is seen in 1 in every 35,000 live births, and is the most common tumor presenting in the newborn human. Most SCTs are found in babies and children, but SCTs have been reported in adults[1] and the increasingly routine use of prenatal ultrasound exams has dramatically increased the number of diagnosed SCTs presenting in fetuses. Like other teratomas, an SCT can grow very large. Unlike other teratomas, an SCT sometimes grows larger than the rest of the fetus.
Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common type of germ cell tumors (both benign and malignant) diagnosed in neonates, infants, and children younger than 4 years.[2] SCTs occur more often in girls than in boys; ratios of 3:1 to 4:1 have been reported.[3]
Historically, sacrococcygeal teratomas present in 2 clinical patterns related to the child’s age, tumor location, and likelihood of tumor malignancy. With the advent of routine prenatal ultrasound examinations, a third clinical pattern is emerging.
★ 'Fetal' tumors present during prenatal ultrasound exams, with or without maternal symptoms. SCTs found during routine exams tend to be small and partly or entirely external. The internal SCTs are not easily seen via ultrasound, unless they are large enough to reveal their presence by the abnomal position of the fetal urinary bladder and other organs, but large fetal SCTs frequenty produce maternal complications which necessitate non-routine, investigative ultrasounds.
★ 'Neonatal' tumors present at birth protruding from the sacral site and are usually mature or immature teratomas.
★ Among 'infants and young children', the tumor presents as a palpable mass in the sacropelvic region compressing the bladder or rectum.[4] These pelvic tumors have a greater likelihood of being malignant. An early survey found that the rate of tumor malignancy was 48% for girls and 67% for boys older than 2 months at the time of sacrococcygeal tumor diagnosis, compared with a malignant tumor incidence of 7% for girls and 10% for boys younger than 2 months at the time of diagnosis. The pelvic site of the primary tumor has been reported to be an adverse prognostic factor, most likely caused by a higher rate of incomplete resection.
★ In 'older children and adults', the tumor may be mistaken for a pilonidal sinus, or it may be found during a rectal exam or other evaluation.
During prenatal ultrasound, an SCT having an external component may appear as a fluid-filled cyst or a solid mass sticking out from the fetus's buttocks. Fetal SCTs that are entirely internal may be undetected if they are small; detection (or at least suspicion) is possible when the fetal bladder is seen in an abnormal position, due to the SCT pushing other organs out of place.
At birth, the usual presentation is a visible lump or mass under the skin at the top of the buttocks crease. If not visible, it can sometimes be felt; gently prodded, it feels somewhat like a hardboiled egg. A small SCT, if it is entirely inside the body, may not present for years, until it grows large enough to cause pain, constipation and other symptoms of a large mass inside the pelvis, or until it begins to extend out of the pelvis. Even a relatively large SCT may be missed, if it is internal, because the bony pelvis conceals and protects it. Mediastinal tumors, including teratomas, are similarly concealed and protected by the rib cage.
Some SCTs are discovered when a child begins to talk at about age 2 years and complains of their bottom hurting or feeling "poopy" when they ride in a car seat.
Other tumors can occur in the sacrococcygeal and/or presacral regions[5] and hence must be ruled out to obtain a differential diagnosis. These include extraspinal ependymoma[6], neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Smaller SCTs with an external component, seen in prenatal ultrasounds or at birth, often are mistaken for spina bifida.
The preferred first treatment for SCT is complete surgical removal (ie, complete resection). The preferred approach to a small SCT is through the perineum; a large SCT may require an additional approach through the abdomen. Resection should include the coccyx and may also include portions of the sacrum. The surgery should include reattachment of the small muscles and ligaments formerly attached to the coccyx, in effect reconstructing the posterior perineum.
SCTs are classified morphologically according to how much of them is outside or inside the body:
★ Altman Type I — entirely external, sometimes attached to the body only by a narrow 'stalk'
★ Altman Type II
★ Altman Type III
★ Altman Type IV — entirely internal; this is a 'presacral teratoma'
The Altman Type has a significant influence on management, surgical approach, and complications of SCT. Serial ultrasound and MRI monitoring of SCTs in fetuses in utero has demonstrated that the Altman Type can change over time.
Regardless of location in the body, teratomas are classified according to a cancer staging system. This indicates whether chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be needed.
