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(Redirected from Saint Nazaire)
'Saint-Nazaire' (Breton: ''Sant-Nazer''), is a town and ''commune'' in the Loire-Atlantique ''département'' of France, of which it is a ''sous-préfecture''. It is a major harbour, on the right bank of the Loire River estuary, near the Atlantic Ocean. The town is at the south of the second major swamp in France "la Brière".
As such, it has a long tradition of fishing and shipbuilding.
The building of the French ocean liner SS ''Normandie'' in the 1930s required the construction of a massive new dock infrastructure. On June 17 1940 the port was swarming with British troops trying to escape from the advancing German army. An estimated 9000 were embarked aboard the Clyde built troopship RMS Lancastria which was then attacked and sunk by German bombers, taking with her around 4000 victims. It is the worst disaster in British maritime history and the worst loss of life for British forces in the whole of World War 2. Churchill banned all news coverage of the disaster on learning of it and it remained largely forgotten by history. Following the surrender of France to Nazi forces later in June 1940, the port immediately became a base of operations for the German Navy and was as such the target of Allied operations. A heavily fortified U-boat submarine base was built shortly after occupation. Its 9 m (30-ft) thick concrete ceiling was capable of withstanding almost any bomb in use at the time. (The 1944 British Tall Boy or 1945 Grand Slam might have dealt with it.) The base still stands today, as its extremely sturdy construction makes demolition uneconomical.
The dry dock built for SS ''Normandie'' was the largest of its kind in western Europe at the time. It was the only port capable of servicing the German battleships ''Bismarck'' and ''Tirpitz''. This gave the port a massive strategic importance to both the Axis Powers and the Allies during the Second World War.
On March 28, 1942, a force of 611 British Commandos launched a raid against the shipyards of Saint-Nazaire, codenamed Operation Chariot. The commandos succeeded in destroying the Normandie dry dock, preventing its use by Germany during the war.
The U-boat threat to supply convoys across the Atlantic made Saint-Nazaire a constant target of Allied air forces. To minimize civilian casualties during air attacks, the Allies eventually devised a plan to force evacuation of the town. For three days in 1943, British and American aircraft dropped scores of leaflets warning the population of a planned firebombing raid. At the end of the third day, the raid came and burned the entire city to the ground. Casualties were light as most civilians had heeded the warning and fled to the safety of the countryside. Except for the self-contained submarine base, Saint-Nazaire remained abandoned until the end of the war.
After D-day and the liberation of France in 1944, German troops in Saint-Nazaire's submarine base refused to surrender and holed up (as did their counterparts in the La Rochelle and Lorient bases). As the Germans could no longer conduct major submarine operations from the bases, Allied commanders simply bypassed these and focused their resources on the invasion of Germany. Saint-Nazaire and the other two German "pockets" remained under German control until the last day of the war.
The town was rebuilt in the late 1940s in a minimalist, somewhat drab style that belies the natural beauty of the area.
★ First port of France on the Atlantic side
★ Shipyard - Saint-Nazaire suffered heavily from the downsizing of shipbuilding activity in western Europe in the 1960s and '70s. For a long time in the 1980s, it remained an economically depressed area with unemployment rates above 20%. Today, the local economy is more diversified and its situation is more in line with that of France as a whole. The local shipyard (''Chantiers de l'Atlantique'') has completed a successful reconversion to cruise ship building and is now one of the world leaders in this sector. The Cunard Line's new flagship, ''RMS Queen Mary 2'', was built in Saint-Nazaire.
★ Site of a major factory of Airbus, responsible for the construction of fuselage sections.
★ In the Franco-Canadian CGI Cartoon Skyland, Saint Nazaire is the name of the pirate flagship.
★ The video game opens with the British raid on St. Nazaire.
★ 1942 raid on the Normandie dry dock - see St. Nazaire Raid
★ Skyland Cartoon - see Skyland
★ Official Website '(in English)'
★ Lancastria Association of Scotland '(in English)'
★ Official website '(in French)'
★ Saint-Nazaire Harbor pictures
★ Perrett, Bryan (2003). ''For Valour: Victoria Cross and Medal of Honor Battles''. Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, London. ISBN 0-297-84662-0
★ Guériff, Fernand. ''Saint-Nazaire sous l'occupation allemande: le Commando, la Poche''. Éditions du Paludier (In French)
'Saint-Nazaire' (Breton: ''Sant-Nazer''), is a town and ''commune'' in the Loire-Atlantique ''département'' of France, of which it is a ''sous-préfecture''. It is a major harbour, on the right bank of the Loire River estuary, near the Atlantic Ocean. The town is at the south of the second major swamp in France "la Brière".
