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'Sarcasm' is the sneering, jesting, or mocking of a person, situation or thing. It is strongly associated with irony, with some definitions classifying it as a type of verbal irony intended to insult or wound[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] — stating the opposite of the intended meaning, e.g. using "that's ''fantastic''" to mean "that's awful".
It is used mostly in a humorous manner, and is expressed through vocal intonations such as over-emphasizing the actual statement or particular words. Use of sarcasm is sometimes viewed as an expression of concealed anger[8], annoyance and/or ignorance.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky defined sarcasm as "the last refuge of modest and chaste-souled people when the privacy of their soul is coarsely and intrusively invaded."[9]
As the vocal intonations used to express sarcasm are subtle, the use of sarcasm to express thoughts that are not obviously ironic may lead to confusion. This is especially true where there are differences in accent or experience with the language in use. The use of sarcasm in language differs between countries. The main haven of sarcasm is in the United Kingdom, in Europe, and in many Asian countires, however the use of sarcasm is not seen in jest but is instead often taken at face value.
Because it is vocally oriented, sarcasm can be difficult to grasp in written form and is easily misinterpreted. To prevent this some people emphasize words with italics, bold, capitalization, and/or underlining (e.g. that’s just ''great''); sarcastic comments on the Internet with an emoticon; or surround them with a made-up markup language tag, e.g.
★ sarcasm
★ , <sarcasm> or <snicker>.
Writers in the UK and some other countries have adopted the use of '(!)' (An exclamation mark in parentheses) following speech in which sarcasm or irony is perceptible via the tone of voice, a punctuation mark which is very regularly seen in subtitles.
Whilst this happens it is not universally the case. For example, Shakespeare regularly used sarcasm as a literary tool to emphasize a point or joke and rarely ever used quotation marks or italics. This has been a recent development and is sign-posted as a dumbing down of literature by many within the British canon.
★ When something bad has happened: "this is just great", or "that was just perfect".
★ In response to a bad joke: "that's just ''so'' funny", or obviously feigned (and often weak) laughter-"Ha. Ha. Ha. NO."
★ When a boring statement has been made: "Wow, ''great''!"
★ When someone has thoroughly botched something: "Great job!" or "Congratulations!"
★ When somebody states the obvious, saying something that everybody knew already: "Did you figure that out on your own?" or "Did you figure that out just now?"
'I'"Sarcasm" appeared in English in 1579, from Late Latin "sarcasmos," in turn from Hellenistic or Medieval Greek "sarkasmos," and ancient Greek ''σαρκάζω (sarkazo, meaning 'to tear flesh').'' (In ancient Greek the word for this idea was instead ''χλευασμός''). Irony is closely associated with sarcasm, although Socrates, considered the father of dissembling irony, was not sarcastic.
1. http://home.cfl.rr.com/eghsap/apterms.html,
2. http://london.sonoma.edu/Essays/glossary.html,
3. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/~dougt/terms.htm,
4. http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/newsat/chapter12section2.rhtml,
5. http://www.pearsoned.ca/text/flachmann4/gloss_iframe.html,
6. http://station05.qc.ca/csrs/bouscol/anglais/book_report/glossary3.html,
7. http://www.answers.com/topic/sarcasm
8. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/counselling/pages/problems/anger.html
9. [1]
★ Sarcasm Society - Sarcasm Tutorial
★ BBC News Magazine - The rules of sarcasm
★ Sydney Morning Herald - Sarcasm is the lowest form of wit
★
★ APA - The Neuroatomical Basis of Understanding Sarcasm and Its Relationship to Social Cognition
It is used mostly in a humorous manner, and is expressed through vocal intonations such as over-emphasizing the actual statement or particular words. Use of sarcasm is sometimes viewed as an expression of concealed anger[8], annoyance and/or ignorance.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky defined sarcasm as "the last refuge of modest and chaste-souled people when the privacy of their soul is coarsely and intrusively invaded."[9]
| Contents |
| Sarcasm in verbal communication |
| Sarcasm in written communication |
| Examples |
| Notes |
| Citations |
| External links |
Sarcasm in verbal communication
As the vocal intonations used to express sarcasm are subtle, the use of sarcasm to express thoughts that are not obviously ironic may lead to confusion. This is especially true where there are differences in accent or experience with the language in use. The use of sarcasm in language differs between countries. The main haven of sarcasm is in the United Kingdom, in Europe, and in many Asian countires, however the use of sarcasm is not seen in jest but is instead often taken at face value.
Sarcasm in written communication
Because it is vocally oriented, sarcasm can be difficult to grasp in written form and is easily misinterpreted. To prevent this some people emphasize words with italics, bold, capitalization, and/or underlining (e.g. that’s just ''great''); sarcastic comments on the Internet with an emoticon; or surround them with a made-up markup language tag, e.g.
★ sarcasm
★ , <sarcasm> or <snicker>.
Writers in the UK and some other countries have adopted the use of '(!)' (An exclamation mark in parentheses) following speech in which sarcasm or irony is perceptible via the tone of voice, a punctuation mark which is very regularly seen in subtitles.
Whilst this happens it is not universally the case. For example, Shakespeare regularly used sarcasm as a literary tool to emphasize a point or joke and rarely ever used quotation marks or italics. This has been a recent development and is sign-posted as a dumbing down of literature by many within the British canon.
Examples
★ When something bad has happened: "this is just great", or "that was just perfect".
★ In response to a bad joke: "that's just ''so'' funny", or obviously feigned (and often weak) laughter-"Ha. Ha. Ha. NO."
★ When a boring statement has been made: "Wow, ''great''!"
★ When someone has thoroughly botched something: "Great job!" or "Congratulations!"
★ When somebody states the obvious, saying something that everybody knew already: "Did you figure that out on your own?" or "Did you figure that out just now?"
Notes
'I'"Sarcasm" appeared in English in 1579, from Late Latin "sarcasmos," in turn from Hellenistic or Medieval Greek "sarkasmos," and ancient Greek ''σαρκάζω (sarkazo, meaning 'to tear flesh').'' (In ancient Greek the word for this idea was instead ''χλευασμός''). Irony is closely associated with sarcasm, although Socrates, considered the father of dissembling irony, was not sarcastic.
Citations
1. http://home.cfl.rr.com/eghsap/apterms.html,
2. http://london.sonoma.edu/Essays/glossary.html,
3. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/~dougt/terms.htm,
4. http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/newsat/chapter12section2.rhtml,
5. http://www.pearsoned.ca/text/flachmann4/gloss_iframe.html,
6. http://station05.qc.ca/csrs/bouscol/anglais/book_report/glossary3.html,
7. http://www.answers.com/topic/sarcasm
8. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/counselling/pages/problems/anger.html
9. [1]
External links
★ Sarcasm Society - Sarcasm Tutorial
★ BBC News Magazine - The rules of sarcasm
★ Sydney Morning Herald - Sarcasm is the lowest form of wit
★
★ APA - The Neuroatomical Basis of Understanding Sarcasm and Its Relationship to Social Cognition
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