Management of most fetal SCTs involves watch and wait, also known as expectant management. An often used decision tree is as follows:
★ Perform detailed ultrasound exam including fetal echocardiogram and Doppler flow analysis
★
★ If fetal high output failure, placentomegaly, or hydrops
★
★
★ If fetus not mature, perform pregnancy termination or fetal intervention
★
★
★ Else fetus mature, perform emergency Cesarean section
★
★ Else no emergent problems, perform serial non-stress tests and ultrasound biophysical profiles and plan delivery
★
★
★ If emergent problems develop, return to top of decision tree
★
★
★ Else if SCT over 5–10cm or polyhydramnios, perform early (37 weeks gestation) elective Cesarean section
★
★
★ Else SCT small and no complications, permit term spontaneous vaginal delivery
Emergent problems include maternal mirror syndrome, polyhydramnios, and preterm labor. Poor management decisions, including interventions that are either premature or delayed, can have dire consequences.[7][8]
In many cases, a fetus with a small SCT (under 5 or 10 cm) may be delivered vaginally.[9][10][11][12]
Maternal complications of 'pregnancy' may include mirror syndrome.[13] Maternal complications of 'delivery' may include a Cesarean section or, alternatively, a vaginal delivery with mechanical dystocia.[14]
Complications of the mass effect of a teratoma in general are addressed on the teratoma page. Complications of the mass effect of a large SCT may include hip dysplasia, bowel obstruction, urinary obstruction, hydronephrosis and hydrops fetalis. In the fetus, severe hydronephrosis may contribute to inadequate lung development. Also in the fetus and newborn, the anus may be imperforate.
Later complications of the mass effect and/or surgery may include neurogenic bladder, other forms of urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and other chronic problems resulting from accidental damage to or sacrifice of nerves and muscles within the pelvis.[15] Removal of the coccyx may include additional complications. In one review of 25 patients,[16] however, the most frequent complication was an unsatisfactory appearance of the surgical scar.
Pelvic scarring may necessitate that pregnant women who are SCT survivors deliver their babies by [Cesarean section].
Complications of not removing the coccyx may include both recurrence of the teratoma[17] and metastatic cancer.[18] Late malignancies usually involve incomplete excision of the coccyx and are adenocarcinoma.
★ Teratoma
★ Sacrococcygeal symphysis
1. Killen DA, Jackson LM (1964) ''Sacrococcygeal teratoma in the adult'' Archives of Surgery 88(3):425-433.
2. (PDQ) Sacrococcygeal Tumors in Children
3. Rescorla FJ, Sawin RS, Coran AG, et al.: Long-term outcome for infants and children with sacrococcygeal teratoma: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group. J Pediatr Surg 33 (2): 171-6, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
4. Rescorla FJ: Pediatric germ cell tumors. Semin Surg Oncol 16 (2): 144-58, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
5. Sacrococcygeal developmental abnormalities and tumors in children., Bale PM, , , Perspectives in pediatric pathology, 1984
6. Sacrococcygeal extraspinal ependymomas: the role of coccygectomy., Aktuğ T, Hakgüder G, Sarioğlu S, Akgür FM, Olguner M, Pabuçcuoğlu U, , , J. Pediatr. Surg., 2000
7. [Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of four cases of sacrococcygeal teratoma], Mazneĭkova V, Dimitrova V, , , Akusherstvo i ginekologii͡a, 1999
8. Fatal birth trauma due to an undiagnosed abdominal teratoma: case report and review of the literature, Sheil AT, Collins KA, , , The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology : official publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners, 2007
9. Route of delivery of fetuses with structural anomalies, Anteby EY, Yagel S, , , Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 2003
10. Sacrococcygeal teratoma: 25 year experience, Ruangtrakool R, Nitipon A, Laohapensang M, ''et al'', , , Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2001
11. Route of delivery of infants with congenital anomalies, McCurdy CM, Seeds JW, , , Clinics in perinatology, 1993
12. [Sacrococcygeal teratoma. Prenatal diagnosis and prognosis], Kainer F, Winter R, Hofmann HM, Karpf EF, , , Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie, 1990
13. Mirror syndrome associated with sacrococcygeal teratoma: a case report, Finamore PS, Kontopoulos E, Price M, Giannina G, Smulian JC, , , The Journal of reproductive medicine, 2007
14. [Sacrococcygeal teratoma--a case report and literature review], Nalbanski B, Markov D, Brankov O, , , Akusherstvo i ginekologii͡a, 2007
15. [Sacral teratomas in childhood. An analysis of long-term results in 87 children], Engelskirchen R, Holschneider AM, Rhein R, Hecker WC, Höpner F, , , Zeitschrift für Kinderchirurgie : organ der Deutschen, der Schweizerischen und der Osterreichischen Gesellschaft für Kinderchirurgie = Surgery in infancy and childhood, 1987
16. 16373161&dopt=AbstractPlus PubMed
17. Neonatal benign sacrococcygeal teratoma may recur in adulthood and give rise to malignancy., Lahdenne P, Heikinheimo M, Nikkanen V, Klemi P, Siimes MA, Rapola J, , , Cancer, 1993 Synopsis: 45 survivors of infant SCT were followed up. Two reported recurrent benign teratoma and one reported metastatic adenocarcinoma originating from the residual coccyx. They were aged 21-43 at diagnosis.