As such, it has a long tradition of fishing and shipbuilding.
| Contents |
| History |
| Economy |
| Cultural References |
| See also |
| External links |
| References |
History
The building of the French ocean liner SS ''Normandie'' in the 1930s required the construction of a massive new dock infrastructure. On June 17 1940 the port was swarming with British troops trying to escape from the advancing German army. An estimated 9000 were embarked aboard the Clyde built troopship RMS Lancastria which was then attacked and sunk by German bombers, taking with her around 4000 victims. It is the worst disaster in British maritime history and the worst loss of life for British forces in the whole of World War 2. Churchill banned all news coverage of the disaster on learning of it and it remained largely forgotten by history. Following the surrender of France to Nazi forces later in June 1940, the port immediately became a base of operations for the German Navy and was as such the target of Allied operations. A heavily fortified U-boat submarine base was built shortly after occupation. Its 9 m (30-ft) thick concrete ceiling was capable of withstanding almost any bomb in use at the time. (The 1944 British Tall Boy or 1945 Grand Slam might have dealt with it.) The base still stands today, as its extremely sturdy construction makes demolition uneconomical.
The dry dock built for SS ''Normandie'' was the largest of its kind in western Europe at the time. It was the only port capable of servicing the German battleships ''Bismarck'' and ''Tirpitz''. This gave the port a massive strategic importance to both the Axis Powers and the Allies during the Second World War.
On March 28, 1942, a force of 611 British Commandos launched a raid against the shipyards of Saint-Nazaire, codenamed Operation Chariot. The commandos succeeded in destroying the Normandie dry dock, preventing its use by Germany during the war.
The U-boat threat to supply convoys across the Atlantic made Saint-Nazaire a constant target of Allied air forces. To minimize civilian casualties during air attacks, the Allies eventually devised a plan to force evacuation of the town. For three days in 1943, British and American aircraft dropped scores of leaflets warning the population of a planned firebombing raid. At the end of the third day, the raid came and burned the entire city to the ground. Casualties were light as most civilians had heeded the warning and fled to the safety of the countryside. Except for the self-contained submarine base, Saint-Nazaire remained abandoned until the end of the war.
After D-day and the liberation of France in 1944, German troops in Saint-Nazaire's submarine base refused to surrender and holed up (as did their counterparts in the La Rochelle and Lorient bases). As the Germans could no longer conduct major submarine operations from the bases, Allied commanders simply bypassed these and focused their resources on the invasion of Germany. Saint-Nazaire and the other two German "pockets" remained under German control until the last day of the war.
The town was rebuilt in the late 1940s in a minimalist, somewhat drab style that belies the natural beauty of the area.
Economy
★ First port of France on the Atlantic side
★ Shipyard - Saint-Nazaire suffered heavily from the downsizing of shipbuilding activity in western Europe in the 1960s and '70s. For a long time in the 1980s, it remained an economically depressed area with unemployment rates above 20%. Today, the local economy is more diversified and its situation is more in line with that of France as a whole. The local shipyard (''Chantiers de l'Atlantique'') has completed a successful reconversion to cruise ship building and is now one of the world leaders in this sector. The Cunard Line's new flagship, ''RMS Queen Mary 2'', was built in Saint-Nazaire.
★ Site of a major factory of Airbus, responsible for the construction of fuselage sections.
Cultural References
★ In the Franco-Canadian CGI Cartoon Skyland, Saint Nazaire is the name of the pirate flagship.
★ The video game opens with the British raid on St. Nazaire.
See also
★ 1942 raid on the Normandie dry dock - see St. Nazaire Raid
★ Skyland Cartoon - see Skyland
External links
★ Official Website '(in English)'
★ Lancastria Association of Scotland '(in English)'
★ Official website '(in French)'
★ Saint-Nazaire Harbor pictures
References
★ Perrett, Bryan (2003). ''For Valour: Victoria Cross and Medal of Honor Battles''. Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, London. ISBN 0-297-84662-0
★ Guériff, Fernand. ''Saint-Nazaire sous l'occupation allemande: le Commando, la Poche''. Éditions du Paludier (In French)
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