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(Redirected from Salt cedar)
:''Tamarisk redirects here. For other uses of tamarisk, see Tamarisk (disambiguation)''
The genus '''Tamarix''' ('tamarisk') comprises about 50-60 species of flowering plants in the family Tamaricaceae, native to drier areas of Eurasia and Africa.
They are deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees growing to 1-15 m in height and forming dense thickets, The largest, ''Tamarix aphylla'', is an evergreen tree that can grow to 15 m tall. They usually grow on saline soils, tolerating up to 15,000 ppm soluble salt and can also tolerate alkali conditions. Tamarisks are characterized by slender branches and grey-green foliage. The bark of young branches is smooth and reddish-brown. As the plants age, the bark becomes brownish-purple, ridged and furrowed. The leaves are scale-like, 1-2 mm long, and overlap each other along the stem. They are often encrusted with salt secretions. The pink to white flowers appear in dense masses on 5-10 cm long spikes at branch tips from March to September, though some species (e.g. ''T. aphylla'') tend to flower during the winter.
''Tamarix'' can spread both vegetatively, by adventitious roots or submerged stems, and sexually, by seeds. Each flower can produce thousands of tiny (1 mm diameter) seeds that are contained in a small capsule usually adorned with a tuft of hair that aids in wind dispersal. Seeds can also be dispersed by water. Seedlings require extended periods of soil saturation for establishment. ''Tamarix'' species are fire-adapted, and have long tap roots that allow them to intercept deep water tables and exploit natural water resources. They are able to limit competition from other plants by taking up salt from deep ground water, accumulating it in their foliage, and from there depositing it in the surface soil where it builds up concentrations temporarily
detrimental to some plants. The salt is washed away during heavy rains.
''Tamarix'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including ''Coleophora asthenella'' which feeds exclusively on ''T. africana''.
;Selected species
''Tamarix'' was introduced to the western United States (where it is often called "salt cedar") as an ornamental shrub in the early 1800s.[1] It establishes in disturbed and undisturbed streams, waterways, bottomlands, banks and drainage washes of natural or artificial waterbodies, moist rangelands and pastures, and other areas where seedlings can be exposed to extended periods of saturated soil for establishment.
It is commonly believed that salt cedar disrupts the structure and stability of North American native plant communities and degrades native wildlife habitat by outcompeting and replacing native plant species, monopolising limited sources of moisture, and increasing the frequency, intensity and effect of fires and floods. Scientific studies (Everitt, 1980,1998. Stromberg, 1998. Anderson, 1996,1998.) have shown that tamarix is a slow starter and does not compete well, that there is no evidence that it actively displaces native species, that species richness is similar between stands of tamarix and native riparian systems, and that water usage of tamarix does not significantly exceed that of native species.
In Genesis 21:33, Abraham is recorded to have "planted a tamarisk at Beer-sheba." He had built a well there earlier.
★ Flora Europaea ''Tamarix''
★ Flora of China ''Tamarix'' species list
★ U.S. NPS guide
★ Anderson, B. W. 1996. Salt cedar, revegetation and riparian ecosystems in the Southwest. Pages 32-41. in Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council, Symposium '95. California Exotic Pest Plant Council, Pacific Grove, California.
★ Anderson, B. W. 1998. The case for salt cedar. Restoration and Management Notes 16:130-134, 138
★ Confraternity of Christian Doctrine. New American Bible. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Book Publishing Company, 1992.
★ Everitt, B. L. 1980. Ecology of Saltcedar - A plea for research. Environmental Geology 3:77-84.
★ Everitt, B. L. 1998. Chronology of the spread of Tamarisk in the central Rio Grande. Wetlands 18:658-668
★ Stromberg, J. C. 1998. Dynamics of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and saltcedar (Tamarix chinesis) populations along the San Pedro River, Arizona. Journal of Arid Environments 40:133-155.
★ Stromberg, J. C. 1998. Functional equivalency of saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) and Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) along a free-flowing river. Wetlands 18:675-686.
★ Theodoropoulos, David. 2003. Invasion Biology: Critique of a Pseudoscience. pages 30,38-40,179. Avvar Books, Blythe, CA. 237 p. ISBN 0-9708504-1-7
:''Tamarisk redirects here. For other uses of tamarisk, see Tamarisk (disambiguation)''
The genus '''Tamarix''' ('tamarisk') comprises about 50-60 species of flowering plants in the family Tamaricaceae, native to drier areas of Eurasia and Africa.
''Tamarix gallica'' in flower
They are deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees growing to 1-15 m in height and forming dense thickets, The largest, ''Tamarix aphylla'', is an evergreen tree that can grow to 15 m tall. They usually grow on saline soils, tolerating up to 15,000 ppm soluble salt and can also tolerate alkali conditions. Tamarisks are characterized by slender branches and grey-green foliage. The bark of young branches is smooth and reddish-brown. As the plants age, the bark becomes brownish-purple, ridged and furrowed. The leaves are scale-like, 1-2 mm long, and overlap each other along the stem. They are often encrusted with salt secretions. The pink to white flowers appear in dense masses on 5-10 cm long spikes at branch tips from March to September, though some species (e.g. ''T. aphylla'') tend to flower during the winter.