18. Late occurrence of malignancy following resection of a histologically mature sacrococcygeal teratoma. Report of a case and literature review., Lack EE, Glaun RS, Hefter LG, Seneca RP, Steigman C, Athari F, , , Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 1993 Synopsis: A 40 year old man has widely metastatic adenocarcinoma arising from the residual coccyx remaining after surgical removal of an apparently benign SCT at age 2 months.
★ The Doctor's Doctor page on SCT
★ small SCT diagnosed at 20 weeks gestation, pregnancy and neonatal period
★ medium size benign SCT diagnosed via ultrasound, with complications, delivered preterm via cesarean section
★ large benign SCT diagnosed via routine prenatal ultrasound, delivered near term via cesarean section
★ large benign SCT delivered full term vaginally, initially misdiagnosed as spina bifida, correctly diagnosed at age 5 weeks, in 1962
★ benign (?) SCT, surveilance after neonatal surgery
★ SCT diagnosed at age 2½ years, by then malignant, with endodermal sinus tumor
★ can women born with SCT expect difficulties having children?
'Sacrococcygeal teratoma' (SCT) is a teratoma (a kind of tumor) located at the base of the coccyx (tailbone). It is thought to be a derivative of the primitive streak.
| Contents |
| Natural history |
| Diagnosis |
| Treatment |
| Management of fetal SCTs |
| Complications |
| Late effects |
| See also |
| References |
| External links |
Natural history
SCT is seen in 1 in every 35,000 live births, and is the most common tumor presenting in the newborn human. Most SCTs are found in babies and children, but SCTs have been reported in adults[1] and the increasingly routine use of prenatal ultrasound exams has dramatically increased the number of diagnosed SCTs presenting in fetuses. Like other teratomas, an SCT can grow very large. Unlike other teratomas, an SCT sometimes grows larger than the rest of the fetus.
Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common type of germ cell tumors (both benign and malignant) diagnosed in neonates, infants, and children younger than 4 years.[2] SCTs occur more often in girls than in boys; ratios of 3:1 to 4:1 have been reported.[3]
Historically, sacrococcygeal teratomas present in 2 clinical patterns related to the child’s age, tumor location, and likelihood of tumor malignancy. With the advent of routine prenatal ultrasound examinations, a third clinical pattern is emerging.
★ 'Fetal' tumors present during prenatal ultrasound exams, with or without maternal symptoms. SCTs found during routine exams tend to be small and partly or entirely external. The internal SCTs are not easily seen via ultrasound, unless they are large enough to reveal their presence by the abnomal position of the fetal urinary bladder and other organs, but large fetal SCTs frequenty produce maternal complications which necessitate non-routine, investigative ultrasounds.
★ 'Neonatal' tumors present at birth protruding from the sacral site and are usually mature or immature teratomas.
★ Among 'infants and young children', the tumor presents as a palpable mass in the sacropelvic region compressing the bladder or rectum.[4] These pelvic tumors have a greater likelihood of being malignant. An early survey found that the rate of tumor malignancy was 48% for girls and 67% for boys older than 2 months at the time of sacrococcygeal tumor diagnosis, compared with a malignant tumor incidence of 7% for girls and 10% for boys younger than 2 months at the time of diagnosis. The pelvic site of the primary tumor has been reported to be an adverse prognostic factor, most likely caused by a higher rate of incomplete resection.
★ In 'older children and adults', the tumor may be mistaken for a pilonidal sinus, or it may be found during a rectal exam or other evaluation.
