SCROPHULARIACEAE

'Scrophulariaceae', the 'figwort family', is a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with zygomorphic (rarely actinomorphic) flowers. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus ''Scrophularia'' L..
In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae but also several new families (Olmstead et al., 2001; Olmstead, 2003). Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae s.l.
The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:

★ ''Leptandra'', Black root, Culver's root, Leptandra

★ ''Rehmannia'', Chinese foxglove, used in Traditional Chinese medicine

★ ''Scrophularia'', figworts

★ ''Verbascum'', mulleins

Contents

Included genera

Excluded genera

References

External links

Included genera

★ ''Agalinis'' Raf. -- False foxglove

★ ''Alectra'' Thunb.

★ ''Alonsoa'' Ruiz & Pav.

★ ''Aureolaria'' Raf. -- Yellow False foxglove

★ ''Brachystigma'' Pennell -- Desert foxglove

★ ''Buchnera'' L. -- Bluehearts

★ ''Buddleja'' -- Butterfly-bush

★ ''Capraria'' L.

★ ''Chaenorrhinum'' -- Dwarf Snapdragon

★ ''Dasistoma'' Raf.

★ ''Diascia''

★ ''Diplacus'' Nutt. -- Bush monkeyflower

★ ''Hemianthus'' Nutt.

★ ''Ilysanthes''

★ ''Lendneria'' Minod

★ ''Leptandra'' -- Black root, Culver's root, Leptandra)

★ ''Leucospora'' Nutt.


★ ''Limosella'' -> Plantaginaceae -> Scrophulariaceae (according to Oxelman ''et al.'' 2005)

★ ''Macranthera'' Nutt.

★ ''Mimetanthe'' Greene

★ ''Nemesia''

★ ''Phygelius'' E.Mey. ex Benth. -- Cape fuchsia

★ ''Rehmannia'' Libosch.

★ ''Schwalbea'' L. -- Schwalbea

★ ''Scrophularia'' L. -- Figwort

★ ''Seymeria'' Pursh -- Black senna

★ ''Sutera'' "Bacopa"

★ ''Striga'' Lour. -- Witchweed

★ ''Tomanthera''

★ ''Verbascum'' L. -- Mullein

Excluded genera

The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:

★ ''Amphianthus'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Angelonia'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Antirrhinum'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Bacopa'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Bartsia'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Bellardia'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Besseya'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Calceolaria'' -> Calceolariaceae

★ ''Castilleja'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Chaenorrhinum'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Chelone'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Chionophila'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Collinsia'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Cordylanthus'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Cymbalaria'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Digitalis'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Dopatrium'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Epixiphium'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Euphrasia'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Galvezia'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Gambelia'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Glossostigma'' -> Phrymaceae

★ ''Gratiola'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Hebe'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Holmgrenanthe'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Howelliella'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Keckiella'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Kickxia'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Lagotis'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Leucophyllum'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Limnophila'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Linaria'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Lindernia'' -> Plantaginaceae, also placed within its own family Linderniaceae according to Haston ''et al'' 2007 (also known as LAPG II). ^[1]

★ ''Lophospermum'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Mabrya'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Maurandella'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Maurandya'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Mazus'' -> Phrymaceae

★ ''Mecardonia'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Melampyrum'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Micranthemum'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Mimulus'' -> Phrymaceae

★ ''Misopates'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Mohavea'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Nemesia'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Neogaerrhinum'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Nothochelone'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Nuttallanthus'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Odontites'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Orobanche'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Orthocarpus'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Parentucellia'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Paulownia'' -> Paulowniaceae

★ ''Pedicularis'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Penstemon'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Pseudorontium'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Rhinanthus'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Russelia'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Sairocarpus'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Schistophragma'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Scoparia'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Stemodia'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Synthyris'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Tonella'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Torenia'' L. -> Linderniaceae

★ ''Triphysaria'' -> Orobanchaceae

★ ''Veronica'' -> Plantaginaceae

★ ''Veronicastrum'' -> Plantaginaceae

References

1. A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families, , Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J., Haston, E., Taxon, 2007


★ Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae, Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A., , , American Journal of Botany, 2001 - on line here.

★ Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?, Olmstead, R. G., , , Fremontia, 2003 - on line here.

★ Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae, Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B., , , Taxon, 2005

External links

★ Kew list of Scrophulariaceae