A ''Tamarix'' species in natural habitat in Algeria
''Tamarix'' can spread both vegetatively, by adventitious roots or submerged stems, and sexually, by seeds. Each flower can produce thousands of tiny (1 mm diameter) seeds that are contained in a small capsule usually adorned with a tuft of hair that aids in wind dispersal. Seeds can also be dispersed by water. Seedlings require extended periods of soil saturation for establishment. ''Tamarix'' species are fire-adapted, and have long tap roots that allow them to intercept deep water tables and exploit natural water resources. They are able to limit competition from other plants by taking up salt from deep ground water, accumulating it in their foliage, and from there depositing it in the surface soil where it builds up concentrations temporarily
detrimental to some plants. The salt is washed away during heavy rains.
''Tamarix'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including ''Coleophora asthenella'' which feeds exclusively on ''T. africana''.
;Selected species
★ ''Tamarix africana'' ★ ''Tamarix androssowii'' ★ ''Tamarix aphylla'' ★ ''Tamarix arceuthoides'' ★ ''Tamarix austromongolica'' ★ ''Tamarix boveana'' ★ ''Tamarix canariensis'' ★ ''Tamarix chinensis'' ★ ''Tamarix dalmatica'' ★ ''Tamarix dioica'' ★ ''Tamarix elongata'' | ★ ''Tamarix gallica'' ★ ''Tamarix gansuensis'' ★ ''Tamarix gracilis'' ★ ''Tamarix hampeana'' ★ ''Tamarix hispida'' ★ ''Tamarix hohenackeri'' ★ ''Tamarix indica'' ★ ''Tamarix jintaenia'' ★ ''Tamarix juniperina'' ★ ''Tamarix karelinii'' ★ ''Tamarix laxa'' | ★ ''Tamarix leptostachys'' ★ ''Tamarix meyeri'' ★ ''Tamarix mongolica'' ★ ''Tamarix parviflora'' ★ ''Tamarix ramosissima'' ★ ''Tamarix sachuensis'' ★ ''Tamarix smyrnensis'' ★ ''Tamarix taklamakanensis'' ★ ''Tamarix tarimensis'' ★ ''Tamarix tenuissima'' ★ ''Tamarix tetrandra'' |
| Contents |
| North American invasive species |
| Miscellaneous |
| References |
North American invasive species
''Tamarix'' was introduced to the western United States (where it is often called "salt cedar") as an ornamental shrub in the early 1800s.[1] It establishes in disturbed and undisturbed streams, waterways, bottomlands, banks and drainage washes of natural or artificial waterbodies, moist rangelands and pastures, and other areas where seedlings can be exposed to extended periods of saturated soil for establishment.
It is commonly believed that salt cedar disrupts the structure and stability of North American native plant communities and degrades native wildlife habitat by outcompeting and replacing native plant species, monopolising limited sources of moisture, and increasing the frequency, intensity and effect of fires and floods. Scientific studies (Everitt, 1980,1998. Stromberg, 1998. Anderson, 1996,1998.) have shown that tamarix is a slow starter and does not compete well, that there is no evidence that it actively displaces native species, that species richness is similar between stands of tamarix and native riparian systems, and that water usage of tamarix does not significantly exceed that of native species.
Miscellaneous
In Genesis 21:33, Abraham is recorded to have "planted a tamarisk at Beer-sheba." He had built a well there earlier.
References
★ Flora Europaea ''Tamarix''
★ Flora of China ''Tamarix'' species list
★ U.S. NPS guide
★ Anderson, B. W. 1996. Salt cedar, revegetation and riparian ecosystems in the Southwest. Pages 32-41. in Proceedings of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council, Symposium '95. California Exotic Pest Plant Council, Pacific Grove, California.
★ Anderson, B. W. 1998. The case for salt cedar. Restoration and Management Notes 16:130-134, 138
★ Confraternity of Christian Doctrine. New American Bible. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Book Publishing Company, 1992.
★ Everitt, B. L. 1980. Ecology of Saltcedar - A plea for research. Environmental Geology 3:77-84.
★ Everitt, B. L. 1998. Chronology of the spread of Tamarisk in the central Rio Grande. Wetlands 18:658-668
★ Stromberg, J. C. 1998. Dynamics of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and saltcedar (Tamarix chinesis) populations along the San Pedro River, Arizona. Journal of Arid Environments 40:133-155.
★ Stromberg, J. C. 1998. Functional equivalency of saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) and Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) along a free-flowing river. Wetlands 18:675-686.
★ Theodoropoulos, David. 2003. Invasion Biology: Critique of a Pseudoscience. pages 30,38-40,179. Avvar Books, Blythe, CA. 237 p. ISBN 0-9708504-1-7
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