Diagnosis
During prenatal ultrasound, an SCT having an external component may appear as a fluid-filled cyst or a solid mass sticking out from the fetus's buttocks. Fetal SCTs that are entirely internal may be undetected if they are small; detection (or at least suspicion) is possible when the fetal bladder is seen in an abnormal position, due to the SCT pushing other organs out of place.
At birth, the usual presentation is a visible lump or mass under the skin at the top of the buttocks crease. If not visible, it can sometimes be felt; gently prodded, it feels somewhat like a hardboiled egg. A small SCT, if it is entirely inside the body, may not present for years, until it grows large enough to cause pain, constipation and other symptoms of a large mass inside the pelvis, or until it begins to extend out of the pelvis. Even a relatively large SCT may be missed, if it is internal, because the bony pelvis conceals and protects it. Mediastinal tumors, including teratomas, are similarly concealed and protected by the rib cage.
Some SCTs are discovered when a child begins to talk at about age 2 years and complains of their bottom hurting or feeling "poopy" when they ride in a car seat.
Other tumors can occur in the sacrococcygeal and/or presacral regions[5] and hence must be ruled out to obtain a differential diagnosis. These include extraspinal ependymoma[6], neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Smaller SCTs with an external component, seen in prenatal ultrasounds or at birth, often are mistaken for spina bifida.
Treatment
The preferred first treatment for SCT is complete surgical removal (ie, complete resection). The preferred approach to a small SCT is through the perineum; a large SCT may require an additional approach through the abdomen. Resection should include the coccyx and may also include portions of the sacrum. The surgery should include reattachment of the small muscles and ligaments formerly attached to the coccyx, in effect reconstructing the posterior perineum.
SCTs are classified morphologically according to how much of them is outside or inside the body:
★ Altman Type I — entirely external, sometimes attached to the body only by a narrow 'stalk'
★ Altman Type II
★ Altman Type III
★ Altman Type IV — entirely internal; this is a 'presacral teratoma'
The Altman Type has a significant influence on management, surgical approach, and complications of SCT. Serial ultrasound and MRI monitoring of SCTs in fetuses in utero has demonstrated that the Altman Type can change over time.
Regardless of location in the body, teratomas are classified according to a cancer staging system. This indicates whether chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be needed.
Management of fetal SCTs
Management of most fetal SCTs involves watch and wait, also known as expectant management. An often used decision tree is as follows:
★ Perform detailed ultrasound exam including fetal echocardiogram and Doppler flow analysis
★
★ If fetal high output failure, placentomegaly, or hydrops
★
★
★ If fetus not mature, perform pregnancy termination or fetal intervention
★
★
★ Else fetus mature, perform emergency Cesarean section
★
★ Else no emergent problems, perform serial non-stress tests and ultrasound biophysical profiles and plan delivery
★
★
★ If emergent problems develop, return to top of decision tree
★
★
★ Else if SCT over 5–10cm or polyhydramnios, perform early (37 weeks gestation) elective Cesarean section
★
★
★ Else SCT small and no complications, permit term spontaneous vaginal delivery
Emergent problems include maternal mirror syndrome, polyhydramnios, and preterm labor. Poor management decisions, including interventions that are either premature or delayed, can have dire consequences.[7][8]
In many cases, a fetus with a small SCT (under 5 or 10 cm) may be delivered vaginally.[9][10][11][12]
Complications
Maternal complications of 'pregnancy' may include mirror syndrome.[13] Maternal complications of 'delivery' may include a Cesarean section or, alternatively, a vaginal delivery with mechanical dystocia.[14]
Complications of the mass effect of a teratoma in general are addressed on the teratoma page. Complications of the mass effect of a large SCT may include hip dysplasia, bowel obstruction, urinary obstruction, hydronephrosis and hydrops fetalis. In the fetus, severe hydronephrosis may contribute to inadequate lung development. Also in the fetus and newborn, the anus may be imperforate.
Later complications of the mass effect and/or surgery may include neurogenic bladder, other forms of urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and other chronic problems resulting from accidental damage to or sacrifice of nerves and muscles within the pelvis.[15] Removal of the coccyx may include additional complications. In one review of 25 patients,[16] however, the most frequent complication was an unsatisfactory appearance of the surgical scar.
Late effects
Pelvic scarring may necessitate that pregnant women who are SCT survivors deliver their babies by [Cesarean section].
Complications of not removing the coccyx may include both recurrence of the teratoma[17] and metastatic cancer.[18] Late malignancies usually involve incomplete excision of the coccyx and are adenocarcinoma.
See also
★ Teratoma
★ Sacrococcygeal symphysis
References
1. Killen DA, Jackson LM (1964) ''Sacrococcygeal teratoma in the adult'' Archives of Surgery 88(3):425-433.
2. (PDQ) Sacrococcygeal Tumors in Children
3. Rescorla FJ, Sawin RS, Coran AG, et al.: Long-term outcome for infants and children with sacrococcygeal teratoma: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group. J Pediatr Surg 33 (2): 171-6, 1998. PUBMED Abstract
4. Rescorla FJ: Pediatric germ cell tumors. Semin Surg Oncol 16 (2): 144-58, 1999. PUBMED Abstract
5. Sacrococcygeal developmental abnormalities and tumors in children., Bale PM, , , Perspectives in pediatric pathology, 1984
6. Sacrococcygeal extraspinal ependymomas: the role of coccygectomy., Aktuğ T, Hakgüder G, Sarioğlu S, Akgür FM, Olguner M, Pabuçcuoğlu U, , , J. Pediatr. Surg., 2000
7. [Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of four cases of sacrococcygeal teratoma], Mazneĭkova V, Dimitrova V, , , Akusherstvo i ginekologii͡a, 1999
8. Fatal birth trauma due to an undiagnosed abdominal teratoma: case report and review of the literature, Sheil AT, Collins KA, , , The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology : official publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners, 2007
9. Route of delivery of fetuses with structural anomalies, Anteby EY, Yagel S, , , Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 2003
10. Sacrococcygeal teratoma: 25 year experience, Ruangtrakool R, Nitipon A, Laohapensang M, ''et al'', , , Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2001
11. Route of delivery of infants with congenital anomalies, McCurdy CM, Seeds JW, , , Clinics in perinatology, 1993
12. [Sacrococcygeal teratoma. Prenatal diagnosis and prognosis], Kainer F, Winter R, Hofmann HM, Karpf EF, , , Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie, 1990
13. Mirror syndrome associated with sacrococcygeal teratoma: a case report, Finamore PS, Kontopoulos E, Price M, Giannina G, Smulian JC, , , The Journal of reproductive medicine, 2007
14. [Sacrococcygeal teratoma--a case report and literature review], Nalbanski B, Markov D, Brankov O, , , Akusherstvo i ginekologii͡a, 2007
15. [Sacral teratomas in childhood. An analysis of long-term results in 87 children], Engelskirchen R, Holschneider AM, Rhein R, Hecker WC, Höpner F, , , Zeitschrift für Kinderchirurgie : organ der Deutschen, der Schweizerischen und der Osterreichischen Gesellschaft für Kinderchirurgie = Surgery in infancy and childhood, 1987
16. 16373161&dopt=AbstractPlus PubMed
17. Neonatal benign sacrococcygeal teratoma may recur in adulthood and give rise to malignancy., Lahdenne P, Heikinheimo M, Nikkanen V, Klemi P, Siimes MA, Rapola J, , , Cancer, 1993 Synopsis: 45 survivors of infant SCT were followed up. Two reported recurrent benign teratoma and one reported metastatic adenocarcinoma originating from the residual coccyx. They were aged 21-43 at diagnosis.
18. Late occurrence of malignancy following resection of a histologically mature sacrococcygeal teratoma. Report of a case and literature review., Lack EE, Glaun RS, Hefter LG, Seneca RP, Steigman C, Athari F, , , Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 1993 Synopsis: A 40 year old man has widely metastatic adenocarcinoma arising from the residual coccyx remaining after surgical removal of an apparently benign SCT at age 2 months.
External links
★ The Doctor's Doctor page on SCT
★ small SCT diagnosed at 20 weeks gestation, pregnancy and neonatal period
★ medium size benign SCT diagnosed via ultrasound, with complications, delivered preterm via cesarean section
★ large benign SCT diagnosed via routine prenatal ultrasound, delivered near term via cesarean section
★ large benign SCT delivered full term vaginally, initially misdiagnosed as spina bifida, correctly diagnosed at age 5 weeks, in 1962
★ benign (?) SCT, surveilance after neonatal surgery
★ SCT diagnosed at age 2½ years, by then malignant, with endodermal sinus tumor
★ can women born with SCT expect difficulties having children?
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